基于矢耳石形态的平鲉属(Sebastes)鱼类鉴别及研究方法比较

分析了青岛胶州湾铠平鲉(Sebastes hubbsi)、花斑平鲉(Sebastes nigricans)和许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)3种平鲉属鱼类的矢耳石形态特征,探究基于矢耳石形态鉴别3种鱼类的可行性。以8个耳石形状指标和37个椭圆傅里叶系数进行的单因素方差分析结果基本一致,显示铠平鲉与许氏平鲉的耳石形态差异最大,铠平鲉与花斑平鲉间差异最小。利用耳石形状指标、椭圆傅里叶系数、耳石形状指标与椭圆傅里叶系数相结合的方法,对3种鱼类的综合判别率均可达95%以上,判别分析散点图可明显将3种鱼类区分开。耳石长介于4~7mm的3种鱼类小规格组与2龄及以上成鱼组耳石样本的判别结果一致,表明针对不同发育阶段平鲉属鱼类,基于耳石形态的种类鉴别均是可行的;仅使用椭圆傅里叶系数鉴别3种鱼类时综合判别率虽高达100%,但难以快速定位3种鱼类耳石形态间,在统计上差异显著而实际上微小的形状差异所在;而使用耳石形状指标和椭圆傅里叶系数联合判别,综合判别率亦高达99%,且能快速找出3种鱼类耳石在矩形趋近率、形态因子、面密度等的形态差异。研究表明,耳石形状指标和椭圆傅里叶分析联合判别是平鲉属鱼类种类鉴别及耳石形态差异分析的有效手段。     

许氏平鲉群体耳石形态学比较

利用9个耳石形状指标:圆度、形态因子、环率、矩形趋近率、椭圆率、半径比、Feret比、幅形比、面密度对中国近海8个许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)群体共228尾个体的耳石形态进行单因子方差分析、判别分析、主成分分析等多元统计分析,并与傅里叶分析结果进行比较。单因子方差分析结果显示,丹东群体和日照群体的9个指标存在显著差异,荣成群体和胶南、青岛、乳山3个群体分别存在9个指标的显著差异,胶南群体和乳山群体存在9个指标差异不显著(P>0.05);第一主成分和第二主成分解释了约72%的形态差异;9个指标在判别分析中的综合判别正确率为64.9%。傅里叶分析结果显示综合判别正确率为43.8%,较第一种方法降低21.1%,9个主成分指标解释了89.2%的形态差异。多元统计分析及傅里叶分析结果均表明中国近海许氏平鲉群体之间形态差异不显著。     

中国海域习见石斑鱼属鱼类矢耳石形态特征

以采自中国海域12种石斑鱼标本为基础,分析了石斑鱼属(Epinephelus)鱼类的矢耳石形态特征,探讨了耳石形态在该属鱼种识别方面的应用。结果显示,12种鱼类矢耳石形态近似,耳石细长,呈三角形或梭形,由听沟开口处形成的前部凹刻"V"形或浅宽,形成显著或不显著的侧叶。12种鱼耳石长宽比1.76~2.41,矩形趋近率0.60~0.72,充实度17.24~36.58。耳石外部轮廓、边缘光滑度、听沟前部形态、凹刻类型等特征同是本属鱼种耳石形态识别的主要依据,基于傅里叶系数的聚类分析结果表明耳石形态种间分异较显著。结果表明,听沟同是石斑鱼属鱼类耳石形态分类的重要特征之一,根据耳石形态可以实现石斑鱼属鱼种的初步分类检索,耳石形态在鱼类系统分类上有良好的应用研究前景。     

基于矢耳石形态分析的凤鲚(Coilia mystus) 群体识别研究

以长江口、胶州湾、渤海湾和辽东湾4个地理群体的凤鲚(Coilia mystus)矢耳石样本为研究对象,采用形状指数和椭圆傅里叶系数分析相结合的方法研究了该4个凤鲚群体的矢耳石形态特征及差异性。方差分析结果表明,大部分形态变量存在显著的群体差异,引入协变量(耳石长)之后除形状因子外这种差异依然显著。基于协方差校正的判别分析只保留了耳石重量及9个傅里叶系数用于群体识别,而非参数检验的判别分析则保留了耳石重量、分形维数、环状度、矩形趋近率、圆度和19个傅里叶系数用于群体识别。相应地,基于非参检验的凤鲚群体的总体识别成功率(68.2%)明显高于协方差校正的判别分析结果(46.2%),表明前者比后者更能提高耳石形态分析的群体识别能力。     

中国海域习见石斑鱼属鱼类矢耳石形态特征

以采自中国海域12种石斑鱼标本为基础,分析了石斑鱼属(Epine phelus)鱼类的矢耳石形态特征,探讨了耳石形态在该属鱼种识别方面的应用.结果显示,12种鱼类矢耳石形态近似,耳石细长,呈三角形或梭形,由听沟开口处形成的前部凹刻"V"形或浅宽,形成显著或不显著的侧叶,12种鱼耳石长宽比1.76～2.41,矩形趋近率0.60～0.72,充实度17.24～36.58.耳石外部轮廓、边缘光滑度、听沟前部形态、凹刻类型等特征同是本属鱼种耳石形态识别的主要依据,基于傅里叶系数的聚类分析结果表明耳石形态种间分异较显著.结果表明,听沟同是石斑鱼属鱼类耳石形态分类的重要特征之一.根据耳石形态可以实现石斑包属鱼种的初步分类检索,耳石形态在鱼类系统分类上有良好的应用研究前景.     

