微波遥感技术在岩石力学中的应用

在岩石加载直至破裂的过程中，对岩石的微波辐射进行了遥感观测研究．使用的微波辐射计的波长为8 mm，2 cm和10 cm．对13种岩石进行了实验．实验表明，在岩石加载过程中，岩石的微波辐射亮度温度随应力的增加而增加．岩石临破裂前微波辐射亮度温度加速增长．这一现象可以看作岩石破裂的一种新前兆． 过去在岩石破裂的红外遥感观测实验基础上提出的遥感岩石力学(或遥感岩石物理学)的概念，由于本实验的新结果扩充了它的内容，由红外遥感扩充到微波遥感，从而也扩大了遥感岩石力学在地震预报研究和岩爆预报研究中的应用前景．      

由遥感资料反演介质应力状态的原理与数学方法

实验证明，当物质（体）受到应力作用时，应力能够引起物质（体）电磁辐射能量发生改变．遥感器接收到的电磁辐射能量是由受载物体自身温度和应力共同引起的总辐射能量（观测值）组成．如何将二者定量地分离开，进而反演介质所处的温度状态和应力状态，在地震预测预报、大型岩土工程稳定性监测中, 是一个具有实际意义的问题．本文详细论述了如何采用多波段遥感观测，通过数学手段将二者分离并反演应力的方法, 并列举算例加以证实．      

红外遥感用于地震预测及其物理机理研究

在等温过程加载的条件下,实验得出岩石的红外辐射能量随压力变化显著变化的结果。这个变化与温度无关,完全由压力引起,这就证明了机械能能直接激发岩石分子振动态能级之间的跃迁,不需要经夺石生预测地震奠定了理论基础,这一物理现象的发现,为用红外遥感观测地球表层应力场分布和预测地震奠定了理论基础,提供了实验依据。提出了由温度异常引起的红外辐射能量变化和由应力起的红外辐射能量变化以及将两者分离出发的理论与方法,     

微小应力对断裂带深部岩体应变能释放的触发过程模拟

1 研究背景 全球地震频发,对人们的生命财产安全造成巨大威胁,但科学家对地震发生机理仍未厘清.100多年以来,科学家们提出诸多地震理论,弹性回跳理论认为地震来源自断层运动,相变说认为在温度和压力作用下的深部岩体应力状态发生改变而激发地震波,板块构造学说认为世界地震活动多发生在地壳运动相对剧烈的板块边界区域(师皓宇,2020),但均有与之相悖的现象.在诱发地震的各种机制中,应力被认为是导致地震发生的直接原因,岩体应力状态改变是地震发生的必要条件,在断层和围岩介质系统的应力达到临界值时,断层突然失稳滑动,储存在断层—围岩介质系统中的弹性能突然释放,但难以解释断层间的慢滑移或深源地震现象.文中以龙门山断裂带为地质背景,采用FLAC3D软件,模拟断裂带在应力触发后的应力状态,探索应力触发和地震能量之间的关系(师皓宇等, 2019),揭开地震发生的力学机理.     

中国中强地震前地电阻率中短期异常特征及其可能原因

地电阻率已经发展成为我国地震地球物理场观测的重要方法,通过标示一定区域范围内介质电阻率随时间的变化特征和空间分布,应用于探索地震孕育发生的过程。在50多年的观测过程中,记录到了近百次5～8级地震前的中短期异常和部分强震前的临震变化以及地震发生之后的恢复过程。电阻率是地下介质重要的物性参数,与岩土骨架和裂隙内流体电阻率、裂隙率、裂隙结构以及流体饱和度等因素有关。其中,应力作用导致的微裂隙结构变化是引起电阻率变化的重要因素。已有相关研究分别从岩石物理实验、介质电阻率模型、震例研究等方面讨论了地震前地电阻率变化的可能机理。本文对其中具有代表性的研究结果进行梳理,以“介质变形-电阻率变化”为纽带,将岩石物理实验和电阻率模型给出的细观尺度介质电阻率变化机制与震中周围地电阻率异常变化的宏观现象联系起来,介绍地震晚期孕育阶段地电阻率异常变化的可能原因。地震孕育引起发震断层周围介质变形,由发震断层向外围方向附加变形程度逐渐衰减; 地表浅层介质处于低围压状态,新生微裂隙将大致沿最大主压应力方向扩展,进而引起介质电阻率发生变化; 同一台站不同方向观测的地电阻率呈现出与P轴方位有关的各向异性异常变化,与P轴方向夹角越大的测道异常幅度越大,与P轴方向平行或近于平行的测道异常幅度最小或无异常变化; 地震前挤压变形增强区域地电阻率异常呈现下降变化,相对膨胀区域呈现上升变化或变化不明显。     

