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土壤环境质量污染指数与勘查地球化学参数关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
何乱水 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》1994,(1)
土壤环境质量污染指数与勘查地球化学参数关系何乱水(兰州地安矿产勘查发展有限公司,兰州730000)关键词上壤环境质量,污染指数,勘查地球化学参数,关系式在评价上壤污染程度时,对于重金属等元素采用“污染指数”。我国区域化探工作中有部分是进行环境地球化学... 相似文献
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勘查地球化学80年来重大事件回顾 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
勘查地球化学诞生于20世纪30年代初期,经历了80年的发展,已经成为一门重要的地球化学分支科学,为矿产勘查做出了巨大贡献。本文对勘查地球化学过去80年发展历程的标志性事件进行了回顾;对勘查地球化学基础理论研究进展和对矿产发现做出的贡献进行了概括总结;对近年勘查地球化学最为活跃的研究领域进行了简要介绍。在20世纪70年代以前勘查地球化学作为一门独立学科已经形成,它的标志性事件是经典教科书的出版、勘查地球化学专业设立、勘查地球化学杂志的创刊、国际勘查地球化学家协会成立和勘查地球化学学术会议定期召开。在基础理论研究方面体现在局部地球化学分散模型和区域分布模式的建立。一些国家大规模区域或国家地球化学调查或填图计划的实施,为全球3次批量矿床发现作出了巨大贡献。近些年勘查地球化学最为活跃的研究领域集中在:(1)在微观尺度上,从纳米水平和分子水平研究化学元素的分散和迁移机理,发展覆盖区找矿的地球化学技术;(2)在区域尺度上,继续开展区域地球化学调查或填图理论与技术研究,为成矿带地球化学评价和靶区圈定提供高质量数据和图件;(3)在全球尺度上,致力于全球地球化学基准建立,为了解全球化学元素分布背景、过去地球化学演化和预测未来全球化学变化提供定量评价标尺。 相似文献
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《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2016,(1)
纳米地球化学已经成为目前地球化学研究领域新涌现的一个具有潜在生命力的研究领域。本文简要总结了纳米地球化学的产生,纳米晶体的发现与迁移机理研究的最新进展,以及在覆盖区矿产勘查方面的应用案例。20世纪80年代末到90年代初"超微粒金"的提出与证实,90年代到本世纪初"地气中纳米金属微粒迁移"的推测和证实,开创了中国纳米地球化学研究领域。进入2010年以后,又相继在地气、土壤和矿石中观测到纳米金属晶体微粒,获得了纳米地球化学迁移的完整证据链。矿体中成矿元素纳米颗粒或矿物在风化中产生解离,纳米级金属微粒具有巨大的表面能,可与气体分子表面相结合,以地气流为载体,穿透厚覆盖层迁移至地表,也可以自身以"类气相"形式迁移,到达地表后一部分纳米颗粒仍然滞留在气体里,另一部分被土壤地球化学障所捕获。通过土壤中纳米金属微粒分离应用于隐伏矿勘查,已取得一些成功案例。随着研究的深入,纳米科技的不断发展,纳米地球化学必将对地球化学勘查理论和技术发展产生重大影响。 相似文献
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纳米地球化学为人类从微观探索和认识地壳发生的地质地球化学过程提供新的理论与方法,开展该领域研究将对资源、环境等领域的研究和应用产生重大影响.纳米地球化学在矿产勘查领域已取得了重要进展.通过总结、归纳前人研究并结合团队最新成果,从自然界纳米金属微粒形成过程、迁移方式、在表生介质中的赋存状态及纳米金属微粒的捕获等几个方面开展了梳理总结,并进一步阐述了纳米金属微粒对隐伏矿勘查的理论与实际应用意义.纳米微粒的迁移机制可总结为:成矿过程中成矿元素可形成纳米金属颗粒,在矿石风化过程中部分纳米金属微粒发生解离而具备活动性,活动性纳米金属颗粒因其巨大的表面能,可吸附于气体分子表面,并通过地气流的垂向运动,穿透矿体上方覆盖层而到达地表;另外,纳米物质所具备的易分散性质可以使纳米金属微粒自身发生垂向迁移而到达地表.到达地表后部分纳米金属微粒仍然滞留在壤中气,部分被土壤中粘土矿物或氧化物膜吸附,此外也可被地表生物所捕获.该迁移机制已通过表生气固介质中大量纳米金属微粒原位观测结果获得证实.在矿产勘查中,通过分离土壤中的纳米金属微粒可实现指示土壤覆盖层和深部矿体的目的,目前已取得一些成功案例. 相似文献
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勘查植物地球化学是通过分析植物器官来获取成矿元素信息的地球化学方法。我国学者在干旱荒漠区、森林沼泽区、半干旱和湿润半湿润中低山景观区开展了系统的勘查植物地球化学试验,厘定了一批适用于勘查植物地球化学调查的植物,为该方法的推广及应用奠定了良好基础。今后应进一步加强对勘查植物地球化学异常产生的机理、勘查植物地球化学数据库及指南建立、勘查植物地球化学异常遥感应用等方面的研究,更好地利用勘查植物地球化学方法服务矿产勘查工作。 相似文献
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The western Awulale metallogenic belt in northwestern China hosts a number of small‐ to medium‐sized porphyry Cu deposits that are associated with albite porphyry. The common presence of plagioclase (albite) as phenocrysts and the absence of hydrous minerals (amphibole and biotite) indicate that the water content of albite porphyry is low. Trace‐element compositions of whole rocks and zircon grains from these ore‐bearing