北羌塘盆地康如茶卡盐湖矿床地质特征及成矿模式研究

康如茶卡盐湖矿床位于青藏高原腹地,是一个现代盐湖。该矿床与新构造运动有关,形成于早—中更新世,水化学类型为硫酸钠型;矿石矿物组合为石盐、钾石盐、芒硝、石膏等;成矿物质来源于蚀源区及湖盆边缘岩石或岩层的风化淋滤作用;成矿流体为雨水、河流水、泉水和承压水。在此基础上,总结了康如茶卡盐湖矿床成矿模式,对研究该区盐湖矿床成因及勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

西台吉乃尔盐湖矿区湖水水化学动态变化及其影响因素分析

每年冰雪融水期(3～4月)和洪水期(7～8月),西台吉乃尔盐湖(以下简称西台湖)矿区湖水中各主要化学组分明显降低,其他月份则表现为明显的高值。湖水水化学组成的投影点在相图上主要集中在白钠镁矾、软钾镁矾及泻利盐共结点及其附近区域,但西台湖的析盐程度要高于苦水沟一带的新湖泊。冬季湖水的投影点明显较夏季更接近光卤石相区,并且已经达到了钾石盐析出阶段。不同时期矿区湖水化学成分对比分析表明湖水水化学组分的变化仍主要受地表径流季节变化的控制,但人为因素对其影响正逐渐增强。     

硫酸钠亚型富锂卤水25℃等温蒸发过程的计算机模拟

我国青藏高原上分布有许多盐湖,其中扎布耶等碳酸盐型盐湖、东台吉乃尔等硫酸镁亚型盐湖是著名的富锂盐湖,已成功开发生产出碳酸锂产品。青藏高原上还有许多硫酸钠亚型盐湖,其卤水锂浓度高,钾、镁、硼等有用成分丰富。针对这些盐湖资源,目前尚未进行开发利用研究。这些卤水的等温蒸发实验研究,是必不可少的关键工作之一。本文使用我们由Pitzer电解质溶液理论建立的Li+,Na+,K+,Mg2+/Cl-,SO24--H2O体系的热力学模型,对25℃下几种硫酸钠亚型富锂卤水等温蒸发过程进行了计算机模拟,预测蒸发过程中盐类矿物的析出顺序、卤水组成变化规律、钠、钾、镁、锂盐的饱和点,并在此基础上进行卤水蒸发过程物料平衡关系的理论计算等。本文对西藏3种硫酸钠亚型卤水和国外2种硫酸钠亚型卤水25℃等温蒸发过程进行了模拟。其析盐顺序的特点是:在第一个矿物石盐饱和析出后,接着析出的含钾矿物是钾芒硝,而不是钾镁矾类矿物。其后钾盐则会以钾岩盐形式析出。锂盐饱和后则主要以复盐Li2SO4.K2SO4形式析出。美国银峰卤水的模拟结果与实验蒸发过程完全一致,并给出其继续蒸发时的析盐状况。另4种硫酸钠亚型卤水的模拟结果不仅可以作为未来实验研究的基本参考和注意点,同样也可作为其盐田设计和工艺安排的基本理论依据。本文研究为该类型卤水资源综合开发利用工艺路线的确立提供理论参考。     

青藏高原盐湖硼酸盐矿物

西藏硼砂早就闻名中外。多年来有关单位对青藏高原盐湖进行调查研究的结果表明,本区盐类矿物的种类多、分布广、储量丰富,以硼酸盐尤为突出。现已发现十余种硼酸盐矿物,其中水碳硼石、章氏硼镁石和多水氯硼钙石是首次发现的新矿物。在昆仑山两侧还发现一种新类型盐湖——硫酸镁亚型硼酸盐盐湖,正在沉积各种水合硼酸镁盐。 我们在进行青藏高原盐卤硼酸盐研究中发现了含硼浓缩盐卤加水稀释成盐这一过程。这为水合硼酸镁盐的形成提供了新的实验解释。     

