EL风仪故障部位寻找方法

有一次本站刮的是SW风,但室内EL型电接风向风速计的指示器和记录器却无反应.显然,EL风仪发生故障.为尽快寻找故障部位,修复仪器,我们采取下列方法:首先,用"短路法"检查风仪的室内部分,结果无异常;再用"替代法"检查风仪的室外部分,即用一根专用短电缆(电缆的一端为12线插座,另一端为20线插头)"替代"使用中的长电缆,替代后仪器正常,证明故障就在长电缆了.     

氨基酸离子液体[bmin]Gly的合成探索及表征

探索两步法合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑甘氨酸离子液体([bmim]Gly)的反应条件.第一步,采用阴离子树脂静态交换法由1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐([bmim]Br)与强碱性阴离子树脂生成中间产物1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氢氧化物([bmim]OH),通过单因素实验获得其最佳交换条件;第二步,[bmim]OH与甘氨酸(Gly)反应,经脱水、洗涤后得目标产物.对产物进行核磁(¹H NMR)和红外(IR)表征,结果表明产品纯度较高.与动态合成法相比,静态法合成[bmim]Gly操作简便,节水省时,有助于实现氨基酸离子液体合成过程的绿色化和工业化.     

湖南涝年主汛期降水低频振荡特征分析

本文基于1986—2015年湖南逐日降水数据以及同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析旱涝年主汛期(5—7月)降水低频振荡特征,并利用位相合成方法研究涝年主汛期20～50 d低频环流演变特征。结果发现,湖南地区20～50 d和10～20 d的低频降水方差贡献比都具有南高北低的分布特征,10～20 d的低频振荡在旱涝年中皆较普遍存在,而20～50 d的低频振荡只在涝年普遍存在,20～50 d低频振荡对涝年有一定的指示意义。对涝年主汛期20～50 d低频降水进行位相合成发现,在活跃位相(中断位相),夏季南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)纬向异常接近或者重叠(分离),湖南地区降水偏多(偏少),且两个高压的强度、范围、以及脊线位置和湖南地区主汛期降水关系较密切。南海反气旋(气旋)、河套地区槽(脊)系统以及湖南地区的垂直速度和比湿配合度高,且随位相变化存在明显的周期振荡,其中南海反气旋(气旋)和河套地区槽脊系统配置与湖南低频降水有着高度的时间一致性,湖南地区的低频垂直速度和低频比湿较低频降水有一个位相的超前滞后关系。此外,随着位相的演变,低频南北风高值区皆有明显的北传特征。     

振筒式气压传感器

一、结构和原理振筒式气压传感器是一种新型的气压感应元件。它由两个同轴的一端密封的圆筒组成。一个是内振筒,一个是外保护筒。内振筒一般采用镍基恒弹合金,如3J53、3J58等材料制成。外保护筒一般用不锈钢制成。这两个筒的一端固定在公共基座上,另一端为自由端(图1)。线圈架安装在基座上,并位于圆筒的中央。线圈架上有激振线圈,它用于激励内振筒;线圈架上另有拾振线圈,它用于检测内振筒的振动频率。内振动筒和外保护筒之间的空间被抽空作为绝对压力的标准。内振动筒和线圈架之间的空间与被测气体相通。     

青藏高原春季500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国南方降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料及中国753个测站日降水资料,采用带通滤波、小波功率谱、合成分析等方法研究了青藏高原春季500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国南方降水的关系.结果表明,青藏高原春季500 hPa纬向风存在明显的10~30 d季节内振荡特征,该低频振荡主要表现为自西向东和自北向南的传播特征.通过位相合成分析发现,这种季节内振荡对我国南方春季降水有重要影响.当高原500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡处于2~3位相时(即高原上盛行西风异常),对应于我国南方地区春季降水明显偏多;反之,当季节内振荡处于相反位相时(6~7位相,即高原上盛行东风异常),对应于我国南方春季降水明显偏少.南方春季最大正(负)异常降水的出现滞后于高原季节内振荡的峰值(谷值)位相,其滞后时间为2 d.分析结果还表明,高原上空纬向风的季节内振荡活动主要通过中纬度大尺度环流异常对我国南方春季降水产生影响.     

基于三维网格的双多普勒雷达数据合成算法

建立一套多普勒雷达基数据的合成算法,能够合成粤港澳地区不同型号双(多)多普勒雷达资料的反射率因子和径向风,对径向风合成进行了误差分析,以保证合成风场的质量;合成时考虑了地球曲率,数据合成后被转换成地球球心为原点的球坐标系下.处理成Vis5D格式后,利用PC-Vis5D软件,可以了解降水系统的三维立体结构、任意点的垂直风廓线、任意水平(垂直)剖面的强度回波、速度场分布,以及时间序列的动画演变,对研究人员和业务人员有很好的使用价值.算法由C语言实现,经验证该方法处理速度快,能够满足业务要求,该算法已用于深圳、广州雷达业务合成系统中,取得了较好的使用效果.     

数量化理论在天气预报中的应用

数量化理论是多元分析的一个分支。在气象统计分析预报中,通常把预报量取成定量的基准变量,预报因子取成定性的说明变量,来使用数量化方法。本文就是围绕我国月平均气温场的长期预报,讨论数量化(一)和(四)的若干应用问题。 一、数量化理论(一)的应用 数量化(一)本质上是回归分析,二者在处理问题的方法上不同。假定基准变量与各项目,类目的反应间遵从下列线性模型:     

产生强天气的中尺度对流系统—MCCs,中-β系统和大型对流线的环境场之比较研究

1.引言由卫星观测提供的新的宏观远景已经证实了深厚对流云及其伴随的强天气通常被组织在各种具有中尺度空间和时间的结构里。这些结构中的大部分如Maddox(1980)定义的近似圆形的中-α尺度的中尺度对流复合体(MCCs)。还有另一种中-β系统,它们在类似的形势里发展,但其大小或生命史都不及MCCs。有些系统发展成非常长的对流线,它的面积较大,并     

重庆开县雷击事件天气背景分析

利用卫星、雷达、闪电定位仪、地面自动站等常规和非常规资料对2007年5月23日重庆开县雷击事件进行了初步分析,结果表明:(1)此次雷击事件与α中尺度对流系统(M_α在CS)发展密切相关,对流单体最早在四川东北部生成,并强烈发展东移,最终发展成MCC,并伴有强降水,雷击事件就发生在M_αCS强烈发展的阶段。(2)高分辨率FY双星对此次强对流天气提供了有利的监测手段和工具,而由于开县处于雷达探测的边缘,雷达的监测能力显得不足。(3)闪电资料也显示强对流活动的发展具有局地特征,起初正地闪频次较多且集中,表明对流活动强。密集的正地闪出现在负地闪的周边地区,可能与新生对流强烈发展有关。(4)西南涡是主要的影响系统,由于冷空气东移南下,加强了低涡北部的偏东风分量,是对流发展的一个重要触发机制。M_αCS发生在弱对流不稳定环境中,但对流层中下层大气近饱和且湿层较厚。     

MJO对我国东部春季降水影响的分析

利用澳大利亚气象局的MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)指数,通过位相合成及对比分析研究了MJO对我国东部春季降水的影响.研究表明,当MJO传播至中东印度洋时,我国长江中下游地区的春季降水为正异常,当其进一步东传至中南半岛-印尼群岛一带时,我国华南地区的春季降水为正异常,而在其他活动阶段不利于我国东部的春季降水.对比分析表明,MJO的活动主要通过引起大尺度环流异常、对流层中低层涡度及水汽输送的异常,进而对我国东部春季降水产生明显的影响.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on