porphyries were measured. Zircon grains from albite porphyries exhibit Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios ranging from 7.75 to 95.1, which indicate that these porphyries have a low oxygen fugacity. Trace element compositions of ore‐bearing porphyries exhibit (La/Yb)N ratios ranging from 1.09 to 11.1 and Eu/Eu* ratios ranging from 0.10 to 0.66. These ore‐bearing porphyries have Zr values ranging from 171 to 707 ppm and Hf values ranging from 8.30 to 18.9 ppm. Combining these porphyries with other ore‐bearing porphyries that formed in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and the Pacific Rim metallogenic belt, we found that the (La/Yb)N and Eu/Eu* ratios of ore‐bearing porphyries in western Awulale are low, while the Zr and Hf values are high. Specifically, REEs can be used to evaluate the degree of differentiation and degree of partial melting, and Zr and Hf can be used to evaluate the redox conditions and water content of magmatic rocks. Our findings indicate that ore‐bearing porphyries in western Awulale have a lower oxygen fugacity, degree of differentiation, and water content than do others in the CAOB and the Pacific Rim metallogenic belt. Compared to those of ore‐bearing porphyries with lower zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios, the (La/Yb)N ratios of ore‐bearing porphyries in our study are low, and the Zr and Hf values are high. This finding indicates that, under reducing conditions, the degree of evolution and water content may have an important influence on the metal abundance in magmas. There is also a clear relationship between (La/Yb)N, Eu/Eu*, Zr, Hf, and the size of the deposits. Large‐ (>4 Mt Cu) and intermediate (1.5–4 Mt Cu)‐sized porphyry Cu deposits are associated with granitic intrusions that have higher (La/Yb)N and Eu/Eu* ratios and lower Zr and Hf values. This finding indicates that, in addition to oxygen fugacity, the degree of evolution and water content are controlling parameters for metal abundance in magmas, especially in low oxygen fugacity porphyry Cu deposits. Such a conclusion may be useful in the exploration for other concealed porphyry Cu deposits. 相似文献
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动态光散射技术原位表征天然有机质存在下纳米零价铁的团聚效应 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
纳米零价铁原位修复地下水污染是近年发展起来的新技术,通过改性合成不同种类纳米零价铁可以克服其易团聚易氧化的问题,水体中存在的天然有机质也会对纳米铁的分散性和反应活性产生影响,因此开展原位测试并研究不同种类纳米铁在水中的团聚效应具有重要意义。本文对实验合成的纳米零价铁、羧甲基纤维素包覆纳米零价铁、膨润土负载纳米零价铁以及商用纳米零价铁,基于动态光散射技术(DLS),运用纳米粒度/Zeta电位分析仪,结合透射电子显微镜(TEM)和沉降光谱曲线等手段,对比研究了天然有机质(腐植酸HA)对纳米铁团聚效应的影响。结果表明,羧甲基纤维素包覆或膨润土负载改性提高了纳米零价铁颗粒的分散稳定性,有效抑制了团聚沉降,团聚体粒径分布在1000 nm以下。HA会吸附在纳米铁颗粒表面,从而增加静电排斥力,进一步减缓了团聚效应,尤其是对膨润土负载纳米零价铁的影响最为显著,其团聚体粒径能降至100 nm以下,沉降速率也极大减缓,分散稳定性表现最佳。本研究表明DLS结合TEM表征纳米颗粒是获得更加丰富的微观粒子信息的一种非常重要的手段。 相似文献