西藏当雄错盐湖卤水冬季日晒蒸发实验研究

西藏当雄错盐湖位于藏北高原腹地西南侧,其水化学类型属典型的中度碳酸盐型,具有很好的工业开发前景和价值.自然蒸发是盐田日晒工艺的应用基础工作,本文基于室内卤水等温蒸发实验的相关结果,在当雄错湖区现场开展了盐湖卤水冬季日晒蒸发实验,通过考察碳酸盐型盐湖卤水在现场低温条件下自然蒸发过程中液相各元素的富集规律以及矿物的结晶析盐规律,分析了锂、硼、钾等元素的集散行为,并根据卤水蒸发过程中的元素富集、蒸失水量、盐类析出顺序、矿物组合以及物化性质的变化探索了盐类分离的控制条件.以Na+,K+/CO2-3,SO2-4,Cl--H2O五元体系(25℃)介稳相图为参考依据,绘制了当雄错盐湖卤水冬季日晒蒸发的结晶析盐路线.实验结果表明,当雄错盐湖卤水在冬季日晒蒸发过程中依次析出石盐、泡碱、天然碱、硼砂、钾石盐和扎布耶石,另有少量芒硝和泡碱等低温产物会提前析出或被母液夹带析出,利用冬季低温蒸发可制取富锂卤水,蒸发后期的母卤还可用于提取硼砂和钾石盐等矿物资源.实验结果为下一步开展盐田工程设计及制卤工艺操作提供了必要的基础数据,同时也为碳酸盐型盐湖卤水的综合利用和开发提供了理论支持.     

新疆巴里坤盐湖物质成分及湖体演化

新疆巴里坤盐湖是一个常年性固、液并存的硫酸盐型盐湖。盐湖卤水中含Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ２－４、ＨＣＯ－３、ＣＯ２－３等主要成分，沉积物中有芒硝、无水芒硝、石膏、水钙芒硝、半水石膏、石盐等盐类矿物及碳酸盐和泥质矿物。盐湖中有大量卤虫及卤虫卵自湖中心向湖岸呈环带状分布，在成盐过程中起着重要作用。盐湖形成于第三纪，第四纪以来，曾经历２次成岩期，约自１７ｋａＢ．Ｐ．湖水多次蒸发浓缩，成岩作用加强，形成芒硝等矿产     

含铀盐湖矿化度高分辨率遥感估测

盐湖湖水矿化度高低与其含铀量呈明显的正相关性, 因此, 盐湖矿化度可作为评价盐湖水含铀度的间接标志.为解决盐湖不同水域矿化度快速、精细识别, 以柴达木盆地尕斯库勒含铀盐湖为例, 基于高分辨率SPOT5卫星数据开展了盐湖水体矿化度遥感估测.对盐湖不同矿化度卤水进行光谱测试, 总结了不同矿化度卤水在可见-红外谱段的光谱识别特征, 基于该特征构建了SPOT5数据的多维矿化度估测指数, 运用比值+主成分分析法估测了湖水的矿化度信息, 发现了盐湖东部水域高矿化度环形异常现象, 找出了隐藏在湖水水域的矿化度变异部位, 为含铀盐湖富矿水域的快速定位提供了重要依据.      

