娘子关泉域岩溶水SO42-、δ34S特征及其环境意义

在分析区域地质、水文地质条件及水化学同位素的基础上,研究了山西娘子关泉域岩溶水的SO42-、硫同位素分布特征。研究表明:（1）泉域西北、西南地区岩溶水的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（2）泉域中部汇流区岩溶水的SO42-含量高而δ34S值低,其中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,这是因为温河、桃河及南川河沿岸的岩溶水接受了被矿坑水污染的河水的渗漏补给以及部分地区受到钻孔串层污染;（3）娘子关泉群中城西泉水中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,而五龙泉和集泉站水中的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（4）泉域东北部及东部河流沿岸以外的地区,岩溶水中的SO42-主要来源于大气降水、石膏溶解,并受到所处地层岩性的影响。      

The role of karst in the genesis of sulfur deposits, Pre-Carpathian region, Ukraine

 Most of exogeneous epigenetic sulfur deposits are clearly associated with intensely karstified carbonate and sulfate rocks. This paper demonstrates, using the Pre-Carpathian region as an example, that karstification is one of the most important processes controlling the formation of sulfur deposits. This is determined by a coincidence of some major prerequisites of these two processes. In the Podol'sky and Bukovinsky regions the Miocene aquifer system is well drained by erosion valleys; the giant network caves known here in gypsum formed under past artesian conditions. In the region of sulfur deposits, associated with the same karstified gypsum strata, true artesian conditions still prevail. Hydrogeologic data show that abundant cavities detected in the vicinity of sulfur deposits can be interpreted as having the same origin as the fossil caves of the Podol'sky and Bukovinsky regions. The current widespread belief that the gypsum/anhydrite stratum in the region is aquifuge separating the Miocene aguifers is inadequate. This belief caused much controversy with regard to the genetic interpretations of sulfur deposits in the region. Caves formed by the upward water flow through the gypsum/anhydrite stratum govern the water exchange between the aquifers within the aquifer system. A new karst model for the formation of sulfur deposits is suggested. It agrees well with the hydrogeological features of the Miocene sequence and with biogeochemical mechanisms of sulfur origin in low-temperature diagenetic environments. Received: 16 February 1995 · Accepted: 4 June 1996     

人类活动影响下娘子关岩溶水系统地球化学演化

娘子关泉是我国北方最大的岩溶泉之一,也是阳泉市工农业生产和人民生活的重要供水水源。地下水地球化学演化分析表明,在地下水由补给区向排泄区运移过程中,除固有的水岩相互作用外,由于受采矿活动和地表水入渗补给的影响,岩溶水由低离子含量的HCO3-SO4或HCO3型水逐渐成为SO4型、SO4-HCO3型和SO4-HCO3-Cl型水。在泉群集中排泄区,区域流动系统与局部流动系统的地下水发生混合作用,最终形成了水质相对良好的HCO3-SO4型或SO4-HCO3型岩溶泉水。在此过程中,地下水对方解石和白云石也由最初的溶解作用演变为沉淀再结晶。尽管石膏呈持续溶解现象,但在采煤活动严重影响区域,石膏的沉淀也可能出现。地球化学模拟表明,在岩溶含水层中,地下水首先以方解石（白云石）的溶解为主;随着石膏溶解数量的增加,方解石（白云石）的溶解开始受到抑制,进而发生沉淀,石膏的溶解成为控制地下水水化学的主导过程。当矿坑水混入时,地下水相对石膏过饱和,地下水对碳酸盐岩含水介质的溶蚀能力得到增强。随着水岩反应的演进,铁氢氧化物大量沉淀,通过共沉淀和吸附作用去除了地下水中的重金属类污染物。      

贵州高硫酸盐地区寻找安全饮用水方法的探讨

贵州镇宁地区地下水中硫酸盐超标是典型的环境地质问题之一,而该区地下水中硫酸盐超标主要来自于三叠系中统关岭组(T2g)含水岩组。采集水样分析发现该含水岩组中地下水的硫酸盐含量达到了275.42~1 100 mg?L-1,为Ⅳ-Ⅴ类水。运用地下水中硫同位素追踪,其硫酸盐主要来源于石膏溶解,并通过实施“探采结合井”（ZK3）,初步查明 “膏岩层”分布于三叠系中统关岭组一段下亚段(T2g1a)的中下部,厚度在1～1.5 m。而分层抽水试验显示:T2g含水岩组试段水质为Ⅴ类,降深在11.50 m时涌水量为256.61 m3?d-1;当揭穿T2g膏岩层含水层并进行封隔止水后,钻孔自流量为330.05 m3?d-1,降深在10.80 m时钻孔涌水量达628.84 m3?d-1,水质属Ⅲ类水。因此,在类似因水质超标而引起的功能性缺水地区,可越过膏岩层而获取深层安全的可饮用的地下水。      

