不同饵料种类、投喂方式及环境条件对凡纳滨对虾相对摄食量的影响

为提高对虾养殖过程中的饵料利用率并减少养殖废水的排放,作者以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为实验对象,研究了不同饵料种类、投喂方式、体质量、充气量、光照强度、水温及盐度对其相对摄食量的影响。结果表明:配合饲料组对虾的相对摄食量显著高于冰鲜虾肉组;连续单颗投喂时对虾的相对摄食量较高;相对摄食量随对对虾体重升高而显著(P0.01)下降,而且不同规格的对虾在竞争条件下平均相对摄食量会降低;充气量6 L/min组对虾的相对摄食量明显高于另外两组;弱光环境下对虾的相对摄食量较高;水温和盐度对相对摄食量的影响极显著(P0.01),在32℃时对虾获得最大相对摄食量,在盐度为5时相对摄食量最小,高盐度下组间差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,在实际生产中应采取少量多次的投饵策略,并根据环境条件的变化合理的调整投饵量。     

盐度和营养对凡纳滨对虾生长、耗氧率及排氨率的影响

研究了盐度和饲料蛋白水平与凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei生长、耗氧率、排氨率的关系,并分析了实验对虾肌肉成分.结果表明,随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,凡纳滨对虾的生长速率逐渐提高,但饲料蛋白水平对其存活率影响不显著(P>0.05).在不同饲料蛋白水平下,实验对虾的存活率随着盐度的增加而增加,差异不显著(P>0.05).实验对虾的生长速率在低盐度水平下随着盐度的增加而增加,在盐度18‰时达到最快的生长速率,而后生长速率随着盐度的增加而降低.随着盐度的提高,实验对虾肌肉中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和灰分含量显著提高(P<0.05);而肌肉含水率、无氮浸出物的含量则显著下降(P<0.05).随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,实验对虾肌肉中粗蛋白质和灰分含量显著提高(P<0.05);肌肉含水率、无氮浸出物的含量则显著下降(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量差异不显著(P>0.05).盐度和饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾的耗氧率、排氨率有显著的影响(P<0.05).随着盐度和饲料蛋白水平的提高,对虾的耗氧率显著下降(P<0.05),耗氧率高峰值出现在摄食后2-3 h.排氨卒随着饲料蛋白水平的提高逐渐升高,随盐度的升高逐渐降低,排氨率高峰值出现在摄食后2 h.盐度与饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾氧氮比影响显著(P<0.05).     

环境温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)胚胎发育的影响

以自然成熟的亲虾为材料,观察并描述了墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)从受精卵到幼体孵化出膜的胚胎发育过程。结果显示,在水温29°C,盐度28的条件下,墨吉明对虾整个胚胎发育过程需要11h左右。水温和盐度对幼体出膜时间和受精卵的孵化率均有显著的影响(P0.05)。孵化水温从32°C下降到23°C时,幼体出膜时间由555min(9.25h)增加到1108min(18.46h)。胚胎发育的最适水温为26—32°C,在此温度范围内,墨吉明对虾的幼体出膜时间与水温呈负相关。胚胎发育的最适盐度25—35,在此范围内,墨吉明对虾的幼体出膜时间和孵化率均无显著差异(P0.05),说明墨吉明对虾的胚胎发育的盐度范围较广。     

中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)氮收支的初步研究

研究在20、25和30℃的正常海水(盐度为31)和5个盐度、水温为25℃条件下,分别测定了3个规格中国对虾摄食沙蚕和配合饲料的氮收支。研究结果表明,中国对虾的氮摄食率随温度的升高而增大,随体重的增加而减小;盐度为5时氮摄食率最小为11.78mg·g-1d-1,盐度为13时最大为13.88mg·g-1d-1.生长氮的比例随温度的升高显着减小;盐度为20的生长氮比例最大为26.52%,此时的特定生长率也最大为7.8%,盐度为5时的最小。中国对虾摄食沙蚕和配合饲料的平均氮收支模式分别为100I=27.63G+3.58E+1.66F+67.13U;100I=18.34G+4.10E+6.07F+71.49U.     

