CH375在明渠水流流量计中的应用

传统的水流流量计多数采用RS232接口设备作为数据转存的方式,设备体积较大,携带不便,且存储空间有限,防震性能不好.为此,介绍一种利用CH375实现明渠流量计海量数据存储系统的方法,该方法运用USB移动存储设备,实现明渠流量计系统的数据存储,以此实现与微机管理系统的数据交换.     

基于多传感器数据融合的供热管网泄漏检测技术

传统的管网泄漏检测系统智能化程度较低,使用单一传感器信号,容易引起泄漏误报和漏报.采用多传感器(包括负压波、流量等)获得供热管网多信号参数,提出基于证据理论的多传感器数据融合算法,综合考虑多泄漏检测信息,将管网泄漏检测多信号进行数据融合,得出管网泄漏判断,建立基于多传感器数据融合的供热管网泄漏检测软硬件系统.结果表明:...     

一种高性能智能流量积算仪的研究

介绍一种以89C58单片机为中央处理器的智能流量积算仪。它具有精度高、动态性能好，同时测量瞬时流量和累计流量两个参数，测量结果以LED显示，掉电数据不易失，并配有RS232串行口输出。     

家庭无线网络分享可行性研究——基于无线网络的流量银行wlanbank

在对当前无线网络供求特征分析的基础上,通过研究路由器Openwrt系统的网络架构,对该设计平台下实现无线网络分享的可行性进行探讨.基于Openwrt平台,将无线网络分享及流量平衡的理念引入方案设计中,利用C++语言实现并建立了无线网络流量银行Wlanbank(Wireless LocalArea Networks bank),并对该流量银行的功能和实用性进行了分析.该平台能够方便地实现家庭网络的相互分享,包括客户端与服务器的定时通信、流量结算以及路由器的远程管理等功能.该无线网络分享平台参考金融秩序中的货币流通方式,在流量银行Wlanbank系统中实现在用户互相之间的转账流量交易来获得无线网络的使用,遵循“分享才能使用”、“分享的越多才能使用的越多”的理念,在流量流通过程中制造一种类似金融秩序的平衡,在不损害用户利益的基础上,扩大无线网络覆盖率.     

基于RMON2及流量分析的网络性能改善方法

介绍了一种分析网络性能的方法，即通过分析骨干网络丢包情况、链路延时等性能参数，以及统计和分析传输层和IP层流量等措施，得到整个网络的流量分布、协议分布，借此监控链路的可靠性和可利用性以及响应延时。     

基于RMON2及流量分析的网络性能改善方法

介绍了一种分析网络性能的方法 ,即通过分析骨干网络丢包情况、链路延时等性能参数 ,以及统计和分析传输层和IP层流量等措施 ,得到整个网络的流量分布、协议分布 ,借此监控链路的可靠性和可利用性以及响应延时。     

富水断层非标准三角堰测法流量计算方法及工程应用

公路、铁路、水利水电、矿山等隧道工程建设和运营过程中,不可避免地会遭遇塌方、突涌水等地质灾害问题,围岩失稳破坏和渗流突变是发生突水的直接原因。为查明龙南隧道F₈富水断层洞身范围涌水来源及其涌水量的大小,采用非标准三角堰测法结合矩形堰测法现场监测F₈断层地表上、下游流量。本研究提出非标准三角堰测法的基本概念,并根据标准三角堰测法流量公式,结合流量的等效原理,推导出了非标准三角堰测法流量公式。通过理论与实测数据进行比较,证明了本公式的合理性。研究结果表明,非标准三角堰测法流量公式的推导为现场流量实测提供了方便,克服了标准三角堰测法公式适用范围不足的缺点,为分析断层破碎带洞身围岩范围内涌水量大小提供了可靠依据。      

生物传感器综述

本文介绍当前国际、国内生物传感器的发展及应用概况,并对生物传感器的市场前景和生物传感器技术的未来发展作了简单地论述。     

传感器波段设置对植被遥感参数反演的影响研究

植被是陆地生态系统的基本组成部分,遥感观测的植被冠层反射特性与植被参数之间的响应关系是植被遥感的基础,也是遥感传感器设计的关键.利用Sobol算法和PROSAIL模型,对叶绿素含量和叶面积指数等植被参数进行全局敏感性分析,研究植被参数在典型遥感波段(蓝、绿、红、红边和近红外)的响应敏感性,并对比了由传感器的中心波长和波段宽度差异造成的影响.结果表明,在480～680nm可见光波段,冠层反射率对叶绿素含量变化的总敏感度达81.3％,且在宽波段的传感器中更敏感;在720～735nm红边波段,太阳天顶角的总敏感度可达7.2％,且在宽波段的传感器更敏感;在790～960nm近红外波段,干物质含量的总敏感度达60.5％,且在窄波段的传感器中略敏感.研究结果对无人机遥感应用等领域提供理论依据,对传感器的选择具有参考价值.     