中国盐湖科学技术研究的若干进展与展望

我国拥有得天独厚的盐湖资源,分布于北半球盐湖带欧亚盐湖亚带东部,主要分布在现代降水量500mm/a的范围内。本文对中国盐湖科学技术60年来取得的若干进展进行初步梳理。1.在盐湖沉积与古气候、古环境研究方面:提出了各种盐类矿物的古气候转换指标。柴达木西部-塔里木东部氯化物型-硫酸盐型沉积区为我国第四纪以来干旱成盐中心,历经了6次以上的向外干旱(成盐)扩张期;提出青藏高原第四纪晚期存在5次泛湖高湖面;2.在盐湖成矿与成盐成钾理论研究方面:首编青藏高原湖泊水化学分带图(1/250万),揭示了青藏高原盐湖水化学类型由南往北、由碳酸盐-氯化物型分布规律及其相应成盐成矿专属性;发现几个大型陆相钾盐矿床,提出了高山深盆成盐模式、链式多级中浅盐湖成矿模式、多级湖盆深盆成盐模式、砂砾型含钾卤水成矿模式以及"隔代承袭成钾"等新认识,建立和发展了"陆相成钾"理论认识;发现青海大柴旦湖钠硼解石-柱硼镁石矿床、西藏扎仓茶卡柱硼镁石-库水硼镁石矿床、聂尔错库水硼镁石矿床等新类型镁硼酸盐(锂)矿床,进而提出冷冻稀释成硼理论新认识。3.自主研发出的"反浮选冷结晶工艺"生产氯化钾自控系统,使察尔汗盐湖钾盐达到300万吨/年KCl产量,形成了名牌钾肥产品。成功研发了罗布泊120万吨/年硫酸钾成套技术,建成世界最大的硫酸钾生产装置,2015年产量达160万吨,以上为我国钾肥生产作出了重大贡献。在自主研发的"冬储卤-冷冻-日晒-分离-盐梯度太阳池积热沉锂"创新技术支撑下,在西藏高原海拔4421米的扎布耶盐湖建成了世界海拔最高的锂盐产业,也是我国首条年产5000吨碳酸锂的盐湖提锂基地。4.根据盐水域发育大面积杜氏藻等嗜盐菌藻、盐沼带和盐碱地繁衍多种盐生植物的盐境生态特点,提出"盐湖农业"("盐土农业")农业新概念,发展盐境绿色产业提供新的理念和技术支持。最后,为今后盐类科学发展方向,提出了深绿科技与产业研发方向,随着盐类科学技术的发展,将会促进新的边缘交叉学科盐类学(Salinology)的发展和日臻完善。     

西藏扎布耶碳酸盐型盐湖卤水相化学研究

中国盐湖资源丰富,且水化学类型齐全。西藏扎布耶盐湖位于西藏高原腹地,该湖卤水水化学类型为碳酸盐型,已处于盐湖演化晚期,是一个固液共存的盐湖矿床,具有很好的工业开发价值。笔者分别在15℃、25℃下对该卤水进行了等温蒸发实验,研究了在此两个温度下卤水中各元素富集行为和盐类矿物析出规律。并通过讨论其与国内外碳酸盐型和硫酸盐型锂盐湖的卤水蒸发路径和矿物析出异同,指出扎布耶盐湖具有其独特的卤水蒸发析盐路径。在本实验中低温有利于卤水中锂的富集,而高温有利于硼的富集,碳酸锂和钾盐交叉析出,低温时钾的矿物主要为钾石盐,高温时主要为钾芒硝,高温有利于获得高品位的碳酸锂混盐。     

腾格里地区盐湖的盐类沉积特征

腾格里沙漠122个盐湖分为石盐、石盐-芒硝、石盐-白钠镁矾及芒硝(石膏)4种类型。盐湖含盐系厚度一般4～9m,总体呈现下部为含盐碎屑沉积,上部以盐类沉积为主,构成储卤层,卤水赋存其中,由湖岸至湖心储卤层厚度增长。含卤层理渐小,卤水含KCl渐高。盐湖中矿物主要为碳酸盐矿物,以芒硝、石膏为主的硫酸盐矿物、石盐以及粘土矿物。盐湖卤水以晶间卤水为主。许多卤水含K+大于2g/L。K+含量最高的红盐池,平均含量达19.14g/L。对钾矿而言,在盐湖分布相对集中地区,有一定的综合开发利用前景。     

