某铁路隧道隧址区水文地质条件分析与洞身涌水量预算

通过详细分析隧道址区水文地质资料,认为石炭系灰岩、三叠系中统河湾组白云质灰岩和上统大水塘组下段安山玄武岩为强含水层组,大量的岩溶发育于石炭系灰岩和三叠系中统河湾组白云质灰岩中。以井水断层及太元背斜为界,将研究区分为太元背斜和街子坡复式向斜2个水文地质单元,并对各单元中水量、水质与地下水的补给、径流及排泄条件等进行了说明。采取并测试了13组地下水同位素样品,结果发现,区内地下水均来源于大气降水。应用地下水动力学和降水系数法对隧道洞身的涌水量进行了预测,推断隧道的正常涌水量为56 880m3/d,最大涌水量为68 300m3/d。为防止隧道塌方,提出了"短进尺、快循环、弱爆破、少扰动、紧封闭、超前注浆"的施工方法,并要求在施工中做好超前地质预测工作。     

南自来山铜钼矿水文地质特征及涌水量预测研究

南自来山铜钼矿位于安徽省池州市东南部梅街镇,根据矿区内出露的岩层、岩性组合及含水特征,划分四个含水岩组,分别为第四系松散岩类孔隙含水岩组、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶含水岩组、碎屑岩类裂隙含水岩组和岩浆岩类裂隙含水岩组。研究表明,矿体所在的仑山组白云石大理岩裂隙岩溶水为直接充水水源,其上覆的高家边组泥岩、粉砂岩裂隙水为间接充水水源,大气降水为矿坑地下水的主要补给来源。矿坑边界条件概化为东西两侧为隔水边界,南北两侧为进水边界。对矿山未来首采-25 0m中段涌水量采用两侧隔水边界中间为稳定流潜水完整井的“大井法”估算进行预测,可为矿山设计部门提供提供地质依据。     

贵州省普定县砂子龙潭龙井坡泉等泉水的水文地球化学特征

<正>火石坡位于贵州省中部的普定县境内,构造部位处于青菜关背斜西翼,地层倾角平缓,出露有三叠系下统安顺组上段(T1a2-3)及中统关岭组下段（T2g1）的硫酸盐一碳酸盐岩石。岩溶的发育独具特色,尤其是在岩溶地下水的赋存运移空间及水文地球化学方面更有突出的特征。 为了弄清岩溶发育的进程,机理和水文地球化学的演变历史,需要了解地下水溶液中各种物质之间的平衡关系。     

广西某铅锌矿开采过程涌水量和疏干范围预测研究

广西某铅锌矿矿区出露地层有元古界板溪群、古生界寒武系和新生界的第四系。具有三个含水岩组:散岩类孔隙含水岩组、碎屑岩基岩裂隙含水岩组和火成岩风化裂隙含水岩组。采用水文解析法对矿区涌水量和疏干范围进行预测,PD625开采系统的正常涌水量1675m3/d,影响带宽度为424m。SJ1明竖井开拓系统的正常涌水量676m3/d,影响带宽度为92m。     

鲁中南基岩地区水文地质特征及地下水环境地质问题分析

基于在鲁中南低山丘陵基岩地区开展的1∶5万水文地质调查工作,通过水文地质调查、水文地质钻探、地球物理勘探、抽水试验、水质分析等技术方法,分析该区水文地质特征。研究结果表明：区内地下水类型划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水以及基岩裂隙水4类,并总结了其含水岩组富水性;分析了地下水补给、径流、排泄条件及其演化以及环境水文地质问题。圈定了有集中供水意义的第四系孔隙水富水地段3处,总结了地层阻水型蓄水构造和断层储水构造2种基岩蓄水构造类型。区内地下水质量以Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类为主,超过Ⅲ类水标准的组分主要是硝酸盐、总硬度、铁,其次为氟化物等。利用总结的区内找水模型,共施工具有供水意义的水文地质钻孔10眼,总涌水量7017.84 m³/d,可解决近10万人生活和5900多亩农田灌溉用水问题。对于寻找新的供水目标含水层及找水定井工作具有指导意义。     