城市邻近基站间人群流动时空变化同步性分析

不同区域人群流量随时间的变化可以反映城市结构的空间差异。现有对于城市人群空间分布特性的研究大都以人群密度计算为基础,注重时空切片尺度,但是不能有效刻画邻域空间单元间流量变化的时空过程同步特性。本文提出一种基于基站间流量变化过程相似度的城市邻域基站流量变化同步性度量方法,量化分析不同区域的人群进出流量过程的相似程度,研究城市中具有相同人群流量变化过程的同步性区域空间分布规律。以深圳市为例,对城市同步性区域的空间分布与特点进行剖析。实验发现：计算同步性时参数选择需根据城市本身基站分布及流量特点分析,一般研究中,城市基站平均距离可作为邻近区域半径d,描述基站间流量变化相似度的特征阈值λ选取与邻近区域半径有关,半径越小,阈值取值越小。通过基站人群流量同步性得到的城市同步区域的空间分布不同于行政区域划分结果,同步区域面积小,划分更为精细;且规划级别越高的中心区,其范围内基站同步区域数目越多。最后,将同步区域结果与流量密度图对比,发现该方法不仅能够发现流量变化大的同步区域,并且能够发现城市中流量变化小的同步区域。本文提出的方法能量化衡量区域流量变化同步性并发现具有不同流量变化特点的同步性整体区域,对城市人群空间变化特点进行分析,可用于指导和评价城市规划与实际人群活动区域效果,以及城市服务设施布局等。     

Effects of river width changes on flow characteristics based on flume experiment

The rapid changes in flow pattern due to varying channel widths will make significantly impact on the hydraulic structures and evolutions of open channel. To better understand the impact of varying width, a flume experiment with adjustable width and a depth-averaged two-dimension numerical model were used to analyze the variations of flow parameters. Our experimental results showed that flow velocity gradually increased with decreasing water depth in converging region, and decreased with increasing water depth in diverging zones. It was also found that the turbulence intensity laws in three directions were not agreed with the theoretical relationships proposed by Nezu and Nakagawa in 1993 in straight open channel flows. The flow in the channel with varying width may change from the supercritical flow to the subcritical flow as a function of Froude number. Our numerical simulations with different flow rates showed that most of the hydraulic jumps in diverging region were submerged jump and the degree of submergence increased with increasing flow rate in gradual channel transition. When the flow rate increased, the range of supercritical flow rapidly decreased and the flow changed from the supercritical condition to the subcritical condition in diverging sections.     

基于元胞自动机模型的河道汇流过程模拟

对河道汇流过程进行模拟可为洪水灾害预警预报提供参考。利用水力水文学方法能很好地模拟河道汇流过程,但需要输入的参数多,运算过程复杂,对数据精度要求高,而且在无资料区流域无法确定河道上断面流量情况下,该方法具有一定局限性。本文将元胞自动机模型与水文模型相结合,构建了河道汇流过程中的元胞自动机模型和产流汇流规则。通过建立河道坡面拓扑关系,利用SCS-CN（Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number）模型逐个计算河道元胞上的坡面入流,并利用曼宁方程模拟河道汇流过程,最后在ArcEngine平台下进行二次开发,实现了河道汇流可视化。本文以厦门市茂林溪流域为研究区,对1997年5月6日至7日的一场降雨进行了模拟。将本文模拟结果与该流域其他学者的研究进行了对比分析,结果表明在输入数据与水文模型参数相同的情况下,本文不仅模拟出每次降雨间隔产生的较小洪峰,并且整场降雨产生的最大洪峰流量精度与时间精度均提高了5倍,可以更准确地模拟河道汇流过程,适用于河道汇流可视化,该模拟可以为洪水灾害预警预报提供一定参考。     

Types and Causes of Debris Flow Damage to Drainage Channels in the Wenchuan Earthquake Area

