水稻发育对光周期和CO_2浓度的响应

地球大气中CO_2浓度的增加已引起了人们对CO_2对植物的影响,尤其是对世界粮食供应的未来展望的兴趣。水稻是一种主要的粮食作物,人们对CO_2浓度在水稻生理生长期和整个生育期方面的影响了解相对较少,而这是一个水稻品种对一特定地区环境适应性的一个重要方面。本研究的目的是确定一个当代改良水稻品种(Oryza sativa,品种 IR-30)在两个对照的光周期下对不同CO_2浓度的响应。在整个生育期中,水稻植株生长在置于室外、采用自然光照并由计算机控制环境条件的人工气候室中。室内的CO_2浓度分别为160、250(低于环境浓度)、330(环境浓度)、500、660和900(高于环境浓度)μmol CO_2/mol 空气。在1987年,整个试验进行了两次。第一次即早稻试验在营养生长阶段内延长了光周期,而第二次即晚稻(LPR)试验只利用自然出现的光周期。在两个试验中,营养生长期的主茎叶片发育速率均比生殖生长期的主茎叶片发育速率快,同时在营养生长阶段,出叶速度随CO_2处理而加快。在晚稻试验中,与等于环境CO_2浓度和低于环境CO_2浓度的处理相比,高于环境CO_2浓度处理下的水稻幼穗分化和孕穗期出现较早,且整个生育期缩短。这种随CO_2浓度上升而产生的植物发育加速现象与CO_2引起的营养生长阶段内主茎叶片的减少有关。相对于晚稻试验,在早稻试验中水稻植株发育对CO_2的响应的减弱是由人为延长光周期迫使生殖生长发育阶段推迟引起的,在高于环境浓度处理中更是如此。鉴于全球大气中CO_2浓度的持续增大,CO_2导致的发育加速和全生育期缩短可能会成为一个参与挑选水稻品种和安排特定地区农事活动的水稻学家和育种学家感兴趣的问题。     

晚稻后期冷害的分析

水稻的生长需要从外界吸收各种营养物质,通过体内一系列的生理生化过程,合成植株生长发育所需的各种有机物质,然后输送到有关器官满足新组织生成的需要。如果这时遇到低温,水稻生长发育所需要的物质基础遭受破坏,从而使水稻的生长受到危害,结实率降低,乃至影响产量。     

土壤干旱对作物生长过程和产量影响的研究进展

水分短缺是作物生长中最大的限制因子,土壤干旱胁迫使植物的长势、生理机制、激素水平等都会发生一系列变化。在干旱半干旱地区,土壤水分亏缺能明显抑制作物根系和地上部生长,显著降低作物的生物量、产量和收获指数。禾谷类作物小麦（Triticum aestivum）在灌浆期遇到水分胁迫时,会引起光合速率降低、灌浆时间缩短、灌浆速率下降、植株老化提前,但是它能增加营养组织到籽粒中非结构性碳水化合物的再代谢。土壤水分和植物激素共同调控作物的灌浆过程,当遇到土壤干旱时,作物叶片、花、籽粒发育过程中植物生长调节剂ABA浓度明显增加,且ABA、乙烯、ACC等的浓度随着干旱程度而变化。植物对干旱的适应性主要表现在植物生理、形态上的改变,比如植株结构、干物质积累、植物组织渗透势、气孔导度等的变化。土壤干旱不利于植物生长,但有利于胁迫临界点的产生,这就有可能利用土壤干旱条件下在灌浆较慢时诱导整个植株衰老和更好地进行碳代谢来提高籽粒产量,如果在作物灌浆后期适度控制土壤干旱可以增加籽粒产量和收获指数,有助于农业生产中的节水,这对于发展可持续农业是迫切需要的。     

铅对不同土壤中青菜生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了南京和北京土壤中Pb污染对青菜生长的影响。结果表明：土壤质地对青菜生长有明显的影响;在土壤Pb含量低的处理水平下,对青菜的生长有一定影响;低含量范围内,青菜中Pb含量随土壤Pb处理含量的增加出现先升后降的变化趋势;在100mg／kg时,青菜的生长受到抑制,植株中Pb的含量高于对照组和200mg／kgPb处理。     