青海省德令哈盆地第四系地下水质量评价

地下水质量评价是保护和合理开发利用地下水资源的前提。为准确反映德令哈盆地地下水质量状况,以青海省德令哈盆地第四系地下水的66组水质测试数据为基础,选取12项一般化学指标和4项毒理学指标共16项评价指标,采用基于最差指标判别法和改进的内梅罗指数法相结合的分类组合评价方法对地下水质量进行评价。结果表明:(1)德令哈盆地第四系地下水质量整体较好。其中,Ⅰ—Ⅲ类地下水采样点数占总采样点数的74.24%,Ⅳ类地下水采样点数占10.61%,Ⅴ类地下水采样点数占15.15%。(2)德令哈盆地内承压(自流)水质量优于潜水,冲湖积平原区地下水质量优于其他地区。(3)参评的16项指标中超标率(超Ⅲ类水)大于10%的指标有5种,由高到低依次为硫酸盐、总硬度、钠、溶解性总固体和氯化物。造成本区地下水质量超标的主要因素是地下水中的一般化学指标,三氮和毒理学指标超标较少。(4)本区地下水质量受原始地质环境和自然环境的控制,受人类活动影响较小。特定的地形地貌、地质构造和沉积环境控制着含水岩组的形成和地下水的循环演化,从而控制着地下水的整体质量;而干旱少雨的气候影响着浅层地下水的质量。     

河北阳原泥河湾盆地东部地下水资源特征分析

泥河湾盆地东部地处半干旱地区,地下水资源分布不均,水质优劣不一。根据含水介质的不同该区地下水可以划分出松散岩类孔隙水含水岩组和基岩裂隙类含水岩组两大类,并依据地层岩性进一步划分为7个含水岩组。据野外调查采样分析资料,在不同赋存条件下区内地下水的水质与水量具有较大的差异,以山前洪积扇、湖滨相沉积和岩溶裂隙水质量最好,湖心相沉积最差,其中有的不符合饮用水标准,需要进行合理的开发利用规划。     

山东大汶河流域中上游古近系含水岩组水文地质特征

利用古近系大汶口组及朱家沟组含水岩组5眼施工钻孔及55眼井孔调查资料,通过岩心、地下水常规离子组分及氢氧同位素样品测试结果,研究大汶河流域中上游莱芜盆地、大汶口盆地古近系含水岩组分布特征、物性及富水性、地下水化学及补给循环特征。结果表明:富水较好的大汶口组上段位于盆地腹部偏北,含水层岩性为半固结砂砾岩,水化学类型HCO_3-Ca·Mg型为主;朱家沟组含水岩组位于盆地边界断裂下降盘,含水层岩性为溶蚀发育的灰质砾岩,水化学类型复杂多变。现代大气降水作为地下水主要补给来源,蒸发浓缩作用,方解石、白云石和石膏溶解及人类污染活动参与了地下水化学组分的形成。归纳总结3种古近系不同类型含水岩组地下水富集规律:构造裂隙控水模式、半固结含水岩组裂隙孔隙水富集模式和灰质砾岩裂隙岩溶水富集模式。     

江苏沭阳主城区地下水水文地质特征分析

开展水文地质特征分析对本地区建立地下水动态监测网络、地下水资源开发利用与环境保护以及城市工程建设过程中地下水控制具有重要的意义。在分析沭阳主城区自然地质环境及地质特征资料的基础上,结合水文地质勘探与试验以及水质检测资料,分析地下水类型及其富水性分布规律、补给径流排泄条件以及水化学特征等。结果表明:研究区松散岩类孔隙水分为浅层地下水(第Ⅰ含水层组)和深层地下水(第Ⅱ、第Ⅲ含水层组)。浅层地下水富水性较好地段主要分布于研究区西北部淮沭河、新沂河和沭河周边一带,实测单井涌水量754.60 m3/d,其它地段属于富水性较差区,实测单井涌水量183.84~184.75 m3/d,局部水质较差,易受污染。深层地下水水富水性好地段分布于研究区西南及二斗渠以南一带,含水层厚度较大,实测单井涌水量597.77 m3/d,其它地段属于富水性中等,实测单井涌水量422.97~459.56 m3/d,水质良好。研究区地下水补径排条件受地形地貌、人工开采等因素影响明显,深层地下水局部地区已形成了水位降落漏斗。     