Debris flows are among the most common geological disasters in China,and have been particularly frequent in Sichuan Province since the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008.The construction of debris flow drainage channels is a countermeasure used to distribute debris flow fans,and these channels play a critical role in the mitigation and prevention of damage resulting from debris flows.Under field conditions,the useful life of drainage channels can be greatly shortened as a result of strong abrasions to the drainage structure caused by the debris flow.Field investigations have shown that the types of damage to drainage channels include（a） erosion caused by hyper-concentrated silt flow,（b） impact fractures and foundation scour at the groundsills of the drainage channel,（c） destruction of the drainage channel outlet,and（d） destruction of the drainage channel caused by debris flow abrasion.In addition,based on the destruction of the drainage channel during the debris flow drainage process,a new type of drainage channel with energy dissipation components was proposed and applied in a steep,narrow gully for debris flow mitigation.Moreover,design and engineering repair recommendations for drainage channels are provided as a reference for repairing the damage to the channel.The results can provide an important reference for the effective repair and optimal design of drainage channels.     

Analytical models for velocity distributions in compound channels with emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains

The lateral distributions of depth-averaged velocity in open compound channels with emerged and submerged vegetated floodplains were analyzed based on the analytical solution of the depth-integrated Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equation with a term to account for the effects of vegetation. The three cases considered for open channels were two-stage rectangular channel with emerged vegetated floodplain, rectangular channel with submerged vegetated corner, and two-stage rectangular channel with submerged vegetated floodplain, respectively. To predict the depth-averaged velocity with submerged vegetated floodplains, we proposed a new method based on a two-layer approach where flow above and through the vegetation layer was described separately. Moreover, further experiments in the two-stage rectangular channel with submerged vegetated floodplain were carried out to verify the results. The analytical solutions of the cases indicated that the corresponding analytical depth-averaged velocity distributions agree well with the simulated and experimental prediction. The analytical solutions of the cases with theoretical foundation and without programming calculation were reasonable and applicable, which were more convenient than numerical simulations. The analytical solutions provided a way for future researches to solve the problems of submerged vegetation and discontinuous phenomenon of depth-averaged velocity at the stage point for compound channels. Understanding the hydraulics of flow in compound channels with vegetated floodplains is very important for supporting the management of fluvial processes.     

The properties of dilute debris flow and hyper-concentrated flow in different flow regimes in open channels

Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) technique was used to test the analogues of hyperconcentrated flow and dilute debris flow in an open flume. Flow fields, velocity profiles and turbulent parameters were obtained under different conditions. Results show that the flow regime depends on coarse grain concentration. Slurry with high fine grain concentration but lacking of coarse grains behaves as a laminar flow. Dilute debris flows containing coarse grains are generally turbulent flows. Streamlines are parallel and velocity values are large in laminar flows. However, in turbulent flows the velocity diminishes in line with the intense mixing of liquid and eddies occurring. The velocity profiles of laminar flow accord with the parabolic distribution law. When the flow is in a transitional regime, velocity profiles deviate slightly from the parabolic law. Turbulent flow has an approximately uniform distribution of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. The ratio of turbulent kinetic energy to the kinetic energy of time-averaged flow is the internal cause determining the flow regime: laminar flow(k/K0.1); transitional flow(0.1 k/K1); and turbulent flow(k/K1). Turbulent kinetic energy firstly increases with increasing coarse grain concentration and then decreases owing to the suppression of turbulence by the high concentration of coarse grains. This variation is also influenced by coarse grain size and channel slope. The results contribute to the modeling of debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow.     

Experimental study on the energy dissipation characteristics of debris flow deceleration baffles

Debris flow can cause serious damages to roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures.Arranging several rows of deceleration baffles in the significant influence on the mobility and deposition characteristic of debris flow. The deposit amount first increased then decreased when the flow density rises,flow path can reduce the flow velocity and ensure better protection of life and property. In debris flow prevention projects, deceleration baffles can effectively reduce the erosion of the debris flow and prolong the running time of the drainage channel.This study investigated the degree to which a 6 m long flume and three rows of deceleration baffles reduce the debris flow velocity and affect the energy dissipation characteristics. The influential variables include channel slope, debris flow density, and spacing between baffle rows. The experimental results demonstrated that the typical flow pattern was a sudden increase in flow depth and vertical proliferation when debris flow flows through the baffles. Strong turbulence between debris flow and baffles can contribute to energy dissipation and decrease the kinematic velocity considerably. The results showed that the reduction ratio of velocity increased with the increase in debris flow density,channel slope and spacing between rows. Tests phenomena also indicated that debris flow density hasand the deposit amount of debris flow density of 1500kg/m~3 reached the maximum when the experimental flume slope is 12°.     