淹涝胁迫对水稻植株叶片光合性能的影响

为提高水稻作物生长模型中淹涝胁迫对水稻生长和产量影响的定量评估能力,通过开展水稻盆栽淹涝试验,研究了不同淹涝胁迫程度对粳稻和籼稻植株叶片光合性能的影响,并将两者之间的关系进行了定量化,结果表明:1)两种水稻植株叶片的光量子效率AQE、最大光合速率P_m均随淹涝天数的增加而明显下降,全淹处理的下降幅度较大,受全淹处理8天后平均下降幅度近五成,而半淹处理的下降幅度较小,半淹处理8天后平均降幅约一成左右;叶片基础荧光F_0、最大荧光产额F_m和最大光化学效率F_v/F_m也均随着淹涝胁迫天数的增加出现不同程度的降低。2)植株叶片光量子效率和最大光合速率随淹涝深度和淹涝天数变化可用定量关系模型y=1-aH-bH~3T来描述,用独立的试验资料对该模型进行检验后表明,模型的模拟值与实测值有很好的一致性,两者的相关系数高、RMSE值低,模拟效果令人满意。3)全淹处理下,水稻植株叶片最大光合速率P_m和最大荧光产额F_m下降幅度具有较好的相关性,可运用荧光测定的信息来快速估计淹涝胁迫对水稻叶片光合速率影响的程度。本研究可为改进水稻模型中淹涝胁迫条件下的水稻干物质累积和产量的模拟提供依据。     

2011年龙江县玉米农田土壤湿度变化及其对玉米生长的影响

以黑龙江省龙江县玉米主栽品种葫科336为试材,采用自然条件下对比观测田间试验,研究分析不同土壤湿度对玉米生长的影响。结果表明：2011年龙江县试验田不同表层(0-30 cm)土壤湿度均呈下降趋势。试验田不同表层土壤湿度对玉米生长的影响存在差异,不同土壤湿度对玉米绿叶叶面积、植株干物重影响明显,在一定土壤湿度范围内,土壤相对湿度每升高1 %,叶面积增加28.338 cm²,土壤无旱对叶面积增加具有正效应,对玉米果实重量的增加也呈有利趋势。     

潍坊市夏玉米产量性状与产量的灰色关联度分析

应用灰色关联度分析方法,对潍坊气象站1997-2011年夏玉米8个产量性状与单株籽粒重的关联度进行了分析。结果表明：潍坊夏玉米产量性状与产量的关联度顺序为：果穗长〉双穗率、茎粗〉秃尖比〉百粒重〉果穗粗〉密度〉植株高度。综合分析产量性状与产量的关联度以及产量性状与产量的关联度的年际变化,对潍坊夏玉米产量影响较大的是果穗长、双穗率两项产量因素。     

油蒿在高浓度CO2条件下对干旱胁迫的反应

采用人工模拟试验方法研究毛乌素沙地沙生植物群落的优势种－－油蒿在高浓度CO2条件下对土壤干旱胁迫的反应。结果表明，不同程度的土壤干旱胁迫使油蒿生长与生物量下降，随着干旱程度的加重而增加负面影响；大气中CO2浓度升高对油蒿的生长发育起到“施肥作用”；虽然在高浓度CO2条件下发生土壤干旱胁迫对油蒿的影响也是负效应，但CO2的“施肥效应”依然存在，“施肥效应”的生理机理是CO2浓度升高提高了光合作用速率。     

水稻植析光合产物分配,转移规律和生长动态模拟

在总结前人研究的基础上，结合１９８９－１９９２年田间试验资料，采用优化算法，计算了水稻植株光合交物分配系数αｉ和转移系数βｉ的最值，分析了两者随水稻生长发育的变化规律及天气气候因子对它们的影响，建立了水稻植株和各个器官的生长动态模型，并进行了检验。     

杂交稻汕优63茎蘖动态的计算机模拟

本文将水稻茎蘖生长看作是一个动态自调过程,综合考虑光、温、水、肥等因素对茎蘖消长的影响。对汕优63杂交稻的茎蘖动态进行逐日计算机模拟和统计分析,建立模型,并与1988年第Ⅱ播期汕优63茎蘖生长情况进行对比,模拟值与实测值之间吻合程度较好。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.