章氏硼镁石X射线粉末图的指标化及晶胞参数测定

章氏硼镁石是我国发现的一种新硼酸盐矿物,产于我国某现代内陆盐湖沉积层中。其化学式为MgO·2B_2O_3·9H_2O 纯白色,比重1.732。晶粒极小,显微镜下测定直径为0.02—0.04毫米。二轴晶负光性,2V=36。 天然的和人工合成的章氏硼镁石晶体均很小,无法进行X射线单晶分析工作,因此该矿物发表时缺少一些有关晶体结构的基本资料,对X射线粉晶分析结果也未做指标化工作。     

柴达木盆地大柴旦硼矿床地质特征及成矿机理

大柴旦盐湖因蕴藏固体和液体硼矿资源成为柴达木盆地诸多盐湖中最早被关注和开发的盐湖之一。不仅如此,大柴旦盐湖还沉积有全球少有分布的特色柱硼镁石矿床。此种特色硼矿床的成矿环境和形成机理目前尚未得到应有的关注和研究。本研究基于大柴旦盐湖因开采硼矿而揭露出来的湖中高分辨率的天然沉积剖面DCD-2和DCD03,利用岩性地层学、沉积学、矿物学、地球化学以及AMS 14 C年代学等多指标研究方法,深入探讨了更具特色的湖底柱硼镁石矿层以及其他硼矿层的成矿环境和成矿机理,丰富和完善了盐湖硼矿床成因理论。研究结果显示,大柴旦湖底柱硼镁石矿层(第一硼矿层)形成年代始于BC 1790a左右。湖底柱硼镁石含量为35%,B2O3含量约为3%~16%,属于中低品位硼矿层;而湖滨钠硼解石和水方硼石含量分别为82%和35%,B2O3平均含量约为3%~9%,属于低品位硼矿层。硼矿形成前的较长时期内,大柴旦盐湖是以碎屑沉积为主的非盐湖相沉积环境,此后快速进入硫酸盐型盐湖阶段和湖底柱硼镁石矿层形成阶段。湖底柱硼镁石以及湖滨钠硼解石和水方硼石是在特定水文地球化学条件和湖泊环境下形成,在湖区的不同地带,由于不同的成矿作用和成矿机理形成了不同的硼酸盐矿物或硼矿床。大柴旦盐湖硼酸盐矿床的形成受控于硼自身内在地球化学特性及其外在控制条件,是内外条件耦合的结果。在固体硼酸盐整个形成过程中,盐湖卤水都呈现弱碱性—碱性,这是盐湖硼酸盐沉积形成的先决条件。文章提出了盐湖固体硼酸盐的具体形成机理并确定大柴旦盐湖硼矿床为高山-深盆-浅水成矿模式。     

青藏高原盐湖硼酸盐矿物

西藏硼砂早就闻名中外。多年来有关单位对青藏高原盐湖进行调查研究的结果表明,本区盐类矿物的种类多、分布广、储量丰富,以硼酸盐尤为突出。现已发现十余种硼酸盐矿物,其中水碳硼石、章氏硼镁石和多水氯硼钙石是首次发现的新矿物。在昆仑山两侧还发现一种新类型盐湖——硫酸镁亚型硼酸盐盐湖,正在沉积各种水合硼酸镁盐。 我们在进行青藏高原盐卤硼酸盐研究中发现了含硼浓缩盐卤加水稀释成盐这一过程。这为水合硼酸镁盐的形成提供了新的实验解释。     

三方硼鎂石——一种新硼酸盐矿物

作者于1964年夏季,在一现代內陆盐湖进行矿物学野外工作时,发现了一层盐华状纯淨白色硼矿物,经化学分析,确定为一种镁硼酸盐矿物(MgO·3B_2O_3·7.5H_2O),经室內系统矿物学研究,认为与A.B.H合成的三硼酸镁完全一致。工作过程中,作者同时也对合成的三方硼镁石*进行了各种性质的研究,其结果均     

库水硼镁石的合成及其发光性质

本文模拟库水硼镁石形成的地质条件,并根据掺杂作用原理,控制试剂用量和pH值,运用溶解、变温、蒸发、静置、稀释、冷冻等方法进行合成,并对其产物进行扫描电镜分析、X射线衍射分析和化学分析。根据库水硼镁石的热化学性质,在样品中掺入少量Eu_2O_3(纯度99.99%),在770℃条件下使其脱水重结晶,然后测定产物的激发光谱与发射光谱。     

