山东胶西北矿集区和焦家金矿田成矿构造系统

胶西北矿集区金矿床主要受三山岛断裂、龙莱断裂和招平断裂3条主干断裂及其次级断裂控制,构成胶西北3条金矿带和一系列金矿田。断裂总体呈NNE走向,平面形态呈S形,多期活动特征明显,自主裂面向外依次出现黄铁绢英岩质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩等矿化蚀变带。焦家金矿田受焦家断裂的控制,金矿床在平面上主要产于焦家断裂分枝复合、膨胀转折的部位;焦家断裂在剖面上呈上陡下缓的铲式特征,金矿床主要产于断裂倾角由陡变缓的转折点下部,主要矿体沿焦家断裂下盘分布,赋存于主裂面和与主裂面平行的一组缓倾斜裂隙中,远离主裂面逐渐出现一组陡倾的控矿裂隙。胶西北3条主要金矿控矿断裂构成了一条沿玲珑花岗岩与早前寒武纪地质体边界分布的大型伸展构造带。     

胶东莱州新立金矿床深部三山岛断裂物化探异常特征及找矿靶区预测

三山岛断裂是胶东重要的控矿断裂,自三山岛北部海域至仓上地区,包括新立金矿床在内的多个金矿床受其控制。以往地质勘查资料显示,三山岛断裂在新立金矿床深部2000m以下仍有延深,但深部断裂及矿化蚀变带的形态及找矿靶区尚不清楚。本次选用区内典型剖面0勘探线的CSAMT测深、钻孔原生晕资料,结合已知地质资料综合研究认为,电阻率断面能够客观反映深部断裂带的展布规律,为推测蚀变带赋存形态提供了证据,矿体深部尾晕元素不发育、尾晕和前晕共存、呈反分带等轴向分带及叠加特征,指示深部仍存在盲矿体。本文运用综合物化探方法,综合研究莱州新立矿区深部三山岛断裂带赋存规律,预测一处深部找矿靶区,为今后该地区的深部金矿勘查工作提供参考。     

莱州纱岭金矿I-2号矿脉赋存特征及富集规律

矿石的共生组合以及近矿围岩蚀变特征表明纱岭金矿I-2号矿脉矿化类型为蚀变岩型金矿,矿床成因类型属混合岩化-重熔岩浆热液型金矿床。焦家成矿断裂带中、深部存在第二矿化富集段。主要找矿标志有北东向压扭性断裂带、黄铁绢英岩化蚀变岩带、低磁场的线状串珠状异常带等指示标志以及特有的指示元素的组合异常;矿化富集规律为构造控矿及岩性控矿。金矿化的强弱依附于主要矿化阶段的发育及迭加程度,即当含有细粒黄铁矿细脉和多金属硫化物石英细脉或其相互迭加时往往形成厚而富的工业矿体,其在空间分布上,服从于矿体南西侧伏规律。     

胶东三山岛金矿构造控矿规律研究

胶东西北部是我国重要的金矿聚集区,矿床类型以石英脉型和破碎带蚀变岩型为主。发育在三山岛–仓上断裂内部的三山岛金矿床是胶东西北部蚀变岩型金矿的典型代表。最新的勘探结果显示,三山岛金矿在大于2 km的垂深处仍有很好的金矿化,而且三山岛金矿的一个显著特点是主矿体均发育在断裂内部的断层泥之下,断裂的形成和演化对金矿床的形成及矿体的空间分布具有重要的控制作用。作者通过不同尺度的构造分析后发现,在三山岛金矿床形成过程中,区域构造应力场的状态发生过明显的转变,由成矿前的右行张扭,转变为成矿初期的NNW-SSE向挤压左行剪切应力场,三山岛主断裂也在成矿期发生左行挤压逆冲活动,主断裂封闭,主断裂内的断层泥逐渐形成,封堵成矿热液于断层泥之下,形成三山岛矿区大规模的破碎带蚀变岩型矿化。     