三江平原建三江农场地下水有机污染与无机污染现状初探

通过对三江平原建三江农场采取的21组浅层地下水水样分析,发现Ⅲ类水1组,Ⅳ类水11组,Ⅴ类水9组,13组样品有机污染物有检出,均未超标.总体来看,三江平原建三江农场水田区地下水污染较为严重,大多数为Ⅳ、Ⅴ类,不适合作为生活饮用水使用.铁、锰受原生地质环境的影响部分超标;挥发酚与铅超标的原因尚待查明;有机氯农药类均没有检出,说明这类农药在浅层地下水中残留已不多;亚硝酸盐、氨氮等超标严重,说明农业生产中施用的大量化肥严重影响了浅层地下水水质.     

地下含水层水资源赋存条件及其水化学特征—以贵州省安龙县幅为例

以贵州省安龙县1∶50 000水文地质图幅为例,采用含水层探采井的水质、水量监测数据,分析不同含水层水资源赋存特征及其与水化学的相关性。研究结果表明:（1）研究区含水层可分为纯碳酸盐岩管道含水层、非纯碳酸盐岩裂隙含水层、碎屑岩裂隙含水层、松散岩类孔隙含水层4种类型,各含水层中地下水水化学类型均以HCO-Ca?Mg型为主;（2）除非纯碳酸盐岩含水层探采井的降深与水体中Mg2+、HCO-3浓度呈现出显著的负相关性（R2=-0.77/-0.74）外,其余离子浓度与钻井单位涌水量、降深的相关性均不显著,相关系数(R2)均小于0.3;（3）非纯碳酸盐岩含水层和松散岩类含水层的总矿化度（TDS）、总硬度（TH）含量均比纯碳酸盐岩含水层低5 mg?L-1以上,TDS、TH的高值区均集中于纯碳酸盐岩含水层中,而低值区则分布于松散岩类含水层。      

Hydrogeological characterization of a carbonate aquifer using geophysical and geochemical approach: case of the Krachoua Formation in Tataouine area,Southern Tunisia

An integrated hydrogeological investigation involving geological surface data, well data (lithostratigraphical and piezometric data) and the vertical electrical sounding (VES) method was carried out in Tataouine area, Southern Tunisia to characterize the hydrogeology and the geochemistry of the Krachoua Formation aquifer. The electrical data were used to differentiate lithostratigraphic units and characterize their hydrogeological potentialities. Major elements contents within groundwater samples were assessed and some plots and diagrams have been established in order to investigate the hydrochemical properties of this aquifer and the origin of its mineralization. The Krachoua aquifer exhibits a general drawdown of the piezometric level from 2004 to 2015 reflecting a dramatic decrease in groundwater resources due to increased groundwater abstraction during the last decades. Flow directions shows that the recharge of this aquifer considered as a free aquifer is directly ensured by rainfalls over the outcropping fractured limestones. The geometry of the Krachoua Formation aquifer is tectonically controlled and structured in horst and graben features that impacted greatly the hydrogeology and the hydrodynamics of the area. Subsequent thickness and facies variations within this aquifer influenced the reservoir quality and the groundwater flows. The increased values of salinity to the northwest of the study area seems to be mainly related to the dissolution of the Upper Liassic gypsum of Mestaoua Formation which outcrops widely and can be dissolute easily by meteoric water and contaminate the Krachoua aquifer. This fact is also supported by the sulfated and calci-magnesian chloride facies of this aquifer related to the dissolution of evaporitic rocks (gypsum, anhydrite, and halite). However low salinity values are recorded within the zone where these evaporitic rocks are relatively deep.     

