稀有金属的高温钠质交代岩及其形成条件

探讨稀有金属的高温钠质交代岩形成时特定的构造条件积物理-化学特征。深成型的构造要素——变余压碎岩和变余糜棱岩——控制着具有同生的细粒浸染矿化的交代岩体的构造。岩石变形的程度,决定着高温的(650～600℃以上)携带钠的热液流的渗透作用的速度,控制着钠的浓度梯度的形成和交代分带性的扩散-渗透型的形成。     

宁晋泊采样点——国内外首例

任何一门学科发展的方向,都是要求它的资料数字化和定量化,只有这样才能保证结论是一元的,它的结果是可以再现的,也就是说,这个结果经得起时间的考验和后人的验证。沉积地层的形成年龄是地质学家关注的重要实验数据之一,令人遗憾的是在目前发表出来的年龄数据中,很少能够经得起复验和不同方法、不同实验室之间的比对。出现这种状况的重要原因之一就是对样品的采集没有一定的规范,大多数样品的采集点只有一个笼统的地名,或者是某个地层剖面的总称。既没有明确的经度、纬度和海拔高度,也没有为采样而设置的标志。一人、一家所获得的…     

地下空间与城市的可持续发展现状,需求,意义与作用

建设可持续发展的城市是我国未来城市建设的唯一选择,一个可持续发展的城市除应具有可持续发展的经济结构与合理的城市人口规模外,还必须具有一种有效的土地利用方式和现代化的城市基础设施,其中可持续发展的经济结构体系是城市可持续发展的保障,合理的人口规模应与城市的自然环境、经济发展水平相适应,有效的土地利用方式为城市的可持续发展提供必需的物质载体,而现代化的城市基础设施则是城市可持     

1∶10万比例尺成矿规律和成矿预测图编制方法的简单介绍

成矿规律的研究工作是一门新的年青的地质科学,它是研究矿床在空间的依存关系和分布关系,在时间上的连续性及周期旋廻性,矿物共生关系及矿床形成的内在联系的总和.也就是研究成矿作用在地质历史发展过程中所处的位置,在地质构造上分布的规律,矿质的分散和富集所表现的矿物-地球化学的特征.成矿预测是在研究成矿规律的基础上进行的.依据大量的实际资料,反映矿产在地理上的实际分布和推测的分布范围,反映成矿区的位置.根据成矿条件划分不同的预测极别,指出发现矿床的空间位置.     

网络条件下的办公室自动化建设的探析

随着人们生活的快速进步,对各种事物的要求也越来越高,都会注意事务管理的质量,档案管理的水平也是人们关注的焦点,因为档案关系着人们的整体信息,是绝对不能外泄的。对于医院来说,档案是患者的隐私,是不能让除亲人以外的其他人知道的,因此,必须要对医院的档案进行严格有效的管理。为了加强医院档案的管理,医院采用了先进的计算机技术,辅助管理人员的工作,这样可以提高管理工作的效率,但是,在医院计算机档案管理的工作中,还是存在着一些问题,我们要将它们解决好,这样才能使管理的工作发展的更加优越。     

在不排水条件下多孔岩石的弹塑特性

充满流体的多孔地质介质的基本状态,与干燥多孔介质的基本状态是明显不同的。干燥介质的大部分变形是非弹性的且与时间无关。可是,孔隙流体的存在以下面两种方式影响介质的特性。当加荷速率低时,由孔隙流体流动引起的排水导致一个固有时间的依赖性。在地面沉降或固结时看到了这个现象。当加荷速率高时(如地震),在介质的特性中,流体流动即排出的水是微不足道的,但孔隙压力的增大成为重要的。目前的分析是在无排水扰动的情况下推导的。     