应力减小引起地震

最近完成的岩石力学实验表明,在三轴应力状态下最大主应力的增加、中等主应力的变化(增加或减小)和最小主应力的减小都能导致岩石的破坏。由此启示,地震的发生既可能由地壳中的最大主应力的增加引起,又可能由中等主应力或最小主应力的减小引起。讨论了地壳中可能引起应力减小的作用,并从地震活动的规律性探讨了应力减小引起地震的可能性。指出在地震研究的各个领域中,不仅应考虑应力增加和能量积累过程中发生的地震,还应考虑在应力减小和能量减小过程中引起的地震。      

应力减小引起的岩石破坏与地震

最近完成的岩石力学三轴实验表明,岩石的破坏既能由最大主应力的增加引起,又能由中等主应力的变化(增加或减小)或最小主应力的减小引起,因此联系到地震的发生也是如此。地震前必须有一个应力和能量的增加过程,但地震不一定发生在应力和能量的增加过程中,地震也可以发生在应力和能量的减小过程中。文章还讨论了能够引起地壳中应力减小的作用,並从地震活动性方面探索应力减小引起地震的可能性。     

公里尺度地球物理实验和震源体上记录的一些特性

文中首先简述了岩石力学实验、震源物理研究、地震预报中的一些结果,这些研究提出的共同问题是需要进行中等尺度(公里量级)的地球物理实验.其次介绍了北京门头沟的公里尺度地球物理实验场的概况.最后给出了目前已取得的一些进展,如地表记录与地下记录的差异、微破裂的应力降与介质应力状态的关系、介质背景噪声的主频率与介质应力状态关系、震源体上记录的特征等.      

脆性岩石破裂的前兆变形和前兆应力降

地震的孕育过程与地壳中的应力变化和岩石变形密切相关。为了探讨地形变异常和地应力变化异常作为地震前兆的物理本质,开展相应的岩石破裂实验研究是必要的。 早在Kármán和Griggs开展岩石力学实验的时候,就已观测到一个现象,即在岩石发生脆性破裂的场合,主破裂并不发生在岩石的应力状态达到其峰值强度(最大承载     

“嫦娥一号”微波探测仪探测月壤厚度机理和地面验证实验

“嫦娥一号”微波探测仪（CELMS）是国际上首次在月球轨道直接测量月球亮温的被动微波遥感器,其科学目标是反演月壤厚度的信息并对月球的3He资源量和分布进行评估.介绍了月壤厚度探测机理,建立了亮度温度随月壤厚度变化的理论模型,利用地面验证实验对探测机理和辐射传输模型进行了初步验证.     

Principle and mathematical method for inverting stress State of a medium from the remote sensing data

It has been proved through experiments that the electromagnetic radiation energy of a substance will vary when stress acts on the substance. This moment, the electromagnetic radiation energy (observation value) received by the remote sensor is triggered not only by the substance temperature and also by the stress. Separating quantitatively these two kinds of electromagnetic radiation energy and then inversing the actual temperature state and stress state of a medium is a matter with practical significance in earthquake prediction and stability monitoring for the large-scale geotechnical engineering. In this paper the principle and the mathematical method for inversing stress by using multiband remote sensing data are discussed in detail. A calculation example is listed.     

The application of microwave remote sensing technology in rock mechanics

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Passive microwave remote sensing contribution to hydrological variables

Physical principles governing passive microwave remote sensing of hydrological variables are outlined and illustrated by actual observations by ground-based, air-borne and space-borne microwave radiometers operating at different frequencies. Specific hydrological variables addressed in this paper are soil moisture, seasonal inundation of rivers and swamps, vegetation, snow, and rainfall. Passive remote sensing provides measurements of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the land-atmosphere system, which can be related more directly to the radiative characteristics of the system than to physical or physiological characteristics. Estimation of hydrological variables from microwave observations necessarily involves models relating the radiative to the physical characteristics, and in general more than one physical characteristics determine the microwave observations. This non-uniqueness in the relationship between microwave observations to a particular hydrological variable leads to uncertainties in the estimation of the variable. Notwithstanding this limitation, the principles and the examples given in this paper illustrate the value of passive microwave observations to regional and global hydrology at a temporal resolution of days aggregated to a decade.     

受载煤体变形破裂微波辐射前兆规律的实验研究

对煤体在单轴压缩条件下的微波辐射效应和规律进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,受载煤体具有微波辐射效应,在煤体的变形破裂过程中伴随有6.6 GHz微波辐射信号产生,其前兆规律具有3种类型.基于电介质物理学对实验现象进行了解释.在单轴压缩实验中,煤体的亮温最大变化值为1.9～2.7K,这表明煤体的微波辐射特性明显优于红外辐射特...     