鲁中南山区古近系朱家沟组灰质砾岩溶蚀发育特征及水文地质意义

以大汶口盆地南北两侧分布的朱家沟组灰质砾岩为研究对象,通过钻探施工岩心编录、野外井点调查、可控源音频大地电磁法、抽水试验等技术方法研究盆地南北两侧灰质砾岩溶蚀发育特征及富水性,以施工水文地质钻孔为例,系统总结出盆地南北两侧灰质砾岩的富水规律。结果表明:朱家沟组含水层单井涌水量为720~2 027 m3?d-1;受沉积环境和构造发育影响,盆地北部和南部朱家沟组含水层在岩石结构、物性、溶蚀发育特征、地下水补给来源、富水性等方面存在明显差异。此灰质砾岩富水规律在鲁中南山区具有普遍性和适用性。      

基于数值模拟的岩溶地下水源保护区划分技术研究

以山东省邹城市某岩溶水源地为例,研究数值模拟方法在岩溶地下水水源地保护区划分中的应用,以及水文地质参数对于水源地保护区划分结果的影响。基于GMS软件构建了研究区三维非稳定流地下水数值模型,采用质点追踪技术,通过反向追踪示踪粒子在运移100 d、1 000 d以及25 a后的位置及迁移轨迹,对该岩溶水源地进行保护区划分;改变数值模型中的主要水文地质参数,以变化后的保护区面积作为衡量参数敏感度的指标,并计算各参数的敏感度系数,研究水文地质参数对于保护区划分范围的影响。结果表明:当参数改变幅度在20%范围内时,一层垂向渗透系数(VK1)的敏感度系数最大可达到2.63×10-3,二层垂向渗透系数(VK2)的敏感度系数最大可达到3.64×10-3;垂向渗透系数的敏感度明显高于其他参数,说明垂向渗透系数对保护区划分范围的影响最大。因此,在应用数值模拟法对岩溶地下水源地进行保护区划分时,应尤其注意模型中各含水层垂向渗透系数取值的准确性和合理性。      

Groundwater hydrochemistry and origin in the south-eastern part of Wadi El Natrun,Egypt

The demand for water is rapidly increasing in Egypt, because of high population and agriculture production growth rate, which makes research of water resources necessary. The regional multi-aquifer system of the Miocene–Pleistocene age is discharged in Wadi El Natrun area. Intensive aquifer overexploitation and agricultural development in the area are related to groundwater quality deterioration. Hydrochemical and hydrogeological data was evaluated to determine the groundwater origin and quality in the south-eastern part of wadi, which appears to be more significant for water supply owing to lower groundwater salinity. The dominance of the high mineralised Cl groundwater type was found; however, also less mineralised SO₄ and HCO₃ types were identified there. Based on the ion relations, halite and gypsum dissolution and ion exchange are the most important hydrochemical processes forming the groundwater chemical composition. The Cl dominated groundwater matches the discharge part of the regional hydrogeological system. Contrary, the presence of HCO₃ and SO₄ hydrochemical types corresponds to the infiltration and transferring parts of the hydrogeological system indicating the presence of zones conducting low mineralised groundwater. The discharge area of the over-pumped aquifer in Wadi El-Natrun lies 23 m beneath the sea level with the shoreline being at the distance of 100 km, thus there is a real risk of seawater intrusion. Using the hydrochemical facies evolution diagram, four samples in the centre of the discharge area indicate advanced seawater intrusion. The zones of the highest demand for groundwater quality protection were indicated based on a spatial pattern of hydrogeochemical composition.     

煤炭开采后峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐演化过程研究

文章运用水化学和同位素水文学等手段,寻求奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐演化过程的“指纹”,通过不同含水层间水化学、稳定同位素差异的比对,分析其与上覆含水层间的水力联系和硫动力分馏过程,阐述采矿活动影响下峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐的演化过程。研究结果表明:煤矿开采后,峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐含量普遍增高,演化特征呈现多样性,存在多种硫动力分馏过程。分馏动力主要来自矿坑水和孔隙水通过导水裂隙的渗漏（越流）补给,以及脱白云石化过程中自身蒸发岩矿物（石膏）的溶解。      

Hydrogeological study of the intensely exploited aquifer of the Santa Croce leather-producing district, Tuscany (central Italy)