胶东焦家和三山岛巨型金矿床的发现及有关问题讨论

胶东焦家和三山岛地区过去认为是由若干个独立矿床组成的2个金矿田。近年来深部找矿揭示,以往确定的浅部金矿床,其主矿体在深部连为一体。本文通过对浅部和深部找矿成果的综合分析,提出焦家和三山岛是2个金资源储量分别达1200余吨和1000余吨的巨型金矿床,二者分别沿焦家和三山岛二条相邻断裂对应产出,主矿体在剖面上各形成浅部和深部二个缓倾斜的赋矿台阶。焦家巨型金矿床主要金矿体向南西倾伏,向南侧伏,呈左列式分布。三山岛巨型金矿床主要金矿体向北东倾伏,向北侧伏,呈右列式分布。结合区域地质资料认为,胶东伟德山型花岗岩的形成时代与焦家和三山岛巨型金矿床及邻区金矿床成矿年龄(110.6～123 Ma)相近,因此,早白垩世伟德山型花岗岩、崂山型花岗岩、脉岩和青山群火山岩属于成矿期地质体,大规模岩浆活动为金成矿提供了热动力条件和部分流体来源。分析指出,胶东型金矿床形成于伸展构造背景,具有独特的矿床特征和成矿机制,是不同于国际其他金矿的独特金矿类型;郯庐断裂深切地幔,可能诱发了成矿期岩浆和流体活动。     

三山岛断裂在海域北延位置的确定及成矿预测

胶东金矿集中区是中国最重要的黄金基地,三山岛金矿带位于该金矿集中区之胶西北成矿区的西部,近年来深部和海域隐伏区找矿取得重大突破。作为该区域重要的赋矿构造,三山岛断裂带进入海域后向两端延伸位置未能确定。为了查明三山岛断裂在南北两端进入海域后的延展位置,使用海底重力仪开展了海上大比例尺重力测量工作,对其位置进行了推断。在布伽重力异常图上,三山岛断裂表现为规模大、水平变化率大的重力梯级带,在平面上呈"S"形,向北由三山岛金矿延伸入海,向南从新立西延入渤海,跨海后经仓上、潘家屋子东延入渤海。为了确定三山岛断裂带向北东方向穿过三山岛北部海域超大型金矿床后的延展位置,根据重力异常推断的三山岛断裂北延位置,结合该金成矿带地质矿产特征,部署钻孔进行验证。钻孔内主要岩性有中细粒(含黑云母)二长花岗岩、钾化二长花岗岩、碎裂状二长花岗岩、绢英岩化花岗岩等,暗色脉岩有辉长岩及少量黑云母闪长岩、闪长玢岩等,其中暗色矿物黑云母等略具定向排列,脉岩均发生不同程度的蚀变。构造蚀变(矿化)带宽206.25m(876.59~1082.84m),与上盘围岩分界较为清楚,与下盘围岩呈渐变关系,圈定7层矿体,累计厚度28.3m,最厚的单层矿体视厚度16.06m。钻孔位置位于重力梯度变化宽缓的"鼻状区",且空间位置符合等距分布、对应产出、分段富集等分布规律,钻孔中见到多为黄铜矿化、方铅矿、黄铁矿等多金属硫化物矿化,为典型的第一矿集群特征,可以确定该地区继三山岛北部海域470吨超大型金矿发现之后,其北部区域又出现一个很有找矿前景的靶区。     

莱州新立金矿床的发现及其地质特征

新立金矿床地处渤海莱州海畔,含矿蚀变隐伏于海水之下,矿床位于三山岛断裂带（主要控矿断裂）由ＮＥ向转为ＮＥＥ向的拐弯部位。三山岛、仓上金矿床也分布在该断裂带拐弯地段。根据胶东地区金矿主要受ＮＥ向断裂控制,构造产状变化或构造交汇部位易于成矿,以及金矿床具有等距分布的特点,今后找矿的重点地段应是仓上金矿床北部和芙蓉岛－潘家屋子一带。     