Flow variability along a vegetated natural stream under various sediment transport rates

The influence of vegetation and sediment on flow characteristics in open channels cannot be neglected. To study the flow variability under the effects of the instream natural vegetation and sediment supply, experiments were conducted with varied water and sediment supply in a movable bed of a river prototype. The instantaneous three-dimensional velocities near two types of vegetation patches (the shrub and the weed) and along the centerline of the main channel with vegetation belts were measured using a 3-D side-looking acoustic Doppler velocimetry. The experimental results show that both the instream vegetation and sediment supply strongly affect the flow and turbulence characteristics. In the case of vegetation patches, both the shrub and weed have a considerable influence on the distribution of the streamwise velocity and turbulence intensity of their surrounding water. The streamwise velocity distribution followed as J-shape and linear shape around the weed and shrub under different experimental conditions. The turbulence intensity was large at the top of the weed and shrub; the shrub had its greatest influence on the downstream water flow. In the case of vegetation belts, the streamwise velocity along the centerline of the main channel exhibited an S-shape, J-shape and linear shape at different locations under varied water, vegetation structures and riverbed configurations. The turbulence intensity along the centerline of the main channel ranged from 0.0 to 0.1. The upstream turbulence intensity was affected considerably by a sediment supply, while the downstream turbulence intensity changed with the varied vegetation characteristics and riverbed topography. The second flow coefficient M-value increased longitudinally and was almost positive along the centerline of the main channel, implying that the rotational direction of the secondary current cell was clockwise.     

Effects of river flow velocity on the formation of landslide dams

Natural dams are formed when landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall during extreme weather events in the mountainous areas of Taiwan.During landslide debris movement, two processes occur simultaneously: the movement of landslide debris from a slope onto the riverbed and the erosion of the debris under the action of high-velocity river flow. When the rate of landslide deposition in a river channel is higher than the rate of landslide debris erosion by the river flow, the landslide forms a natural dam by blocking the river channel. In this study, the effects of the rates of river flow erosion and landslide deposition(termed the erosive capacity and depositional capacity, respectively) on the formation of natural dams are quantified using a physics-based approach and are tested using a scaled physical model.We define a dimensionless velocity index vde as the ratio between the depositional capacity of landslide debris(vd) and the erosive capacity of water flow(ve).The experimental test results show that a landslidedam forms when landslide debris moves at high velocity into a river channel where the river-flow velocity is low, that is, the dimensionless velocity index vde 54. Landslide debris will not have sufficient depositional capacity to block stream flow when the dimensionless velocity index vde 47. The depositional capacity of a landslide can be determined from the slope angle and the friction of the sliding surface, while the erosive capacity of a dam can be determined using river flow velocity and rainfall conditions. The methodology described in this paper was applied to seven landslide dams that formed in Taiwan on 8 August 2009 during Typhoon Morakot,the Tangjiashan landslide dam case, and the YingxiuWolong highway K24 landslide case. The dimensionless velocity index presented in this paper can be used before a rainstorm event occurs to determine if the formation of a landslide dam is possible.     

Characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure

A new type of drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure has been proposed based on previous engineering experiences and practical requirements for hazard mitigation in earthquakeaffected areas. Experimental studies were performed to determine the characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel of this type with a slope of 15%. The velocity and depth of the viscous debris flow were measured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the viscous debris flow in the drainage channel. Observations of this experiment showed that the surface of the viscous debris flow in a smooth drainage channel was smoother than that of a similar debris flow passing through the energy dissipation section in a channel of the new type studied here. However, the flow patterns in the two types of channels were similar at other points. These experimental results show that the depth of the viscous debris flow downstream of the energy dissipation structure increased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. In addition, in the smooth channel, the viscous debris-flow velocity downstream of the energy dissipation structure decreased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. Furthermore, the viscous debris-flow depth and velocity were slightly affected by variations in the width of the energy dissipation structure when the channel slope was 15%. Finally, the energy dissipation ratio increased gradually as the length and width of the energy dissipation structure increased; the maximum energy dissipation ratio observed was 62.9% (where B = 0.6 m and L/w = 6.0).