小柴旦盐湖卤水25℃等温蒸发

小柴旦盐湖卤水含NaCl 17.32％,KCl 0.18％,MgSO_4 1.66％,Na_2SO_4 2.75％,MgO 0.037％,B_2O_3 0.106％。以246kg卤水进行实验,获得了介稳状态下的蒸发结晶路线,对析出的11种固相进行了化学分析和固相鉴定,并分别测定了与之平衡的液相组成和各项理化参数。研究发现卤水蒸发浓缩到钾石盐阶段,得到含B_2O_3 7.13％的高硼卤水,其在MgCl_2共结点前直接蒸发析出两种镁硼酸盐,其中至少有一种含MgCl_2组成。根据化学分析硼碱比值,显微镜下观察外形,并按物料平衡计算,初步推测该两种镁硼酸盐化学式为2MgCl_2·3MgO·4B_2O_3·22H_2O和MgO·2B_2O_3·6.3H_2O。     

江苏冶山矽卡岩型硼矿成因机制研究:来自硼酸盐矿物学制约

江苏冶山硼矿是中国典型矽卡岩型硼矿床。文章利用电子探针和粉晶X-射线衍射测试手段,对冶山硼矿中硼酸盐及共生脉石矿物,进行了岩相学、矿物化学成分、矿物种类等方面详细研究,并对该矿床中硼酸岩矿物的成因机制进行了讨论。研究发现,冶山硼矿中矿石矿物为硼镁铁矿和硼镁石。硼镁铁矿多为纤维状和针状集合体产出,属早期矽卡岩阶段形成产物;硼镁石主要为片状结构,少量为纤维状结构,且有四种赋存状态:(1)无定型分布硼镁石-Ⅰ,此种硼镁石与蛇纹石共生;(2)网脉状硼镁石-Ⅱ,穿且或环绕早期片状硼镁石;(3)与细粒磁铁矿共生的硼镁石-Ⅲ;(4)充填状硼镁石-Ⅳ,此种硼镁石为纤维状,充填于其他矿物的晶间。背散射电子图像表明,网脉状硼镁石-Ⅱ晚于片状硼镁石-Ⅰ,二者应该是形成于富硼热液与水镁石的相互作用;条带状硼镁石是由富硼热液与早期的硼镁铁矿之间的反应形成;充填在其他矿物之间的纤维状硼镁石可能直接从富硼热液中结晶而成,应该属于最晚期。     

青藏高原盐湖水化学及其矿物组合特征

青藏高原湖泊的矿化度与其湖泊演化所处的自然环境,特别是与气候条件关系密切,根据取得盐湖数量和卫片解译,本区湖泊矿化度在空间上变化的总趋势是由北、西北向南、东南趋向下降,大体上与现代高原年干燥度(年蒸发量/年降水量)呈同步变化。高原盐湖的pH值既与水化学类型有关,又与湖水矿化度有关,即由碳酸盐型→硫酸钠亚型→硫酸镁亚型→氧化物型,其pH值趋于下降,而湖泊的pH值与矿化度大体呈反相关。根据库尔纳可夫—瓦良什科分类法及作者对碳酸盐型的细分,对青藏高原盐湖水化学进行了全面细致划分,从而取得了清晰的规律性认识:本区盐湖水化学具有南北分带,东西分区的特点。不同的盐湖水化学类型,具有不同的专属性,碳酸盐型代表性成矿组合为硼砂(三方硼砂)或硼砂—扎布耶石,以及碱—芒硝组合;硫酸钠亚型代表性成矿组合为芒硝(无水芒硝)—石盐以及镁硼酸盐(库水硼镁石、柱硼镁石等)—钠硼解石—芒硝;硫酸镁亚型代表性成矿组合为硫酸镁盐(泻利盐、白钠镁矾)—石盐、镁硼酸盐—芒硝、芒硝—软钾镁矾—石盐以及大量石膏;氯化物型代表性成矿组合则为光卤石—水氯镁石—石盐、光卤石—石盐,个别盐湖共生南极石。由此可见,青藏高原各类型盐湖矿物组合基本上具有冷相组合特征,芒硝及与其共生的冷相盐类矿物,可成为研究古气候变化的重要标志物。目前已检出青藏高原盐湖水含有59种元素,其中B与Li、Cs、K、Rb有密切共生关系,其含量随湖水矿化度增长大致呈正相关;B、Li、Cs、K、Rb最高正异常落在羌南碳酸盐型带(Ⅰ2)西段—昂拉陵湖区为中心地区;并与本区中新世火山沉积岩系和地热水B、Li、Cs、Rb等高值区并行不悖。以上有力证明B、Li、Cs等特殊元素物质与深部来源有关。据近期大量地球物理和火山岩岩石地球化学研究,其成因与印度—欧亚陆陆碰撞引起的重熔岩浆作用有密切成因联系。南美科迪勒拉高原硼锂(铯)盐湖即生成于活动大陆边缘,两者均说明全球特定的活动构造带是造成天然水B、Li、Cs(K、Rb)高丰度及其成矿作用的主因。     