山东省焦家矿区深部超大型金矿床及其对“焦家式”金矿的启示

通过三年的地质勘查研究,发现了山东焦家矿区深部105吨特大型金矿床,圈定了89个矿体,归并为4个矿体群,其中Ⅰ-1号主矿体沿焦家断裂主裂面分布。焦家矿区共探获金矿资源储量230多吨,成为世界级超大规模金矿床。通过焦家深部金矿床和浅部金矿床对比研究,揭示了新的金矿成矿规律:浅部金矿床和深部金矿床之间为无矿间隔或弱矿化带;金矿床矿体厚大部位在剖面上产于焦家断裂由陡变缓转折点下部;焦家带金矿床构成了沿"一条构造带、二段矿化富集带、三层矿化蚀变带"产出的矿床模式。通过同位素年龄测定,焦家断裂断层泥的K-Ar年龄为131.05～123.53Ma和48.57～41.18Ma,早期指示断裂构造的主要形成期与金矿的主成矿期同步;晚期金矿的同位素年龄略晚于郭家岭花岗岩年龄,略早于崂山花岗岩年龄,位于伟德山花岗岩年龄值高峰段内,说明伟德山花岗岩岩浆活动是导致"焦家式"金矿成矿的直接因素。     

胶东玲珑金矿田171号脉深部金矿床特征及构造控矿作用

玲珑金矿田171号脉赋存于招平断裂北段破头青断裂中,在其深部探明金资源储量150余吨,确定其为超大型破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床。为了揭示构造与成矿、深部矿与浅部矿、石英脉型矿与蚀变岩型矿等的关系,为深部找矿提供典型实例和理论依据,文章通过大量矿区地质勘探、野外地质调查和区域地质综合研究,剖析了矿床特征,揭示了构造控矿规律。171号金矿脉深部共有7个金矿体,均为盲矿体。其中,171_1号主矿体埋深120~1700m,呈似层状、大脉状分布,沿走向及倾向显舒缓波状。矿体总体走向60°,倾向SE,倾角36.5~43.5°。矿体长2500m,斜深510~3100 m,平均厚度4.23 m,平均金品位2.71×10~(-6),矿石主要为黄铁绢英岩型(蚀变岩型)。矿脉和矿体受断裂构造控制,矿化、构造、蚀变分带具有一致性。由控矿断裂的主裂面至远离主裂面,构造变形强度由强变弱,蚀变强度和矿化强度也由强变弱。招平断裂是一条切割早期韧性剪切带的脆性断裂,总体呈舒缓波状展布,大部分地段发育于早前寒武纪变质岩系与侏罗纪玲珑型花岗岩之间,断裂上盘脆性变形较弱,下盘脆性变形带宽大,是沿不同时代地质体之间发育的左行铲式正断层,类似于拆离断层,是胶东白垩纪伸展构造的组成部分。玲珑金矿田是典型的石英脉型金矿产地,但大型金矿床多为赋存于断裂构造中的蚀变岩型金矿床,石英脉型金矿床与蚀变岩型金矿床是同一构造系统中不同构造位置的产物;一般在主断裂中赋存蚀变岩型金矿床,在主断裂下盘的次级张裂隙中产出石英脉型金矿床。胶东以正断层为主的伸展构造系统为大规模成矿提供了有利条件,构造、蚀变分带和不同类型金矿床的关系是金矿找矿的重要标志。     

安徽省上成金矿床构造控矿规律与成矿预测

上成金矿位于张八岭构造带北部,是受断裂构造控制的岩浆热液型金矿。通过研究厘定出一条近SN向断裂破碎带—其为管店-龙王尖断裂的北段分支管店-下马断裂—以及F1、F2、F3三条近NW向顺层滑动断裂。石英脉型金矿化受近NW向的顺层滑动断裂构造控制,矿体空间展布上具有平行似等距特征,蚀变岩型金矿化受近SN向断裂破碎带控制。上成金矿床2种不同金矿化类型是同一成矿作用在不同性质的控矿断裂构造下的具体表现,空间结构具有上部石英脉型金矿化下部蚀变岩型金矿化的关系。断裂构造产状变化部位有利于形成矿化弱的厚矿体,反映断裂构造局部地段的高引张空间有利于形成第Ⅰ阶段厚石英脉;而矿脉的分支复合、膨大缩小部位有利于矿化富集,反映断裂构造多期活动强烈地段则有利于Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段矿化叠加富集。矿化的局部富集与矿体的厚度具有一定的负相关性。结合矿化特征、构造控矿规律总结分析,对上成金矿床深部和外围进行了成矿预测。     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