2种耳石分析法在3种鲽科鱼类中的应用

对形态指标法和傅里叶分析法获取的钝吻黄盖鲽、石鲽、圆斑星鲽3种鲽科鱼类矢耳石数据进行统计分析。两种耳石分析方法的独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析的结果基本一致。形态指标法的主成分分析和判别分析的结果显示:前3个主成分累计贡献率88.377%;3种鲽科鱼类的平均判别成功率是98.1%,典型判别函数散点图显示3种鲽科鱼类分离明显。傅里叶分析法的主成分分析和判别分析的结果表明:前18个主成分累计贡献率93.999%;判别分析的平均判别成功率为100%,比形态指标法高1.9%。研究结果表明耳石的形态指标和傅里叶分析法都是鉴别3种鲽科鱼类的有效手段。     

中国沿海常见鲳属鱼类耳石形态研究

本研究采集中国沿海常见五种鲳属鱼类并对其耳石进行系统的多元形态学描述与比较。耳石形态在整体轮廓、边缘以及前部表现出明显的种间差异,展现了耳石形态的种内特异性。随着基因隔离与种间分化,鲳属鱼类耳石也逐渐变薄且基叶、翼叶更为发达。上述观察到的种间耳石形态差异与鱼体本身生活的水层以及温度联系紧密。96.6%的判别成功率也证明鲳属鱼类耳石显著的种间差异,表明形态学方法可以作为鲳属鉴别的有效手段之一。     

中国近海棱梭群体形态学和耳石形态学研究

为研究棱梭不同地理群体间的形态差异,使用多元统计分析方法对采集自金门、厦门、虎门、湛江、北海和防城港6个地点邻近海域的棱梭群体样本的形态和矢耳石形态两方面进行比较研究。对棱梭样本的形态研究结合传统形态学和地标形态学开展,对矢耳石的形态研究则将传统耳石形态分析法和椭圆傅里叶分析法相结合,形态和耳石形态数据的分析结果相似。主成分分析结果表明从28个棱梭形态量度指标提取的前8个主成分累积贡献率为65. 868%,从85个耳石形态指标提取的前23个主成分的累积贡献率为79. 290%,根据临界值85. 000%可以推断这6个棱梭群体间形态和耳石形态上的差异不能够单独依靠少数指标来判断;聚类分析的结果总体显示出群体间差异与地理距离等因素相关联的分布规律;在判别分析中形态学量度指标的综合判别正确率为75. 9%,而耳石形态学指标的综合判别正确率略低,为69. 3%;对棱梭形态量度指标的单因子方差分析显示湛江棱梭群体与其他群体在形态上存在显著差异的量度指标较少。栖息地环境、饵料组成和海流等可能是导致形态学差异和耳石形态差异形成的主要因素。另一方面,理化因子的相似性和群体间的交流会减弱群体间形态和耳石形态的差异。     

青岛近海许氏平鲉年龄与生长特性的研究

2004年3月—2005年1月逐月在青岛近海采集许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)样本共计147尾,以矢耳石为年龄鉴定材料对其年龄和生长特性进行了研究。耳石边缘增长率分析表明,许氏平鲉耳石年轮形成的周期为1年,6~7月是年轮形成高峰期。协方差分析和残差平方和分析表明,许氏平鲉的体长与体重、年龄与生长关系在雌雄性别间无显著性差异(P0.05),其体长(L)与体重(W)的关系式为W=1.750×10-5×L3.084(r2=0.990,P0.05);使用年龄和体长的实测值拟合其生长,Von-Bertalanffy体长生长方程为Lt=367.211×(1-e-0.576×(t-0.399))(r2=0.943,P0.05)。分析表明,在耳石形态与重量各测量参数中,耳石重量(Wotolith)与年龄(t)的线性相关性最密切(r2=0.942),其关系式为Wotolith=-0.023+0.035 t。平均百分比误差指数(IAPE)结果显示,耳石重量可以作为青岛近海许氏平鲉年龄鉴定的有力手段(IAPE=8.3%)。与1980年代相比,青岛近海许氏平鲉生长加快,显示出资源进一步衰退的迹象。     

