近47年哈密地区气候变化

利用新疆哈密地区5个气象台站1961~2007年气候资料,采用线性回归、Morlet小波和Mann-Kendall突变检测等方法,对哈密地区近47年的年平均气温、降水量、日照时数、年平均风速和相对湿度等气候要素以及年潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度的变化趋势和变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：①近47年哈密地区年平均气温、降水量和相对湿度呈升高趋势,日照时数和年平均风速呈减小趋势;②潜在蒸散量与年平均气温、日照时数和平均风速呈极显著的正相关关系,而与年降水量和相对湿度呈极显著的负相关关系。受上述各气候要素变化的综合影响,近47年,哈密地区潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度呈极显著的减小趋势;③突变检测表明,哈密地区年平均气温、降水量分别在1973年、1965年发生了突变性的升高,而风速、潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度分别于1980年、1980年和1975年发生了极显著的突变性减小,综合气温和地表干燥度的突变特征,可以认为,哈密地区气候在1973~1975年发生了＂暖湿化＂的突变;④各气候要素和潜在蒸散量、地表干燥度分别存在不同时间尺度的周期性变化。     

1961－2008年新疆奎屯垦区农业气候资源变化分析

根据新疆奎屯气象站1961—2008年的气候资料,采用线性回归和Mann-Kendall突变检测等方法,对近48 a的年平均气温、无霜期、≥0℃活动积温、≥10℃活动积温、日照时数、降水量、潜在蒸散量和蒸降差等农业气候要素的变化趋势和变化特征进行了研究,结果表明:(1)近48 a奎屯垦区年平均气温呈上升趋势;≥0℃活动积温与≥10℃活动积温增加;年日照时数减少;年降水量略增;年潜在蒸散量和年蒸降差显著减少。(2)奎屯垦区年平均气温于1972年以来发生了极显著的突变性升高,无霜期于1969年发生了较显著的突变性延长;≥0℃活动积温和≥10℃活动积温于1975年分别发生了显著的突变性增多;年日照时数于1983年发生了极显著的突变性减少;年潜在蒸散量和蒸降差分别于1984年和1983年发生了极显著的突变性减小,但年降水量未发生突变。     

华北平原近45年气候变化特征分析

为研究华北平原气候时空变化特征,选用华北平原53站1961—2005年逐日气象资料,采用趋势分析法分析华北平原主要气候要素时空演变特征,利用M-K突变检验法确定气候要素突变年。结果表明:年平均气温升高趋势明显,尤其是20世纪90年代以后;降水量总体变化趋势不明显,20世纪80年代中后期开始,由多雨期转为少雨期;近45年来华北平原的气候经历了一个"冷湿-暖干"的变化过程;年日照时数减少趋势明显。华北平原增温主要在1—4月;降水量在多雨的4月、7、8月减少趋势明显;光照变差的主要原因是夏季和冬春季日照时数的减少。空间上,南北之间温差呈减小趋势,而降水量和日照时数之差则相反。气温升高使得积温增加,热量资源更加丰富。     

1959—2014年略阳县气候变化趋势分析

利用略阳国家基准气候站1959—2014年逐月气温、降水、日照时数、风速资料,采用线性趋势法、Mann\|Kendall突变检验法,分析了略阳县近56年气候变化特征。结果表明:1959年以来略阳县气候变暖趋势显著,年平均气温的线性趋势率为015 ℃/10 a,并在1994年发生突变,突变后气温显著上升;年降水量呈减少趋势,但不显著,20世纪70年代中期到80年代末降水偏多,90年代初降水开始持续减少;年日照时数也呈现减少趋势;年均风速为减小趋势,其中70年代年均风速均高于多年平均值;年降水量、年日照时数和平均风速均未发生明显突变。近56年略阳县气候存在“暖干化”趋势。

     

近55年海南岛气候要素时空分布与变化趋势

采用海南岛7个气象站观测的气温、降水、平均风速、相对湿度、日照时数和蒸发量等气候要素资料,分析了1959-2013年海南岛各气候要素的时空分布特征和变化趋势。结果表明:(1)海南岛多年平均降水量和相对湿度在中部山区多、西部沿海少,气温、平均风速、日照时数和蒸发量的空间分布则正好相反。(2)近55年海南岛年均气温和降水量均呈增长趋势,平均风速、相对湿度、日照时数和蒸发量降低趋势显著。其中,气温、降水量、相对湿度、平均风速、日照时数和蒸发量分别在1980、2007、1991、1983、1995和1992年前后发生突变。(3)气温增温率在海南岛中部山区琼中附近最高,降水量增长率在南部三亚附近最高;相对湿度、平均风速、日照时数、蒸发量降低率则分别在海南岛东北部区域、东部琼海附近、北部海口附近、中部山区最大。(4)气温、降水量、日照时数和蒸发量年内分布不均,而相对湿度和平均风速年内变化相对较小;各月气温和蒸发量年际变率相对较小,相对湿度、平均风速、日照时数、以及5-10月降水量年际变率相对较大。     