截潜工程在计算山前侧向补给量中的应用

在计算山前侧向补给量的方法中,最常用的就是达西断面法,但达西断面法需要获取较多的参数,对于山前无钻孔或只有少量钻孔且水文地质研究程度较低的区域,很难采用达西断面法来计算得到山前侧向补给量。对于无法运用达西断面法但存在完整式截潜工程的山丘区,可以结合完整式截潜工程的截潜量利用水量均衡法计算山前侧向补给量。     

"青藏高原南部空白区基础地质调查与研究"计划项目新成果、新进展

通过2004年度各相关图幅的大力工作，在基础地质、矿产和资源等方面取得了大量实际材料，综合研究区域构造．地层格架、青藏高原地质图和青藏高原南部火山岩及其地球动力学意义等，取得重要进展和新认识，在矿产资源、旅游和人文景观等方面也取得重要阶段性成果。     

“青藏高原南部空白区基础地质调查与研究”计划项目新成果、新进展

通过2 0 0 4年度各相关图幅的大力工作,在基础地质、矿产和资源等方面取得了大量实际材料,综合研究区域构造地层格架、青藏高原地质图和青藏高原南部火山岩及其地球动力学意义等,取得重要进展和新认识,在矿产资源、旅游和人文景观等方面也取得重要阶段性成果。     

关中盆地大荔地区地下水氟水文地球化学规律

为了研究关中盆地大荔地区氟的水文地球化学规律,采集239个地下水样品及35个土壤样品,分析了水化学类型和水化学组分对氟的影响,结果表明在弱碱性环境下,重碳酸钠型是促进氟富集并增强围岩向地下水中转化的主要因素;硫酸钙镁型的地下水抑制氟富集。水化学组分中Na+、Cl-、HCO3-、pH与氟呈正相关,而Ca2+则抑制水溶液中氟含量增加;迁移系数与HCO3-、pH呈正相关关系,与其他主要离子呈负相关关系。利用Preeqic软件分析了饱和指数和Ca2+、F-的离子活度,得出萤石的平衡控制着氟和钙的水文地球化学行为,F-可能来源于萤石和方解石的分解。     

Determination of Emissions in the City by the Rate of Change in the Integral Content of Impurities in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Doklady Earth Sciences - A new approach to the problem of determining the density of emission fluxes of anthropogenic impurities from distributed urban sources by the rate of growth of the integral...     

Terrane tectonics in the formation of the groundwater runoff in the active water-exchange zone of mountainous river valleys in the cryolithozone

The significant role of the drainage area’s geological background in the formation of the groundwater runoff in the active water-exchange zone was revealed for the first time on the basis of long-term observations of streams of the Upper Kolyma River region during the autumn-winter low-water period, when the rivers are fed only by the groundwater recharge. The analysis of all the available data made it possible to define the characteristic periods in the autumn-winter low-water season. The waters of the seasonally thawed layer play the dominant role in the river’s recharge in September; the suprapermafrost water, in January; and the subgelisol water (nonfreezing water streams) during the 30-day-long period of the minimal flow. The quantitative parameters of the groundwater runoff corresponding to its module during this period reflect the water influx to the active water-exchange zone. It is established that the latter is minimal in the In’yali-Debin synclinorium, which consists of sedimentary rocks formed in deepwater trough environments. Their subsequent transformation proceeded under the action of subduction-accretionary and shear strains. The water availability in the active water-exchange in the Ayan-Yuryakh anticlinorium zone is substantially higher, although the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic sedimentary formations of this area were also deposited in deepwater trough settings, but their subsequent evolution was related to the uplift of the anticlinorium. The maximal watering is observed in the active water-exchange zone of the Omulevka terrane, which is composed of Paleozoic terrigenous-carbonate and carbonate formations. The differences in the hydrogeological regimes of the terranes may be significant with respect to their geoecology.