中国盐湖资源与生态环境

中国盐湖区受干旱-半干旱气候控制,现代盐湖主要分布于年降水量500mm范围内。依据中国盐湖地貌、地质构造条件及物质成分特点,将中国盐湖划分为4个盐湖区,并简述第四纪以来各区由于古气候变化和地质构造活动性不同,而具有各自的盐湖演化特点。由于各区盐湖规模、经济价值和交通技术条件不同,开发利用程度有差异,以吉兰泰盐湖和运城盐湖综合利用和环境保护较好;以察尔汗为代表的钾盐湖开发规模最大。目前中国盐湖区环境还存在很多需要改善的问题,尤其是地处边远的中小型盐湖,采富弃贫、回收率低和单一矿种开采使大量伴生有用组分贫化等。同时,由于气候环境因素也引起盐湖环境的重大变化,在全球变暖的背景下,西北盐湖区,自1987年以来,出现向暖湿转型,湖泊有扩大上升趋势;青藏高原盐湖区则大致从1992年以来,由东往西,相继出现高湖面,显现向暖湿转型;而西北盐湖区仍处于暖干阶段,湖水位下降,盐湖沙化。随着中国全面建设小康和和谐社会的实施,生态环境保护日益受到重视,建议进一步吸取国内外在盐业综合利用、整体开发和环境保护的经验和先进技术,加强盐湖环境变化观察和监测,建设环境友好型的绿色大盐湖产业。     

青藏工程走廊热融湖湖底热状态

热融湖塘对寒区环境可产生较大影响, 其侧向热侵蚀会诱发冻土工程病害.选取青藏工程走廊热融湖塘分布密集的楚玛尔河、五道梁、北麓河3个亚区, 于2009—2010年通过HOBO水位传感器对4个固定湖塘的连续监测和大量湖塘的随机观测, 探讨了不同季节、不同水深湖底的热状态.在结冰期的1月中旬, 楚玛尔河90%以上的湖塘湖底温度都在0 ℃以下, 主要与湖塘较浅和湖水高矿化度有关.五道梁和北麓河湖底温度相对较高, 只有约20%的湖底温度低于0 ℃, 这些湖水深小于最大冻结冰层厚度; 最高温度高于4 ℃, 主要与湖较深有关.但3个亚区湖底温度均随着水深增加而增加.在6~9月融冰期, 湖底温度普遍增加, 最高达到18 ℃以上, 浅湖增温快于深湖, 湖底温度随着水深增加而递减.湖底温度年际变化近似为正弦曲线, 在1~2月, 湖底温度最低, 之后逐渐升高, 到7~8月, 湖底温度达到最高.      

A note on the effects of an individual large rainfall event on saline Lake Alchichica, Mexico

The present study reports on perturbations of the water column by large rainfall at Lake Alchichica, a saline lake in Central Mexico. Alchichica is located in the “Llanos de San Juan,” a high-altitude plateau with a minimum elevation of 2,300 m above sea level. The climate is arid with annual precipitation less than 400 mm and annual evaporation of 500–600 mm. A single day large rainfall event delivered 1,810,000 m³ of water to the basin, raising the lake’s water level by about 1 m. Temperature and salinity profiles showed an atypical temperature inversion up to 1°C in the upper layer accompanied by salinity decrease up to 0.5 g l⁻¹. Transparency and pH were slightly altered, but dissolved oxygen, nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations were not changed. In spite of the heavy rainfall and associated wind, the effects of the event were limited to the upper half of the epilimnion. After 2 days, the lake water level returned to its original level. The rapid leakage of the runoff minimized any long-term effects of the large rainfall.     

