土壤铅污染对水稻生长影响的研究

研究土壤不同浓度铅污染对水稻（两优培九）生长的影响，以及水稻对土壤铅的吸收状况。结果表明：土壤铅对受试水稻的生长有影响，随着土壤铅浓度的增加，其株高、叶面积、千物重、单茎总粒数、结实率随之下降，单产降低；植株体内的铅含量随着土壤铅浓度的升高而增加，植株体内铅含量的增加幅度随土壤铅浓度的增加而变慢。铅在植株体内的分配规律为：根〉〉茎〉叶〉糙米。     

土壤水分对小麦开花及结实的影响

研究了不同生育期土壤水分与小麦的小花发育、开发、结实率及产量的关系，并进行了土壤水分对穗粒数影响的定量分析研究，提出了保持小花正常发育和提高小麦结实率的适宜土壤水分范围。     

淹涝胁迫对寒地水稻生长和产量的影响研究

2018年在黑龙江省庆安县选用寒地水稻龙粳31品种进行淹水试验,在拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期,分别设定3个淹水深度（1/3株高、2/3株高、3/3株高）、2个淹水历时（3 d、7 d）共12个淹水处理,测定淹水前后的株高、叶面积、干物质及收获后的每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重及产量等。结果表明：水稻淹水后,株高、叶面积指数、干物质平均增长量基本高于同时期对照组,在一定程度上可以说明适度的淹涝胁迫对水稻植株生长具有促进作用,拔节孕穗期各项与对照组相比的增长程度均低于抽穗开花期;不同淹涝胁迫均导致水稻减产,拔节孕穗期全淹没7 d减产最严重,穗结实粒数仅55粒,千粒重16.9 g,远低于对照,减产率高达70%,抽穗开花期全淹没7 d减产也较严重,穗结实粒数为71粒,千粒重略低,但单位面积有效穗数最少,为2.83×106穗,减产率达57%;淹水深度1/3 h、2/3 h、3/3 h处理的平均减产率依次为16%、18%、48%,淹水持续3 d、7 d的平均减产率分别为21%、33%,可见随着淹水深度加深、淹水历时加长,水稻减产幅度加大;淹涝胁迫条件下,拔节孕穗期水稻产量的下降幅度大于抽穗开花期,导致两个发育期减产的主要产量构成因素分别为穗结实粒数、单位面积有效穗数。     

桂西玉米低产的气象条件分析

桂西早玉米产量在不同年份和同年的不同播种期中差异甚大。气象因素是造成产量不稳的一个重要原因。气象条件对玉米产量的影响,体现在构成单位面积产量的单位面积株数、双穗率、空秆率、每穗粒数和百粒重等因素。由于试验地株数基本相同,双穗率小,本文只分析单产、空秆率穗粒重(表示穗粒数和粒重)与气象条件的关系。 本文采用百色地区气象局农业气象试验站于一九八○～一九八四年早玉米(墨白一号)分期播种试验资料和本局地面观测站气象资料进行分析,播期于元月二十日到三月中旬,隔十五天播一期,五年共二十二期。三个重复。     

水稻的丰产性状与气象

水稻的产量结构是由每亩穗数、每穗实粒数和千粒重所组成。这些产量结构因素的优劣,是根据作物自身的生育规律,在不同发育阶段遇到不同的外界环境条件而先后形成的。在三熟制栽培条件下水稻的丰产性状,穗数是决定的首要因素,在这个多穗的基础上,培养大穗多粒和提高粒重,是高产更高产的关键。 在论述水稻丰产性状诸因素与气象条件的关系之     