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有机岩石学在油气勘探中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
有机岩石学是在煤岩学和孢粉学基础上发展起来的一门学科,在油气勘探和评价中已成为一种重要的研究手段。综述了有机岩石学在显微组分分类、有机质成熟度、有机质丰度、类型、成烃作用和烃类生成、运移和聚集方面的进展,讨论了流体包裹体、储层沥青在油藏地球化学方面确定油气水界面、成藏期方面的应用。提出了有机岩石学在油气勘探中的发展方向。 相似文献
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中国非常规油气勘探与研究新进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
全球油气勘探目标的转移和石油地质学的发展,具有从毫-微米孔喉的圈闭油气,逐渐向纳米孔喉的连续型油气聚集发展的趋势。近十年非常规油气资源在全球能源格局中的地位愈发重要,致密气、煤层气、重油、沥青砂等已成为勘探开发的重点领域,致密油成为亮点领域,页岩气成为热点领域。中国致密气、页岩气、致密油、煤层气等非常规油气资源勘探开发取得重要突破,油页岩、天然气水合物、油砂矿等有重要进展。中国非常规油气研究也取得重大进展,陆相敞流湖盆大型浅水三角洲砂体、湖盆中心砂质碎屑流沉积和湖相碳酸盐岩等,提供了湖盆中心储集体形成和分布的理论依据;创新发展了连续型油气聚集理念,明晰了连续型油气聚集的10个基本地质特征和2项关键标志,为大面积非常规油气规模勘探开发奠定了理论基础;系统表征了致密油气储层的纳米级微观孔喉结构,首次发现了纳米孔喉中油气的赋存,推动了纳米孔喉中油气流动机制和分布规律的研究。随着全球石油工业和纳米等技术的快速发展,提出了"纳米油气"概念,并指出这是未来石油工业的发展方向,需要发展纳米油气透视观测镜、纳米油气驱替剂、纳米油气开采机器人等换代技术,油气智能化时代即将到来。 相似文献
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为辨识在天然降雨条件下,植被发育斜坡非饱和带中具有优先流效应的大孔隙流路径,不包括死端大孔隙,分析两种植被群落下非饱和带大孔隙流路径分布模式差异及植被根系、有机质含量、土壤颗粒尺寸分布对大孔隙流路径分布模式的影响;选择亚甲基蓝作为染色示踪剂,结合降雨入渗模拟试验,在马卡山草本植被群落斜坡和木本植被群落斜坡开展染色示踪渗透试验。基于垂直开挖剖面采用图像处理技术获得大孔隙流路径分布模式图像。采用非参数检验分析大孔隙流路径差异。采用差方分析、回归分析法分析根系质量分数、有机质含量和颗粒尺寸分布对大孔隙流路径分布模式的影响。结果显示:木本植被群落斜坡大孔隙流路径分布模式更复杂,尺度更大;根系显著影响大孔隙流路径数量、尺度和分布特征,尤其是垂直向下和顺坡向下的根系,当根系尺寸增大时,其对大孔隙流路径影响更显著;有机质有利于团聚体间大孔隙的形成;黏粒、粉粒和砂粒对大孔隙流路径形成没有积极功效,但砾粒有利于大孔隙路径形成,尤其是在表土层;根-土界面和砾-土界面也是重要的大孔隙流路径。研究表明,可以通过根系分布形态、规模,有机质含量和砾粒含量综合评价植被发育斜坡大孔隙流路径分布模式。 相似文献
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砂土液化是地震主要次生地质灾害之一。在512汶川地震中,德阳等地发生较大面积砂土液化现象。为详细了解液化带工程地质基本特征,选择板桥学校液化带进行详细液化震害调查、钻探和现场试验。结果表明:(1)液化震害典型,主要包括喷水冒砂、地表裂缝、侧移和基础下沉等;(2)砾石层是唯一的无粘性土层,砾石层分为性质不同的全新世沉积和更新世沉积两部分,未见砂层分布;(3)液化土层是全新统砾石层,该砾石的颗粒大小分布特征表现为级配不良,并有粒组缺失现象;(4)非液化盖层对喷出物有过滤作用,砂粒等细颗粒容易沿裂缝喷出地表,卵砾石等粗颗粒受阻留在土层中,导致喷出物为砂土。 相似文献
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Vittorio Zanon Fátima Viveiros Catarina Silva Ana Rita Hipólito Teresa Ferreira 《Natural Hazards》2008,45(1):19-31
A detailed study was carried out on a piece of land that had been struck by lightning during the violent rainstorm that raged
over the Island of S?o Miguel (Azores Archipelago) in late October 2006. Temperature and gas measurements (CO2, CO, H2S and CH4) were performed in four study trenches, dug in an area of ∼3 m2, where an underground fire had been initiated by the impact with a lightning stroke, followed by the emission of a column
of gases and smoke. The soil under study was originally a well-pedogenized about 80 cm thick bed, made of volcanic clayey
to silty tephra fallouts and contained 5.5–9.7% of organic matter. The underground fire was monitored for one week and revealed a peak release of
404 ppm CO and 3.4% CO2 originating from a horizon located about 45 cm under the soil surface. Measurements of temperature, performed one week after
the impact, indicated a maximum value of 326°C inside the soil, while 516.5°C were measured on the surface of a lava block