Hydrochemistry of Salt Lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The authors have carried out scientific investigations of salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 1956 and collected 550 hydrochemical data from various types of salt lakes. On that basis, combined with the tectonic characteristics of the plateau, the hydrochemical characteristics of the salt lakes of the plateau are discussed. The salinity of the lakes of the plateau is closely related to the natural environment of lake evolution, especially the climatic conditions. According to the available data and interpretation of satellite images, the salinity of the lakes of the plateau has a general trend of decreasing from north and northwest to south and southeast, broadly showing synchronous variations with the annual precipitation and aridity (annual evaporation/annual precipitation) of the modern plateau. The pH values of the plateau salt lakes are related to both hydrochemical types and salinities of the lake waters, i.e., the pH values tend to decrease from the carbonate type → sodium sulfate subtype → magnesium sulfate subtype → chloride type; on the other hand, a negative correlation is observed between the pH and salinities of the lakes. Geoscientists and biological limnologists generally use main ions in salt lakes as the basis for the hydrochemical classification of salt lakes. The common ions in salt lakes are Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^? SO₄ ^2?, CO₃ ^2?, and HCO₃ ^?. In this paper, the Kurnakov-Valyashko classification is used to divide the salt lakes into the chloride type, magnesium sulfate subtype, sodium sulfate subtype and carbonate type, and then according to different total alkalinities (K _C = Na₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃/total salt × 100%) and different saline mineral assemblages, the carbonate type is further divided into three subtypes, namely, strong carbonate subtype, moderate carbonate subtype and weak carbonate subtypes. According to the aforesaid hydrochemical classifications, a complete and meticulous hydrochemical classification of the salt lakes of the plateau has been made and then a clear understanding of the characteristics of N–S hydrochemical zoning and E-W hydrochemical differentiation has been obtained. The plateau is divided into four zones and one area. There is a genetic association between certain saline minerals and specific salt lake hydrochemical types: the representative mineral assemblages of the carbonate type of salt lake is borax (tincalconite) and borax-zabuyelite (L₂CO₃) and alkali carbonate-mirabilite; the representative mineral assemblages of the sodium sulfate subtype are mirabilite (thenardite)-halite and magnesium borate (kurnakovite, inderite etc.)-ulexite-mirabilite; the representative mineral assemblages of the magnesium sulfate subtype are magnesium sulfate (epsomite, bloedite)-halite, magnesium borate-mirabilite, and mirabilite-schoenite-halite, as well as large amount of gypsum; The representative mineral assemblages of the chloride type are carnallite-bischofite-halite and carnallite-halite, with antarcticite in a few individual salt lakes. The above-mentioned salt lake mineral assemblages of various types on the plateau have features of cold-phase assemblages. Mirabilite and its associated cold-phase saline minerals are important indicators for the study of paleoclimate changes of the plateau. A total of 59 elements have been detected in lake waters of the plateau now, of which the concentrations of Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Cl, and SO₄ ^2?, CO₃ ^2?, and HCO₃ ^? ions are highest, but, compared with the hydrochemical compositions of other salt lake regions, the plateau salt lakes, especially those in the southern Qiangtang carbonate type subzone (I₂), contain high concentrations of Li, B, K, Cs, and Rb, and there are also As, U, Th, Br, Sr, and Nd positive anomalies in some lakes. In the plateau lake waters, B is intimately associated with Li, Cs, K and Rb and its concentration shows a general positive correlation with increasing salinity of the lake waters. The highest positive anomalies of B, Li, Cs, and K center on the Ngangla Ringco Lake area in the western segment of the southern Qiangtang carbonate type subzone (I₂) and coincide with Miocene volcanic-sedimentary rocks and high-value areas of B, Li, and Cs of the plateau. This strongly demonstrates that special elements such as B, Li, and Cs on the plateau were related to deep sources. Based on recent voluminous geophysical study and geochemical study of volcanic rocks, their origin had close genetic relation to anatectic magmatism resulting from India–Eurasia continent–continent collision, and B–Li (-Ce) salt lakes in the Cordillera Plateau of South America just originated on active continental margins, both of which indicate that global specific tectonically active belts are the main cause for the high abundances of B, Li, and Cs (K and Rb) in natural water and mineralization of these elements.     