构造地貌——认识高原历史的钥匙

简要评述了构造地貌的研究.并以青藏高原西北缘克里雅河流域地貌演化说明了构造变形与青藏高原的形成历。以西域砾岩顶部的玄武岩作为区域构造地貌的标志,获得的高质量Ar-Ar年龄的加权平均值为1.09Ma±0.13Ma。该年龄不仅代表了西域砾岩沉积结束的时间,并制约了区域风沙堆积时代的下限,是一个重要的气候环境变化的转折点。更重要的是,该年龄标志了克里雅河演化的开始,即目前可观察的克里雅河的历史不过1.1Ma。另外获得的系统、丰富、翔实的沉积学、构造地质学、低温热年代数据和克里雅河流域地貌的测量结果还揭示了上新世晚期以来区域强烈的变形与构造地貌的演化。获得的重要结论还包括：能够分析恢复的前克里雅河的历史不超过西域砾岩沉积期,能够推测的青藏高原西北缘河流体系演化的最老历史不超过上新世阿图什组沉积期。在中新世乌恰组沉积时,基本观察不到青藏高原现今地貌体系产生的沉积作用的记录,而是更老的前青藏高原构造地貌格榘对沉积体系产生的影响。青藏高原的主体可能在中更新世早期前后才抬升进入冰冻圈。现今的克里雅河地貌主要是在区域构造抬升中由冰川融水侵蚀形成的。克里雅河源头可能残留了青藏高原演化的关键记录。     

GIS在地下水流模拟系统中应用研究

本文在研究孔隙地下水流可视化模拟系统框架的基础上,较详细地阐明了基于GIS的孔隙地下水流模拟概念模型的构建、模型的时间与空间离散、计算参数的自动赋值、模型的可视化拟合、模拟结果的可视化表达等的技术路线与实现的具体方法,基本实现了GIS与孔隙地下水流模拟模型的紧密集成以及孔隙地下水流模拟过程的可视化,为其它类型的地下水流可视化模拟系统的研究与开发提供了一些探索性的思路。     

摩洛哥南部采矿区的重金属污染：监测壤中径流和地下水的金属含量和毒性

进行这项工作的目的是利用微生物的生物测定法MetPLATEM^TM，评价径流、被金属污染的土壤、Marrakech区两个采矿点的地下水中的金属毒性。这种生物测定方法主要是根据金属污染引起的Esther ichia大肠菌突变株的β半乳糖苷酶的特异性抑制。两个矿区所有采样站的河水样全部都是毒性的．而且呈现出的酶抑制超过87％．矿区C中SWA4和SWB1站除外。这些河水的Cu和Zn的浓度高。说明MetPLATE表现出了剧毒性。B和C矿河水的pH值在2．1和6．2之间变化，可能是金属的活化作用造成的，这就提出了这些矿区酸性矿山排水的问题。生物测定的MetPLATE方法还应用于酸性水污染的尾矿和土壤的测定。结果表明．由于可溶性Zn和Cu的浓度较高导致这些土壤和尾矿的毒性高。地下水毒性测试使用的MetPLATE方法说明。除了B矿GW3外、（潮湿季节抑制作用95.3％，干燥季节抑制作用82．9％），其余的呈现出的金属的毒性都低，抑制作用为2．7—45．5％。这种毒性高的原因主要是铜（189μg Cul^-1）和锌（505μgZnl^-1）的浓度高于常见的浓度。这些结果说明这两个含金属矿附近的不同生态系统的潜在风险。观察的总的趋势是MetPLATE测定的金属毒性随着研究的母岩中总金属浓度和移动的金属浓度的增加而增加。因此。MeIPLATE生物测定是评估水样和土样金属毒性的可靠而且快速的生物测定方法。     

花岗岩中锆石的韵律环带结构研究

花岗岩中锆石的电子荧光观察和微量元素分析表明,锆石中的韵律环带结构主要是以较宽的浅灰色条带与较窄的灰黑色条带交替重复出现而形成的。相应于条带灰度的变化,呈负相关性的锆与呈正相关性的铀的含量亦在起伏变化。由于锆石中铀与锆的类置同象置换是非常有限的,锆石中铀含量的变化主要取决于铀的分配系数的变化。因此,当含铀锆石的结晶过程处于非理想体系时,它以固溶体相变的形式来协调固液界面的局部体系与整个花岗质熔体的热力学平衡,从而形成含铀锆石的两种固溶体相交替生长的韵律环带结构。     

Spatial inequality in municipal solid waste disposal across regions in developing countries