interred about 20 cm under the surface. Subsequently, a stratigraphic and sedimentologic study proved the role of the grain-size
of the soil and of the organic matter content of the different horizons of the impact area, in determining the ratio between
anoxic/oxidised combustion conditions and in the progress of the process itself. It was also noticed that combustion was not
total all over in the soil bed and that the process had slightly migrated toward SW during the observation period. The combustion
process went on for about ten days, in spite of several other violent rainstorms, until it was artificially extinguished through
the excavations made to obtain study trenches. This particular circumstance evidenced the potential natural hazard represented
by this kind of atmospheric event, especially in a land where the volcanic nature of the soil may easily mislead inexperienced
observers and, consequently, delay proper action. 相似文献
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Xiaodong Zou Tao Yuan Ying Zhu Xiaodong Zhang Suping Feng Zhemin Shen Wenhua Wang 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(5):813-820
The copper (Cu) distributions and speciation in the surface sediment collected from Nansi Lake (NL) (China) were investigated
by chemical and physical fractionation methods. Sediment was first fractionated into four grain size fractions (< 63, 78–163,
163–280, and > 280 μm) in wet condition. Each fraction was then further divided into two density sub-fractions (low and heavy)
by flotation in sodium-polytungstate solution (ρ = 2.0 g/cm3). In addition, a three-stage extraction procedure following the European Communities Bureau of Reference (BCR) protocol was
applied to study the speciation distribution of Cu among grain size fractions. It was found that the speciation distributions
of Cu among different grain size fractions were quite close to each other, although the total Cu concentrations were different
in the individual fractions. Moreover, Cu mainly occurred in the coarser, low density, OC-rich fractions. Extractable Cu,
which was dominated by reducible and oxidizable parts, occupied almost 80% of the total Cu concentration. Total Cu concentrations
in grain size fractions and density sub-fractions ranged from 29.6 to 72.9 and from 21.4 to 156 mg/kg dw, respectively. It
was noted that low-density fractions had 4–7 times higher Cu concentrations and 5–12 times higher organic carbon (OC) content
than those in high-density fractions. The results demonstrated that OC was a main factor influencing Cu distributions in either
grain size or density fractionated sediment. This study suggests that the role of the Cu-rich fraction should be considered
when conducting the remediation of Cu contamination in NL. 相似文献