青海羌塘盆地近期湖泊扩张特征及成因

选取青海羌塘盆地1976-2010年5期遥感影像, 解译了该区域面积大于1 km²以上的67个湖泊面积.结果表明: 1976-1994年, 研究区大部分湖泊呈萎缩状态, 湖泊面积萎缩了446.8 km², 萎缩幅度为12.5%;1994-2001年, 湖泊面积由3 132.6 km²增加到3 395.2 km², 至2007年和2010年, 湖泊持续扩张, 面积分别达到3 641.7 km²和3 836.2 km², 其中2010年的湖泊面积较1994年增加了22.5%, 甚至超过了1976年, 2007-2010年期间湖泊扩张强度最大.同时, 分析了研究区1959-2010年的气候水文变化, 结果显示年平均气温呈显著上升趋势, 年蒸发量在1959-1980年呈下降趋势, 以后趋于稳定, 年降水量、年径流量在1998-1999年间出现了突变上升.湖泊面积对气候、水文的响应关系表明, 近期的湖泊扩张主要由降水、径流偏丰引起, 与气温上升以及蒸发变化的关系并不显著, 气温上升导致冰川退缩所增加的水量对近期湖泊扩张影响较小. 与青海湖、黄河源等地相比, 青海羌塘盆地近期气候、水文、湖泊面积发生转折的时间要提前7 a左右.     

西藏阿里地区盐湖浮游生物生态调查

2006年8~10月对西藏阿里地区21个湖泊的浮游生物作了初步调查,采得44个浮游生物样品和22个水化学样品。经鉴定分析得浮游植物105种(变种),分属5门49属,其中硅藻门19属63种(变种),占总种数的60%;浮游动物14种,分属3门11属,其中亚洲后镖水蚤(Metadiaptomus asiaticus Uljanirs)为西藏首次记录。有螺旋藻、盐藻、西藏拟溞、卤虫等经济种分布的湖泊数分别为8、3、5、12个。浮游生物物种多度随盐度升高而降低,统计分析表明,在0.31~300.71g/L盐度范围内,浮游生物物种多度与盐度存在不显著负相关关系(r2=-0.05,p>0.05)。文章讨论了西藏拟溞与桡足类之间存在的季节性种群更替现象,以及硅藻在这一现象中可能存在的重要作用。最后对盐湖生物资源特别是西藏拟溞的开发利用提出了设想。     

The Correlation of Inorganic C,O Isotopic Values for Lake Chenghai Sediments and Its Environmental Implications

As one of the lakes on the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, Lake Chenghai, which is a typical closed lake with the precipitation accounting for one-third or more of the annual water input, has a high total salinity (almost like a saline lake). The inorganic C, O isotopic composition of lake sediments bears much sensitive information about environmental change in the catchment, while their correlations revealed the hydrological conditions under which the lake was closed. Their compositional variations are controlled by temperature, precipitation, photosynthesis, dissolving equilibrium of the carbonate system and hydrological condition. According to our research on inorganic C, O isotopic composition of Lake Chenghai sediments, we investigated the environmental change of this catchment several decades ago. The results showed that Lake Chenghai has kept good hydrological closing conditions in the past several decades, as indicated by the good correlation of inorganic C, O isotopic composition of sediments; and that the environmental change in this catchment shows a tendency of periodical evolution on a 10⁻¹¹-years scale, although the signal noise is relatively high at the bottom of the sediment core. And we also can extend C, O isotopes, a sensitive environmental indicator, to nearly saline lake environments with a high degree of mineralization.     