The regional inequalities in socio-economical characteristics such as income, population density, age composition, unemployment rate and the education level may bring about variation in waste generation, recycling and collection. Using environmental Kuznets curve, the factors affecting municipal solid waste disposal are examined. The results demonstrate that an inverted N-shaped curve executes on municipal solid waste disposal for all regions. As personal disposable income increases, per capita municipal solid waste disposed firstly declines, then grows at the second stage and finally decreases again. All the explanatory variables including economic factors, social characteristics and geographical barriers are found to influence municipal solid waste disposal significantly. Each person increase in population density leads to an increase in municipal solid waste disposed by approximately 1.17 ×10^?4 kg/day. Each percent increase in age composition results in a decrease in municipal solid waste disposed by approximately 0.0224 kg/day; in the unemployment rate causes a decrease of 0.0901 kg/day and in the education level results in a decrease of 0.01556 kg/day. In general, municipal solid waste disposal starts to increase at the first turning point of personal disposable income NT$ 198,000 (about US$ 6,280) and to decrease at the second point of NT$ 389,000 (about US$ 12,350) for all regions (pooled data). The rural regions, however, cannot support the inverted N-shaped curve by the ‘reduced form’ while urban regions have a significant outcome. This result implies that income can only explain a portion of variation while other social and geographical factors contribute a lot to identify the variation in municipal solid waste disposal between urban and rural regions.     

Research on Kaolinite Type Pyrite Slag as Activity of Cement Mixed Material

Produced by the production of sulfuric acid from kaolinite type when the Fe2O3 and metakaolin together constitute the kaolinite type pyrite cinder is a typical industrial solid waste. Only in southern Sichuan China storage capacity has reached millions of tons, that caused serious impact on ecology and environment in this area. It also caused serious waste of resources. The magnetite concentrate and given priority to with partial kaolinite pyrite cinder tailings that were obtained by grinding and magnetic separation. This experiment studied the relationship composition and particle size with its activity when cinder tailings as cement mixed material. The results show that the particle size of D90 were 88 micron, 56 micron, 40 micron, the activity index were 1.036, 1.068, 1.102. The slag after magnetic separation is a kind of very good activity of cement mixed material. It can make good use of the industrial solid waste.     

Effect of confining stress and loading frequency on dynamic behavior of municipal solid waste in Kahrizak landfill

In order to analyze the stability of a landfill site, it should analyze some properties of waste introducing the main structural elements. Up to now, it has not been done much research on the properties of municipal solid waste. In addition, due to the differences in waste properties from one country to another and even from one to another landfill site, it is impossible to generalize the results. These conditions caused local research on the evaluation of static and dynamic parameters of municipal solid waste to be done. Because Iran is a seismic country, the short-term behavior of waste controls landfill sites stability during seismic loads; so it is necessary to know the dynamic behavior of these materials. In this paper, about 18 cyclic tests were performed, and in addition to determining the dynamic parameters of municipal solid waste of Tehran Kahrizak Disposal Site using cyclic triaxial test, the effect of confining stress and loading frequency on dynamic properties of these materials was evaluated. The results have shown that with increasing the confining stress and loading frequency, shear modulus and damping ratio was increased and decreased, respectively, and it is related to the composition of the municipal solid waste materials.     

The urban political ecology of plastic bag waste problem in Nairobi, Kenya

Over 24 million plastic bags are consumed in Kenya monthly. More than half of the bags end up in the solid waste stream. Plastic bags now constitute the biggest challenge to solid waste management in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya and home to three million people. As a result, plastic bag waste has attracted great political and public attention, especially because the waste has myriad unique environmental problems. This paper seeks to unravel the problem of plastic bag waste in Nairobi through an urban political ecological perspective. Urban political ecology has done much to excavate economic, political, and cultural processes, as well as ecological dynamics that create and re-create urban environments. Little has been done in this context with respect to urban solid waste problems, with the exception of urban political ecology of environmental justice. However, research done within the context of urban political ecology of environmental justice has mainly focused on solid waste problems in the Western World, particularly USA. Drawing on research conducted in Nairobi, as well literature on business and politics, and solid waste management in Kenya, this paper examines the nature of plastic bag waste problem, its political–economic roots and implications for environmental justice.     