遥感技术在地震研究中的应用进展

本文介绍了遥感技术在地震监测和研究中的应用和进展,分析了卫星热红外遥感、InSAR技术和气体遥感方法在地震前后地表热红外增温、形变和气体含量改变的研究现状,初步探讨了该方法的成因机制.本文同时分析了该技术在地震预报中存在的问题,提出了未来的研究重点.     

The remote sensing observation in experiments of rock failure and the beginning of remote sensing rock mechanics

The remote sensing observational study for infrared radiation of rocks was proceeded during the loading on rocks until failure. The major instruments used in experiments were transient spectrum apparatus, intelligent spectrum apparatus, infrared radiation thermometer, infrared spectrum radiometer, and infrared thermal imaging system. The experiments for 26 kinds of rocks were made. The studies show that infrared radiation temperature of rocks increases along with increasing of stress. The amplitude of infrared radiation spectrum of rocks also increases along with increasing of stress. The observational results of infrared thermal imaging of rocks are consistent with infrared radiation temperature. Before formation of major faults for some rocks, the belt-shape thermal imaging of temperature anomaly displaies in position of future major faults. This study has led the new technology of remote sensing into rock mechanics and tend to establish a new field in rock mechanics — remote sensing rock mechanics (or remote sensing rock physics). The application of remote sensing rock mechanics in prediction of earthquake and rock burst, and in measurement of stress field in rock mass is expected. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 645–652, 1992. Jin-Shen HAO, Ji-Han LI, Xiao-Hong LIU, Yi-Qiao ZHI, Jin-Kai ZHANG, Yong-Hong Lü, Yi LIU, Yun-Shen YU, He ZHANG, Quan-Quan JI, Xiao-Fan ZHU and Ning CHEN took part in this work. This subject is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (91006). Work of Institute of Geophysics, SSB (93A0009).     

青海门源MS6.9地震震前OLR异常与InSAR同震形变关联性分析

对比分析利用涡度距平法提出的2022年1月8日青海门源 M_S6.9 地震震前射出长波辐射(OLR)短期异常分布和震后InSAR技术提取的门源地震同震形变空间分布,结果显示,震前红外辐射增强区与InSAR同震破裂形变区的空间位置基本吻合,扩展形式基本相似(同震破裂形变区分布在红外辐射异常区内部)。在震前的全国范围OLR空间分布上,仅青海德令哈—西宁—甘肃武威一带出现了呈“哑铃”状近WE向展布的OLR热辐射增强区,空间可辨识度高,OLR异常时空演化过程遵循了岩石应力加载破裂过程中的热异常规律,显示热异常变化与应力变化存在关联; InSAR技术提取的同震形变同样位于肃南—祁连断裂(俄堡段)、托莱山断裂和冷龙岭断裂的交汇区。InSAR同震形变结果揭示了地表形变以水平方向为主,断层运动具有典型的走滑变形特征。InSAR同震形变结果为红外遥感反映地震形变提供可检验的地质实体监测证据,验证了门源地震前辐射增强异常是地震构造地应力强度变化的遥感物理参量反映。     

II. Snow hydrology processes and remote sensing

In the last 20 years remote sensing research has led to significant progress in monitoring and measuring certain snow hydrology processes. Snow distribution in a drainage basin can be adequately assessed by visible sensors. Although there are still some interpretation problems, the NOAA-AVHRR sensor can provide frequent views of the areal snow cover in a basin, and snow cover maps are produced operationally by the National Weather Service on about 3000 drainage basins in North America. Measurement of snow accumulation or snow water equivalent with microwave remote sensing has great potential because of the capabilities for depth penetration, all-weather observation and night-time viewing. Several critical areas of research remain, namely, the acquisition of snow grain size information for input to microwave models and improvement in passive microwave resolution from space. Methods that combine both airborne gamma ray and visible satellite remote sensing of the snowpack with field measurements also hold promise for determining areal snow water equivalent. Some remote sensing techniques can also be used to detect different stages of snow metamorphism. Various aspects of snowpack ripening can be detected using microwave and thermal infra-red capabilities. The capabilities for measurement of snow albedo and surface temperature have direct application in both snow metamorphism and snowpack energy balance studies. The potentially most profitable research area here is the study of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function to improve snow albedo measurements. Most of the remote sensing capabilities in snow hydrology have been developed for improving snowmelt-run-off forecasting. Most applications have used the input of snow cover extent to deterministic models, both of the degree day and energy balance types. Snowmelt-run-off forecasts using satellite derived snow cover depletion curves and the models have been successfully made. As the extraction of additional snow cover characteristics becomes possible, remote sensing will have an even greater impact on snow hydrology. Important remote sensing capabilities will become available in the next 20 years through space platform observing systems that will improve our capability to observe the snowpack on an operational basis.