A hydrogeological study was undertaken to define the groundwater circulation in the Santa Croce area (Tuscany, central Italy) where the existing multilayered aquifer has long been intensively exploited. Investigations carried out on about 150 wells revealed the existence of a deep piezometric depression (to 20?m below sea level) which drains groundwater from the entire surrounding area. Samples from about 70 water points, collected twice in 2007, were analysed for major elements and stable isotope composition. Three major groups of waters, which mix in the study area, have been distinguished: (1) waters of the Ca?CMg?CHCO₃ type mainly flowing along the Arno River Plain; (2) waters of the Na?CK?CCl/Ca?CMg?CHCO₃?CSO_4, type with SO₄ content up to 275?mg/L, inflowing from the Pisane Hills; (3) relatively high-salinity waters mainly of the Na?CHCO₃ type which, with Cl concentrations up to 750?mg/L, likely arise from a normal fault located at the foot of the northern hills. The characteristics of the different components are greatly affected by significant modifying processes such as cation exchange and sulfate reduction. The achieved conceptual model suggests the southern hills as the main recharging area of the aquifer system from which water circulation, characterized by pathways of different length and depth, develops.     

娘子关泉域岩溶水SO42-、δ34S特征及其环境意义

在分析区域地质、水文地质条件及水化学同位素的基础上,研究了山西娘子关泉域岩溶水的SO42-、硫同位素分布特征。研究表明:（1）泉域西北、西南地区岩溶水的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（2）泉域中部汇流区岩溶水的SO42-含量高而δ34S值低,其中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,这是因为温河、桃河及南川河沿岸的岩溶水接受了被矿坑水污染的河水的渗漏补给以及部分地区受到钻孔串层污染;（3）娘子关泉群中城西泉水中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,而五龙泉和集泉站水中的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（4）泉域东北部及东部河流沿岸以外的地区,岩溶水中的SO42-主要来源于大气降水、石膏溶解,并受到所处地层岩性的影响。      

Degradation of groundwater quality in coastal aquifer of Sabratah area,NW Libya

Overextraction of groundwater is widely occurring along the coast where good quality groundwater is at risk, due to urbanization, tourist development and intensive agriculture. The Sabratah area at the northern central part of Jifarah Plain, Northwest Libya, is a typical area where the contamination of the aquifer in the form of saltwater intrusion, gypsum/anhydrite dissolution and high nitrate concentrations is very developed. Fifty groundwater samples were collected from the study area and analysed for certain parameters that indicate salinization and pollution of the aquifer. The results demonstrate high values of the parameters electrical conductivity, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate which can be attributed to seawater intrusion. The intensive extraction of groundwater from the aquifer reduces freshwater outflow to the sea, creates drawdown cones and lowering of the water table to as much as 30 m below mean sea level. Irrigation with nitrogen fertilizers and domestic sewage and movement of contaminants in areas of high hydraulic gradients within the drawdown cones probably are responsible for the high nitrate concentration towards the south of the region. Seawater intrusion and deep salt water upconing result in general high SO₄ ^2? concentrations in groundwater near the shoreline, where localized SO₄ ^2? anomalies are also due to the dissolution of sebkha deposits for few wells in the nearby sebkhas. Upstream, the increase in SO₄ ^2? concentrations in the south is ascribed to the dissolution of gypsum at depth in the upper aquifer.     

Origin and evolution of a salty gypsum/anhydrite karst spring: the case of Poiano (Northern Apennines, Italy)

Poiano is the largest karst spring of the Emilia Romagna region (northern Italy). It drains an aquifer of unique properties composed of anhydrite with halite lenses at depth and gypsum at the surface (both with high NaCl content). Hydrogeological research has been undertaken using automatically recorded hourly data on temperature, electrical conductivity, and water level. Water feeding the Poiano spring is restricted within the gypsum/anhydrite outcrop between the Lucola, Sologno and Secchia rivers. Karstification in the Upper Secchia Valley only concerns the gypsum rocks mainly present along the border and in the shallower parts of the sulfate outcrop and does not appear to occur at depth. Data strongly support the hypothesis that the salt content in the spring water derives from active halokinetic movements. For the first time, the fundamental hydrogeological importance of the anhydrite part inside the sulfate rocks is demonstrated. If gypsum prevails over anhydrite the karst drainage network can extend deep into the rocks following a network of fractures and fissures. Instead, if in the deep parts of the aquifer anhydrite prevails over gypsum, the karst evolution cannot take place at depth and the structure of the underground drainage paths only follows near-surface paths in gypsum.