农学模式在冬小麦产量动态预报中的应用

根据冬小麦理论产量由单位面积有效茎、穗粒数和千粒重求积的农学原理,结合冬小麦生长季气温、日照和水分适宜度的计算模型,在河南省选择5个代表站点,利用1995-2013年冬小麦生长季的逐旬气象要素,构建了气温、日照、降水和土壤水分适宜度序列,分别建立了各代表站点产量要素的变化率或距平百分率的动态预报模型。结果表明:有效茎与气象条件的直接相关性不显著,但株成穗数的变化率与气温和水分适宜度的相关性较好,千粒重距平与土壤水分适宜度的相关性显著,穗粒数与气象因子适宜度的相关性小。除穗粒数变化率预报模型外,构建的株成穗数变化率及千粒重距平的动态预报模型显著性水平均较高。模型可从4月1日起,逐旬预报各产量要素值,各代表站点对株成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的预报回代检验平均准确率分别为80.4%、88.5%和94.0%,5月上旬以后对理论产量的预报平均准确率为93.3%。利用2014年资料进行外推检验,对穗粒数和千粒重的预报准确率均在92.0%以上。因此基于主要气候因子适宜度与农学模式相结合的方法,可实现产量动态预报,预报准确率基本满足业务服务需求,但模型对产量的丰歉趋势预报准确率仍相对较低。     

秋季低温对南召县水稻生产的影响及防御对策

秋季低温对南召县水稻生产的影响主要是显著降低结实率和产量.对水稻生理机制及品种、播期等分析结果表明,迟播、品种、密播、裁插过稀、偏施氮肥及土质较差,是秋季低温导致水稻减产的主要原因.因此,采取地膜覆盖早育秧、适当早播、合理选用品种、足肥稀播、合理密植、平衡施肥及喷施激素等措施,可减轻其危害程度,促进南召水稻生产可持续发展.     

不同海拔高度的光温因子对超级稻陆两优106产量的影响研究

2005—2006年分别用超级稻"陆两优106"在海拔618m的天柱县和海拔1307m的雷山县进行大田示范种植。结果表明:随着海拔高度的升高,日平均温度降低,陆两优106生育期所需的积温、光照增多,生育期延长;分蘖速度慢,有效穗数、株高、穗长、成穗率、穗粒总(实)数、结实率以及千粒重减少,产量随着海拔高度的升高而降低。     

不同品种双季晚稻产量结构对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱是湖南双季晚稻分蘖-幼穗分化期主要农业气象灾害,对晚稻生长和产量形成产生不利影响。本研究以常规晚稻和超级晚稻在分蘖-幼穗分化期进行干旱胁迫试验,于20142016年连续3年开展15、20、25、30d4个干旱处理水平试验,探讨了干旱强度与不同品种双季晚稻产量结构的关系,从而确定双季晚稻干旱指标。试验研究结果表明,相同干旱胁迫处理下,土壤相对湿度是影响双季晚稻产量结构的关键因素,常规晚稻和超级晚稻产量结构对干旱胁迫的响应存在差异性。自晚稻分蘖普遍期开始干旱处理,对常规晚稻理论产量、有效穗数和结实粒数产生不利影响的土壤相对湿度阈值分别为92.5%、87.2%和98.6%;对超级晚稻理论产量、有效穗数和结实粒数产生不利影响的土壤相对湿度阈值分别为96.8%、97.1%和89.3%。根据晚稻产量结构对干旱持续时间和土壤湿度的响应,构建了常规晚稻和超级晚稻的分蘖-幼穗分化期干旱等级指标,可为双季晚稻的干旱监测和抗旱救灾提供理论依据和实践指导。     

杂交水稻生育特性与气象

杂交水稻对光、温、水等气象条件的要求,与常规品种有很大的不同。例如高温强光是发挥杂交优势的重要条件,但抽穗前后它既怕低温又怕高温,如果温度条件不良,则会增加空壳,降低结实率。造成空壳率高的主要原因,是现有恢复系的恢复力还不够强。因此,研究杂交水稻安全齐穗期的农业气象指标,分析适宜播插期的农业气候条件,以及开展相应的情报、预报服务工作,是杂交水稻栽培中的重要课题。 一、生育期与光、温特性 在南方稻区,为了夺取双季丰收,水稻品种的熟期,是一个重要的经济性状。籼型杂交水稻南优2号、3号、6号是我省目前种植面积大,产量高的组合,可以作中稻,也可以作晚稻,其熟期主要是受亲本热期和杂交种光温特性的影响,生育期较长。中稻     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;