娘子关泉域岩溶水硫酸盐污染的地球化学模拟分析

通过分析娘子关泉域岩溶水的水文地球化学特征, 发现沿流动路径上硫酸根质量浓度逐渐降低, 矿化度逐渐降低, Ca2+, Mg2+与SO₄2-比值逐渐升高等特征.运用水岩作用的地球化学模拟软件模拟得出, 广泛出露分布的中陶统灰岩因含石膏而使地下水在补给—径流区和地下浅部即含有高硫酸根, 沿流动路径上在汇流区—排泄区地下水不断有侧向补给及与深部水的混合, 而表现出硫酸根质量浓度逐渐降低; 同时个别特高硫酸根的井水为石炭—二叠系中水污染中奥陶统含水层造成的.相对而言, 深部下奥陶统含水层的水质较好.      

Impact of tunneling on regional groundwater flow and implications for swelling of clay–sulfate rocks

Tunnels play a key role in many transportation concepts. The swelling of clay–sulfate rocks leads to serious damage to many tunnels crossing such rock, producing great difficulties and high extra costs in tunnel engineering. The swelling is caused by the transformation of the sulfate mineral anhydrite into gypsum, entailing a 60% volume increase. The transformation involves anhydrite dissolution in water, transport of the solution with groundwater flow, and gypsum precipitation at a different location. Therefore, the knowledge of groundwater flow systems at the tunnel and adjacent areas is essential to better understand the swelling processes. The present study investigates the groundwater flow systems at the Chienberg tunnel in Switzerland before and after the tunnel excavation, based on numerical flow modeling. The models include faults and the hydrostratigraphic layering in the subsurface to assess the role of the hydrogeological setting. The results of this study indicate effects on groundwater flow caused by the tunneling, which may trigger rock swelling by favoring anhydrite dissolution and gypsum precipitation, including (1) increase of flow rates around the tunnel, (2) broadened, shifted and more distributed capture zones leading to a change in origin and age of groundwater, (3) access of groundwater from preferential flow paths (e.g. faults) due to the drainage effect of the tunnel, and (4) change in geochemical equilibrium conditions because of decreased pore water pressures in the tunnel area.     

Water isotope analyses and flow measurements for understanding the stream and meteoric recharge contributions to the Poiano evaporite karst spring in the North Apennines,Italy

Hydrogeology Journal - The Poiano karst spring is located in the North Apennines (Italy) and it drains Triassic evaporite rocks with a mean discharge of hundreds of liters/second. Two...     

Geological structure, recharge processes and underground drainage of a glacierised karst aquifer system, Tsanfleuron-Sanetsch, Swiss Alps

The relationships between stratigraphic and tectonic setting, recharge processes and underground drainage of the glacierised karst aquifer system ‘Tsanfleuron-Sanetsch’ in the Swiss Alps have been studied by means of various methods, particularly tracer tests (19 injections). The area belongs to the Helvetic nappes and consists of Jurassic to Palaeogene sedimentary rocks. Strata are folded and form a regional anticlinorium. Cretaceous Urgonian limestone constitutes the main karst aquifer, overlain by a retreating glacier in its upper part. Polished limestone surfaces are exposed between the glacier front and the end moraine of 1855/1860 (Little Ice Age); typical alpine karrenfields can be observed further below. Results show that (1) large parts of the area are drained by the Glarey spring, which is used as a drinking water source, while marginal parts belong to the catchments of other springs; (2) groundwater flow towards the Glarey spring occurs in the main aquifer, parallel to stratification, while flow towards another spring crosses the entire stratigraphic sequence, consisting of about 800 m of marl and limestone, along deep faults that were probably enlarged by mass movements; (3) the variability of glacial meltwater production influences the shape of the tracer breakthrough curves and, consequently, flow and transport in the aquifer.     

碳酸—硫酸盐岩建造岩溶水化学场模型和溶蚀量评价理论初探

本文讨论了在完整岩溶泉域内,从灰岩裸露的补给区,至灰岩隐伏于地下的径流区宜至深埋区,可溶岩矿物与水相互作用所发生的不同化学作用和分带性;以及不同化学作用下限确定原则和方法;岩溶水化学类型随深度变化规律;可溶岩矿物溶蚀(解)量的方法。     

徐州矿区奥灰岩溶水突出的原因与防治

徐州矿区开采深度大,水文地质条件复杂,水害严重。主要突出水源为奥陶系含水层。突水原因主要有:底板隐伏陷落柱或断层导水;底(顶)板含水层与奥灰含水层对接;顶板冒落裂隙带导通断层对盘的奥灰含水层;奥灰水通过基岩隐伏露头侧向补给矿井。其防治对策为:引进先进技术手段,探查分析奥灰岩溶水发育规律;分区隔离开采,完善防排水系统;注浆封堵突水通道;排供结合,综合利用。      