新疆发现水氮碱镁矾矿物

水氮碱镁矾,又名杂硝巩,见于智利、印度某些硝石矿床中。我们在鉴定吐鲁番乌宗布拉克盐湖矿床中的矿物时,在国内首次发现了这种矿物。水氮碱镁矾,分了式Na_7K_3Mg_2(SO_4)_6(NO_3)_2·6H_2O,产于第四纪干旱盐湖中,与石盐、钾硝石、钠镁矾、石膏等矿物共生,组成杂硝矾石盐岩。矿物多呈粒状集合体产出,单体无色透明,集合体呈弱白色,玻璃光泽,贝壳状断口,硬度3,易溶于水,镜下矿物呈六方板状,单偏     

中国盐湖科学技术研究的若干进展与展望

我国拥有得天独厚的盐湖资源,分布于北半球盐湖带欧亚盐湖亚带东部,主要分布在现代降水量500mm/a的范围内。本文对中国盐湖科学技术60年来取得的若干进展进行初步梳理。1.在盐湖沉积与古气候、古环境研究方面:提出了各种盐类矿物的古气候转换指标。柴达木西部-塔里木东部氯化物型-硫酸盐型沉积区为我国第四纪以来干旱成盐中心,历经了6次以上的向外干旱(成盐)扩张期;提出青藏高原第四纪晚期存在5次泛湖高湖面;2.在盐湖成矿与成盐成钾理论研究方面:首编青藏高原湖泊水化学分带图(1/250万),揭示了青藏高原盐湖水化学类型由南往北、由碳酸盐-氯化物型分布规律及其相应成盐成矿专属性;发现几个大型陆相钾盐矿床,提出了高山深盆成盐模式、链式多级中浅盐湖成矿模式、多级湖盆深盆成盐模式、砂砾型含钾卤水成矿模式以及"隔代承袭成钾"等新认识,建立和发展了"陆相成钾"理论认识;发现青海大柴旦湖钠硼解石-柱硼镁石矿床、西藏扎仓茶卡柱硼镁石-库水硼镁石矿床、聂尔错库水硼镁石矿床等新类型镁硼酸盐(锂)矿床,进而提出冷冻稀释成硼理论新认识。3.自主研发出的"反浮选冷结晶工艺"生产氯化钾自控系统,使察尔汗盐湖钾盐达到300万吨/年KCl产量,形成了名牌钾肥产品。成功研发了罗布泊120万吨/年硫酸钾成套技术,建成世界最大的硫酸钾生产装置,2015年产量达160万吨,以上为我国钾肥生产作出了重大贡献。在自主研发的"冬储卤-冷冻-日晒-分离-盐梯度太阳池积热沉锂"创新技术支撑下,在西藏高原海拔4421米的扎布耶盐湖建成了世界海拔最高的锂盐产业,也是我国首条年产5000吨碳酸锂的盐湖提锂基地。4.根据盐水域发育大面积杜氏藻等嗜盐菌藻、盐沼带和盐碱地繁衍多种盐生植物的盐境生态特点,提出"盐湖农业"("盐土农业")农业新概念,发展盐境绿色产业提供新的理念和技术支持。最后,为今后盐类科学发展方向,提出了深绿科技与产业研发方向,随着盐类科学技术的发展,将会促进新的边缘交叉学科盐类学(Salinology)的发展和日臻完善。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)