炼铝工业固体废料(赤泥)的物质组成与工程特性及其防治利用研究

据保守估算 ,我国每年排放的铝工业固体废料赤泥至少在 5 0 0万 t以上。由于赤泥对生态环境的严重危害 ,赤泥坝、赤泥库的安全已成为令人关注的环境问题。各类固体废弃物 (包括生活垃圾 )储存、处理和利用的研究不仅是当代环境科学的重要任务 ,亦是当代环境工程地质学、环境岩土工程学最重要、最迫切的研究任务之一。本文利用工程岩土学的有关理论和方法 ,系统地研究了赤泥的化学、矿物成分、不良工程特性及其形成变化机理 ,并在此基础上提出了赤泥的储存、加固 (处理 )和综合利用的原理和途径。     

Emissions from mechanically biologically treated waste landfills at field scale

Modern waste management tends towards greater sustainability in landfilling, with the implementation of strategies such as the pretreatment of solid waste. This work assesses the behaviour of rejects from a refining stage of mechanically biologically treated municipal solid waste at the landfill. The main results of 18 months’ monitoring of an experimental pilot cell with waste from a full-scale plant are presented. This first stage is expected to be the most problematic period for this type of waste. The evolution of the temperature and the composition of leachate and gas at various points within the cell are included. During the first weeks, pollutant concentrations in the leachate exceeded the reference ranges in the literature, coinciding with a rapid onset of methanogenic conditions. However, there was a quick wash, reducing concentrations to below one-third of the initial values before the first year. pH values influenced concentrations of some pollutants such as copper. These results indicate that, right from the beginning of disposal, such facilities should be prepared to treat a high pollution load in the leachate and install the gas emissions control elements due to the rapid onset of methanogenesis.     

水泥垃圾土强度特性试验研究

以生活垃圾为地基的工程事例越来越多,但垃圾土的处理方法还没有形成系统的经验和成熟的设计计算理论。经过统计分析,按一定配比制备了人工垃圾土,分别进行了未降解、降解旺盛期、降解稳定期在水泥掺入量为25 %、35 %、45 % 3种条件下不同养护龄期水泥垃圾土的无侧限抗压试验,得到了硬化的应力-应变关系曲线和水泥垃圾土强度随养护龄期、水泥掺入量、降解阶段变化的规律。试验结果表明,垃圾土中的有机质既对水泥垃圾土有加筋作用,也有减弱水泥垃圾土强度形成的作用;未降解、降解旺盛期、降解稳定期水泥垃圾土的强度变化特性不同,水泥只对降解稳定的垃圾土有较好的处理效果。同时建议水泥的掺入量应大于35 %。     

层次分析法在垃圾填埋场适宜性评价中的应用

中国生活垃圾填埋场以简易填埋场为主,已对环境造成了一定污染,垃圾填埋场地的适宜性越来越受到重视.本文在对河北省县级以上城镇生活垃圾填埋场调查的基础上,首次采用层次分析法,综合考虑地质环境条件、垃圾填埋场自身条件、环境保护条件、经济条件、场地条件五大因素,对河北省垃圾填埋场的适宜性进行了评价,提出了一套评价标准.通过实例应用表明,该方法选取的评价因素较全面,客观反映了河北平原垃圾填埋场的实际情况,取得了较满意的评价结果.     

Intra-urban patterns of domestic solid waste recycling in sub-Saharan Africa: towards an exploratory search for insights in Gaborone,Botswana

Botswana is among those developing countries that are rapidly transitioning from predominantly rural to urban societies. Gaborone, its capital city, is seriously confronted by formidable challenges of sustainable metropolitan management, including the proper handling of solid domestic waste. Although the international convention of the 3-Rs, namely, Recycle, Reduce, Reuse is generally accepted; its implementation remains elusive. It is therefore of utmost importance to unravel significant determinants of the gap between nominal acceptance and praxis in order to influence policy. This preliminary case study, consequently, sought to identify the underlying factors that differentiate waste recycling practices from high, medium, and low socio-economic areas Gaborone. Key informants, including municipal officials and company representatives, in charge of city solid waste management, were interviewed. A probit model was used to analyze those factors that could influence recycling and waste separation practices. Results showed that tenure, gender, income, affluence, location of house increase the likelihood of recycling while age, education level, household size and source of waste management information did not influence the likelihood of recycling. Stakeholders should place greater emphasis on positive environmental awareness, and appropriate reward systems for recycling domestic solid waste and recycling should be tailored according to the locational needs.