Using non-conservative tracers to characterise karstification processes in the Merinos-Colorado-Carrasco carbonate aquifer system (southern Spain)

The systematic sampling of the chemical composition of the groundwater from five karst springs (including an overflow spring) and one outflowing borehole have permitted to determine distinctive chemical changes in the waters that reflect the geochemical processes occurring in a carbonate aquifer system from southern Spain. The analysis of the dissolution parameters revealed that geochemical evolution of the karst waters basically depends on the availability of the minerals forming aquifer rocks and the residence time within the aquifers. In the three proposed scenarios in the aquifers, which include the preferential flow routines, the more important geochemical processes taking place during the groundwater flow from the recharge to the discharge zones are: CO₂ dissolution and exsolution (outgassing), calcite net dissolution, calcite and dolomite sequential dissolution, gypsum/anhydrite and halite dissolution, de-dolomitization and calcite precipitation. A detailed analysis of the hydrochemical data set, saturation indices of the minerals and partial pressure of CO₂ in the waters joined to the application of geochemical modelling methods allowed the elaboration of a hydrogeochemical model of the studied aquifers. The developed approach contributes to a better understanding of the karstification processes and the hydrogeological functioning of carbonate aquifers, the latter being a crucial aspect for the suitable management of the water resources.     

煤炭开采后峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐演化过程研究

文章运用水化学和同位素水文学等手段,寻求奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐演化过程的“指纹”,通过不同含水层间水化学、稳定同位素差异的比对,分析其与上覆含水层间的水力联系和硫动力分馏过程,阐述采矿活动影响下峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐的演化过程。研究结果表明:煤矿开采后,峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐含量普遍增高,演化特征呈现多样性,存在多种硫动力分馏过程。分馏动力主要来自矿坑水和孔隙水通过导水裂隙的渗漏（越流）补给,以及脱白云石化过程中自身蒸发岩矿物（石膏）的溶解。      

云南省岩溶水赋存特征

云南省岩溶水赋存特征,从宏观到微观层面主要表现为:高原面上总体岩溶含水层的富水性比较均匀,其中的汇水型岩溶断陷盆地内,岩溶含水层特征等同于多孔介质。高原面边缘、河谷斜坡地带岩溶含水层的富水性极不均匀,其中在汇水—径流型岩溶断陷盆地内,上游部分富水性比较均匀,靠近下游转换带及其以下溶洞管道区富水性极不均匀。在一个完整的水文地质单元内,饱水带水位埋深基本接近集中排泄点的水位。通常,补给区实质上主要是透水层;径流区基本具备含水层的特征;排泄区方形成了名副其实的含水层。特定的微地貌组合形式,能够反映岩溶水的运动、赋存特征,应注意调查研究。      

Hydrogeological properties of a complex Dinaric karst catchment: Miljacka Spring case study

Miljacka is a karst spring situated in Dalmatia, Croatia. The interpretation of the Miljacka Spring catchment area boundary has repeatedly changed in the past, and the main conclusions of previous studies were that the spring, which is located in the Krka River canyon, receives all of its water from another karst river, Zrmanja. Here, we review a new hypothesis that the Miljacka Spring receives some of its water from the Krka River. It was not possible to verify the hypothesis by solely studying the geological composition, structural–tectonic relations and tracer test results. Therefore, a hydrochemical study was performed to confirm the hypothesis. By studying the geological composition, it was found that part of the catchment area of the Krka River is built of evaporites (gypsum and anhydrite), which are different in their mineral composition than carbonates, the usual rock mass of the Dinaric karst. The hydrochemical model was made using the NETPATH-WIN and PHREEQC software packages. The mixing model results confirmed the hypothesis that the Miljacka Spring waters come from both the Zrmanja (including smaller proportion of precipitation infiltrated directly in the karst aquifer) and Krka rivers. This case study shows the great importance of the application of hydrochemical investigations in karst hydrogeology, where research is often difficult due to the complexity of the groundwater system.     