青藏工程走廊热融湖塘水理化特性分析

为查明青藏工程走廊热融湖塘水理化特性及其理化特性与湖塘分布之间的关系,选取青藏工程走廊楚玛尔河至风火山段为研究区域,沿青藏公路从北向南依次选取19个热融湖塘进行水深、面积等几何特征调研并取水样,进行阴阳离子等理化参数测定。分析了热融湖塘水的理化特性,并结合调研资料探讨了热融湖塘理化特性与区域环境及湖塘分布之间的相关性。结果表明在3个研究亚区湖的水理化特性有较大差别,楚玛尔河高平原从北向南湖水矿化度逐渐升高,水质由淡水向咸水再到强咸水过渡,主要与该区域"碟"状湖的分布特征和寒旱多风及蒸发量大有关;可可西里山区和北麓河盆地的湖水矿化度较低,水质以弱咸水或淡水为主。这两个亚区湖较深,地形以丘陵盆地为主,降低了湖面的蒸发量。     

青藏高原湖泊变化遥感监测及水量平衡定量估算研究进展

青藏高原湖泊是气候变化的重要指示器,20世纪90年代中期以来,在暖湿化环境下降水增多和冰川冻土加速融化导致的湖泊扩张是青藏高原最为突出的环境变化特征。值得注意的是,湖泊水位变化的空间分布特征和西风带及印度季风带影响区的降水量变化具有高度的空间一致性。严酷的自然环境导致对青藏高原内陆湖泊的实地观测变得难以企及,而遥感技术的发展正好可以克服以上局限,该技术已经成为青藏高原湖泊变化监测的主要研究手段。本文围绕遥感监测技术与方法,综述了青藏高原湖泊面积、水量、冰物候、水体参数以及水量平衡定量估算等方面的研究进展。部分研究以流域为尺度应用多源遥感与水文模型进行水量平衡定量评估,结果表明青藏高原内陆地区的湖泊水量增加的主要贡献因素是降水增多,而冰川融化、冻土消融及其他因素的贡献程度却相对较小。当前,学术界一般认为：大尺度的降水年代际变化是青藏高原湖泊近期变化的主要原因,而冰川冻土加速消融又进一步加速湖泊扩张或抑制了部分湖泊收缩。过去,关于青藏高原湖泊变化的气候响应机制研究大多停留在对降水、蒸发、温度、风速、冰冻圈融化等气候因素的定性描述上;现在,在湖泊水量平衡方面,越来越多的研究开始在定量化方面取得进展;将来,随着更多遥感数据的开放共享,以及更多水文与气象站点的投入使用,将为青藏高原湖泊的水量平衡定量研究提供更好的数据条件。     

Distribution of bacterial and archaeal ether lipids in soils and surface sediments of Tibetan lakes: Implications for GDGT-based proxies in saline high mountain lakes

Bacterial and archaeal lipids, such as glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) and dialkyl glycerol diethers, are increasingly used as proxies for specific environmental parameters, such as air temperature and soil pH in lacustrine environments. Little is known, however, about the distribution and applicability of bacterial and archaeal lipids on the Tibetan Plateau. We investigated nine different watersheds across the plateau by way of sediments from lakes and rivers, as well as the surrounding soils. Our transect study included a salinity gradient and focused on saline lakes, which are rarely examined. We analyzed archaeal isoprenoid (i) and bacterial branched (b) GDGTs, as well as archaeol to trace their sources and environmental factors, influencing their distributions. We could show that iGDGTs were produced in situ and bGDGTs were primarily soil-derived although we could not exclude in situ production of bGDGTs in the lakes. The most important environmental variables correlating with GDGT distributions were temperature and salinity. Bacterial GDGT distributions correlated mainly with salinity, while archaeal lipid distributions correlated with temperature. Based on the correlation of methylation (MBT′) and cyclisation (CBT) indices of bGDGTs with pH and mean annual air temperature (MAAT), we established local calibrations for the Tibetan lakes. TEX₈₆ could also be applied to reconstruct temperature, which was strongly biased towards measured summer lake water temperature, indicating enhanced production of iGDGTs in the summer months. Existing proxies show, therefore, potential for palaeoclimate reconstruction on the Tibetan Plateau if local calibrations are applied.