中国天竺鲷属鱼类的矢耳石形态特征

利用采自我国近海的105尾标本,分析了细条天竺鲷、宽条天竺鲷、黑鳃天竺鲷、黑边天竺鲷、垂带天竺鲷、四线天竺鲷、半线天竺鲷、斑鳍天竺鲷等8种天竺鲷属鱼类的矢耳石形态特征。8种鱼类矢耳石前部均较尖,后部略圆钝,背部呈折线状,腹部呈圆弧形,背部中央有缺刻,听沟宽阔;8种鱼耳石长宽比的比值为1.35～1.63,矩形趋近率为0.67～0.77,充实度为14.77～24.99。以上述三种形态学参数为基础进行聚类分析,可将8种鱼类分为3组:细条天竺鲷、宽条天竺鲷、黑边天竺鲷、黑鳃天竺鲷为一组;垂带天竺鲷、四线天竺鲷、半线天竺鲷为一组;斑鳍天竺鲷为一组。耳石听沟边缘走向、宽度以及耳石外部边缘光滑度等轮廓特征在8种天竺鲷属鱼类间呈显著的种间差异。以这些形态特征为基础,编制了8种天竺鲷属鱼类的检索表,检索表表现的种间分类关系特征与聚类分析结果基本一致。     

Otolith microchemistry indicates regional phylopatry in the larval phase of an amphidromous fish (Gobiomorphus hubbsi)

Knowledge of stock structure is key for the effective management of any fish species. Amphidromous fish, which live and spawn in freshwater but spend a pelagic larval period at sea, have typically been assumed to disperse widely during their larval phase, resulting in populations being sourced from a single unstructured larval pool. We used otolith microchemical analysis to examine the stock structure of bluegill bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), a declining amphidromous eleotrid endemic to New Zealand, along the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. Some drainages – even those in close proximity (c. 20?km) – were readily distinguishable based on otolith trace element concentrations, while little structure was evident between other geographically disparate locations. These results indicate that, at least in some cases, locally retained larvae, rather than a single unstructured larval pool, dominates recruitment. Management of bluegill bully and other amphidromous species must therefore consider the possibility of regionally distinct populations.     

黄海南部野生银鲳和鮸鱼的耳石元素微化学研究

利用电子显微探针元素分析技术(EPMA)对黄海南部野生银鲳和鮸鱼的耳石进行了锶和钙沉积特征的初步分析。定量线分析结果表明,两种鱼类耳石的Sr/Ca之间存在显著的种间差异。银鲳耳石Sr/Ca比,在耳石核心及相邻处为低值区(5.86±0.92);3段Sr/Ca高值区分别为近核心部(7.88±1.28)、第1龄处(9.44±1.82)及耳石边缘(7.91±1.38);揭示银鲳孵化和早期发育应需要盐度适中的生境,当龄鱼在后期的生长中需洄游经过两段高盐生境(其中之一在第1龄时)。鮸鱼耳石Sr/Ca比波动表现为耳石核心处(7.72±0.97)高于其余部分,反映了鮸鱼孵化及初期发育阶段可能生活在高盐度生境,而当龄鱼随后阶段的生长和发育过程则会洄游至盐度有所降低的生境中进行。     

Iron content of the otoliths of tarakihi (Teleostei: Cheilodactylidae)

The otoliths (sagittae) of 1076 tarakihi Cheilodactylus macropterus collected from around the whole of New Zealand during 1968–69 were examined for heavy metal content by atomic absorption spectrometry. Copper, cadmium, nickel, manganese, and zinc did not occur in significant quantities, but iron was present in amounts ranging from 0.5 μg to 7.0 μg per otolith. The iron appears to be largely contained in the nucleus of the otolith. Variations in iron content per otolith indicate three regions where iron content is similar: a northern region (mean 3.39 μg; σ² = 1.35; n = 260); a central region (mean 1.92 μg; σ² = 1.32; n = 741); and a southern region (mean 0.96 μg; σ² = 0.45; n = 75). The significance of this regional variation, in otolith iron to the biology of the fish is not known, but may be linked by either heredity or environment to subpopulations of the fish.     

Investigation of tropical eel spawning area in the South-Western Indian Ocean: Influence of the oceanic circulation

In the South-Western Indian Ocean (SWIO), four eel species of the genus Anguilla (i.e. Anguilla bicolor bicolor, Anguilla nebulosa labiata, Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla mossambica) were identified, while their respective oceanic spawning area remained unknown. Based on collected larvae, glass eel captures and hydrodynamical conditions, previous studies raised the hypothesis that the eel spawning area might be common to all of those freshwater eel species, and located East of Madagascar. An original modeling approach, based on backward simulations, is developed to assess how the ocean circulation in the SWIO determines the location of the spawning areas and whether a common spawning area for each recruitment site where glass eels were found is possible. We use a hydrodynamical model, which reproduces realistically the 3D open ocean circulation in the region, associated with a Lagrangian model that calculates the possible migration pathways of larvae, represented by passive particles. Some biological parameters, provided by previous otolith microstructures analysis, are taken into account to constrain our simulations. Results suggest the existence of a common spawning area located between 13°S and 19°S and westwards of 60.5°E, although these boundaries vary on the interannual timescale. Salinity fronts were reported beside the boundaries, reinforcing this assumption. We explore the impact of hydrodynamic conditions on recruitment and migration durations from three specific regions within the common spawning area. They all allow migration to each recruitment sites consistent with duration estimated from otolith microstructure analyses. Nevertheless, there is substantial variability on intra-seasonal to interannual timescale in simulated migration durations and arrival success, with specific amplitude to each recruitment site and spawning location.