Fraction of young water as an indicator of aquifer vulnerability along two regional flow paths in the Mississippi embayment aquifer system,southeastern USA

Wells along two regional flow paths were sampled to characterize changes in water quality and the vulnerability to contamination of the Memphis aquifer across a range of hydrologic and land-use conditions in the southeastern United States. The flow paths begin in the aquifer outcrop area and end at public supply wells in the confined parts of the aquifer at Memphis, Tennessee. Age-date tracer (e.g. SF₆, ³H, ¹⁴C) data indicate that a component of young water is present in the aquifer at most locations along both flow paths, which is consistent with previous studies at Memphis that documented leakage of shallow water into the Memphis aquifer locally where the overlying confining unit is thin or absent. Mixtures of young and old water were most prevalent where long-term pumping for public supply has lowered groundwater levels and induced downward movement of young water. The occurrence of nitrate, chloride and synthetic organic compounds was correlated to the fraction of young water along the flow paths. Oxic conditions persisted for 10 km or more down dip of the confining unit, and the presence of young water in confined parts of the aquifer suggest that contaminants such as nitrate-N have the potential for transport. Long-term monitoring data for one of the flow-path wells screened in the confined part of the aquifer suggest that the vulnerability of the aquifer as indicated by the fraction of young water is increasing over time.     

Application of inverse modeling in a study of the hydrogeochemical evolution of karst groundwater in the Jinci Spring region,northern China

This study explores the hydrogeochemical evolution of karst groundwater in the Jinci Spring region, Shanxi Province, northern China. During 2015, karst groundwater samples collected from 24 sampling points along several profiles that follow the groundwater flow direction were subjected to hydrochemical analysis. Reaction paths and mineral phases for the hydrogeochemical modeling were determined based on the analysis results and in conjunction with the regional geology and hydrogeology. The PHREEQC hydrogeochemical modeling software was used to perform mass balance and reaction path modeling of the hydrogeochemical evolution of the spring region. The modeling results showed that from the recharge area through the runoff area to the drainage area, the hydrogeochemical processes occurring in the karst water vary widely between the northeastern, central, and southwestern parts of the spring region, and across the piedmont discharge area. Additionally, hydrodynamic fields and geological structures were found to have significant control over the hydrogeochemical reactions occurring within the spring region’s karst groundwater.     

西南地区岩溶水源地类型及开发技术条件

明确了岩溶水源地的定义,并提出了新的岩溶水源地分类方案。首先按岩溶含水层的埋藏分布、岩溶水出露状态,将岩溶水源地划分为天然出露的岩溶水源地及隐伏的岩溶水源地两大类。然后再根据岩溶水源地的岩溶含水介质特征（导水和赋水空间形态、结构及水动力特征）进一步将天然出露的岩溶水源地划分为暗河、泉、表层泉三个亚类,将隐伏的岩溶水源地划分为饱水带富水块段、表层带富水块段两个亚类。并研究评价了各个类型的岩溶水富集规律、动态特征、岩溶水资源、开发技术条件。      

玉泉山泉九龙山-香峪向斜的水文地质意义

玉泉山岩溶水是北京市城市用水的主要水源。玉泉山泉水的补给,多数人认为来源于鲁家滩区、河北镇区以及军庄区岩溶水共同补给。岩溶水从军庄区（含永定河水的渗漏量）到达玉泉山要越过中间九龙山-香峪向斜。目前其向斜内钻孔所揭露的奥陶系碳酸盐岩顶板最大埋深1 669 m。就军庄区岩溶水是如何穿越九龙山-香峪向斜并补给玉泉山泉的,目前存在以下两种认识:岩溶含水层导水观点、军庄（永定河）断裂导水的观点。本文通过地质结构、地下水流场、岩溶发育机理以及水质组分含量的分析认为,军庄区岩溶水通过岩溶含水层越过深陷向斜到达玉泉山一带的径流路径存在较大的疑问,进而提出了首先通过上覆永定河松散层潜流过向斜轴部,而后在南部岩溶含水层隆起的红庙岭—八大处背斜轴通过断裂破碎带二次进入岩溶含水层并向玉泉山补给的另一种可能路径。      

龙子祠泉域不同下垫面陆面蒸散量的对比研究

龙子祠泉域是北方著名的岩溶大泉,目前泉流量衰减严重,评估泉域内涵养水源林工程对岩溶水增补效果成为一项重要研究课题。本文利用NOAA/AVHRR遥感数据,运用地表能量平衡系统（SEBS）模型并结合临汾气象站的实际观测数据(气温、气压、相对湿度和风速),反演了龙子祠泉域2014年4-10月的日均蒸散量和月均蒸散量,通过GIS的空间叠加对比分析了不同岩性和不同植被覆盖率条件下的陆面蒸散量特征。结果表明:碳酸盐岩地区陆面蒸散量与植被覆盖率之间呈正相关关系,而碎屑岩地区中等植被覆盖率的陆面蒸散量最低,在整体上碎屑岩地区的陆面蒸散量要高于碳酸盐岩地区。仅从陆面蒸散量的角度考虑,在碎屑岩地区保持中等的植被覆盖率将有利于增加岩溶水的入渗补给量,而在碳酸盐岩地区开展植树造林将提高陆面蒸散量,不利于降水入渗补给。