托里县近50a气候变化特征分析

根据托里县气象局1961-2010年历年月平均气温、月降水量、日照时数等资料,利用距平法、趋势分析法分析了托里县近50 a来的气候变化特征,并用Mann-Kendall检测方法对气温和日照时数进行了突变检验。分析结果表明,近50 a来托里县的气温总体呈上升趋势,与全球气候变暖的大背景一致;年降水量呈增多趋势,增幅不明显,但是从上世纪90年代到本世纪的10 a增湿较为明显;日照时数呈下降趋势,下降趋势不明显,但是阶段性变化非常明显。     

1961-2010年雅安市气候变化趋势

以雅安市1961-2010年月气候资料为基础,系统分析了近50a来雅安市气候变化趋势。结果表明：①近50a雅安市气温呈波动上升趋势,上升速率达0．05℃／10a,略高于全国。不同季节变化趋势各有不同,其中秋、冬变暖趋势最为明显。②近50a降水呈减少趋势,减少速率为11．65mm／10a,略低于全国水平。各季节降水减少趋势各不相同,其中夏季和秋季降水量气候倾向率分别达到-13．5ram／10a和-15．7ram／10a,对年降水的减少贡献大。③近50a雅安各季节日照时数均呈减少趋势,其中秋季的气候倾向率达到-12．1／10a,对年日照时数的减少贡献最大。     

1986-2010年巴楚木本植物物候变化特征及其对气候变化的响应分析

利用巴楚国家基本气候站1986-2010年的气象观测数据和地面物候观测资料,采用气候倾向率和气候趋势系数方法,分析气温、降水、日照时数的变化特征;木本植物选用新疆杨(Populus bolleanalanche),垂柳(Salix babylonica),杏树(Prunus armeniaca),苹果树(Malus pumila),沙枣树(Fdeagnys Qxycarpasehlecht),对植物物候期与气候变化的相互关系进行研究。研究表明：近25年来巴楚气候增暖现象较明显,增温率为0.18～0.95℃/10a,春、秋季变暖的趋势大于冬、夏季;降水量变化趋势不明显,整体呈现减少趋势,气候倾向率为-0.61 mm/10a,春、夏降水量呈减少趋势,冬、秋两季降水量均呈增多趋势;年日照时数呈减少趋势,气候倾向率为-30.34h/10a。除春季日照时数表现为增加趋势外,其他季节均表现为不同程度的减少趋势。其中,以冬季减幅最显著,平均减少-27.09h/10a。近25a来喀什木本植物芽开放期、展叶始期、开花始期表现为一致的提前趋势, 叶变色始期和落叶始期表现推迟的趋势;影响植物物候期的主要气候因子为气温和日照时数,随气温升高、日照时数增多,植物生长季延长。木本植物春季物候期与春季气温和春季日照时数呈负相关,且相关性显著,而与冬季气温和冬季日照时数几乎没有显著相关性。木本植物物候与秋季温度呈正相关,秋季气温升高,物候期推迟。在生产生活中,根据植物的物候期变化安排农、林业生产有重要的意义。     

乌鲁木齐城市化进程对局地气候变化的影响研究

利用1976—2014年乌鲁木齐城区和郊区两个气象站的气温、降水、相对湿度和风速气象数据及1995—2014年乌鲁木齐市城市发展数据,运用线性趋势对比分析城区和郊区各气候要素的年际变化特征;采用相关分析法对城市化因子和气候要素进行了探讨。结果表明:城、郊区气温均呈明显的上升趋势,城区的年均气温高于郊区;城区降水量是郊区的3.93倍,增长速率是郊区的3.98倍;各年代城区相对湿度比郊区大,但呈下降趋势,郊区呈上升趋势;各年代郊区风速大于城区,郊区风速约为城区的2.35倍,均呈下降趋势。近20 a,乌鲁木齐城市化进程加快,对局地气候影响明显,其中对平均气温和相对湿度的影响最为显著。     

重庆市涪陵区近56年气候变化特征研究

利用重庆市涪陵区1953～2008年来的气温、降水、日照等资料,通过气候统计诊断分析方法,从气候基本特征、要素变化趋势、气候突变等进行分析.结果表明,近56年来,重庆市涪陵区除夏季外,年和各季节气温呈上升趋势,冬季升温显著.年降水量和春、夏、冬季降水量均为上升趋势,秋季降水量为下降趋势.日照时数经历了一次显著波动,由多到少的突变发生在1973年前后.气温、降水量和日照时数都存在突变现象.气温和降水的异常年份多发生在90年代以后.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on