短期温度、盐度胁迫对海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)摄食行为及抗氧化的影响

本研究通过设置温度突变组(15°C、25°C、31°C)和盐度突变组(5、15、25、35),探讨了温度、盐度变化胁迫对海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)摄食行为及抗氧化生理的影响。结果表明,在温度为15°C和31°C(盐度为25)时以及盐度为5和35(温度为25°C)条件下,青鳉鱼摄食响应时间增长,摄食量、摄食效率和摄食成功率显著下降(P0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量在15—31°C时随温度增加先降低后增加。SOD酶活性31°C时第7天显著性低于对照组(P0.05)。MDA含量在15°C和31°C时在显著性高于对照组,第7天显著性升高(P0.05)。不同盐度处理组,SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量均随盐度增加先降低后增加,MDA含量在盐度为5和35时均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上,海洋青鳉鱼在盐度15—25,水温25°C条件下摄食及游动行为活跃,抗氧化活性最低,生长良好。当温度高于31°C或低于15°C;盐度高于35或低于5时胁迫对青鳉鱼摄食行为及抗氧化性造成明显影响。     

温度突变和非离子氨对海水和淡水养殖条件下凡纳滨对虾存活的影响

为探讨海水和淡水养殖条件下凡纳滨对虾对温度突变和非离子氨的耐受性,设置了温度突变和非离子氨胁迫2组急性实验。实验结果表明:(1)养殖条件、温度突变和时间三者交互作用对凡纳滨对虾存活率的影响不显著(P>0.05);当温度由22℃分别突变到7、12和37℃时,2种养殖条件下对虾的存活率均随突变时间的延长呈下降趋势;海水养殖对虾高、低温突变幅度均不宜超过10℃;淡水养殖对虾高温突变幅度不宜超过10℃,低温突变幅度不宜超过5℃。淡水养殖对虾对低温的适应能力低于海水养殖对虾,对高温的适应能力高于海水养殖对虾。(2)非离子氨浓度、养殖条件和胁迫时间对对虾的存活率均有显著的影响(P<0.05),且三者的交互作用显著(P<0.05);非离子氨对海水养殖对虾的96hLC50和安全浓度SC分别为1.612和0.161mg/L,对淡水养殖对虾的96hLC50和安全浓度SC分别为0.629和0.063mg/L。各时间点的LC50均是海水养殖对虾高于淡水养殖对虾。海水养殖对虾对非离子氨的耐受能力高于淡水养殖对虾。     

不同条件下哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harvey)对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)致病性研究

为研究墨吉明对虾弧菌病的防控方法, 本文通过人工注射感染的方式, 研究不同数量哈维 氏弧菌及在不同温度、盐度、pH、不同硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮和氨氮浓度条件下哈维氏弧菌对墨吉明对 虾的致病性的影响。结果表明: 当人工感染哈维氏弧菌数量为3.16×10⁸ CFU 时, 24 h 内对虾累计死 亡率为96.67%; 哈维氏弧菌数量为3.16×10⁶ CFU 以上, 实验结束时, 对虾累计死亡率都超过了 50.00%.在20-32℃ 范围内, 随着温度升高哈维氏弧菌致病力增强, 并且低温组(20℃ 实验组与 26℃ 实验组)对虾累计死亡率显著低于高温组(32℃ 实验组)(P<0.05).在温度为(24±1)℃ 时, 盐度为 20 时对虾累计死亡率处于较低水平; 在温度为(24±1)℃, 盐度为(22±1)时, 96 h, pH 为8.0 时对虾 累计死亡率最低, 并且与另外两个实验组差异显著(P<0.05); 温度为(24±1)℃, 盐度为(22±1), 硝 酸氮对感染哈维氏弧菌的墨吉明对虾有胁迫作用; 在亚硝酸氮浓度(1.0-10.0 mg/L)、氨氮浓度 (0.5-1.5 mg/L)范围内, 哈维氏弧菌对墨吉明对虾的致病性, 随着浓度升高而增强。本实验为墨吉明 对虾弧菌病的防控提供了理论基础。     

不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响

研究了盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾稚虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)蜕皮和生长的影响.实验在水族箱内进行,实验对虾的初始体重为(0.553 2±0.000 1)g,投喂人工配合饲料.实验结果表明:(1)不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾稚虾的蜕皮周期有显著的影响(P<0.05),其中S10能明显抑制对虾的蜕皮,S2则能促进对虾的蜕皮,前者较后者蜕皮周期延长4.97 d;(2)不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾的特定生长率有显著影响(P<0.05),其中,S4和S7两组对虾的特定生长率最大,分别大于S0组28.11%和22.6%,并且与S0和其他处理组相比差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);(3)不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾的摄食量有显著影响(P<0.05),S4和S7两组分别高于S0组15.96%和11.46%;(4)不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾的食物转化效率未产生显著的影响P>0.05,但S4和S7两组对虾的食物转化效率较高.     

脊尾白虾的行为学观察研究

在高密度室内饲养条件下,观察了脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)的摄食、相残、运动、蜕皮、间隔、攻击和防御行为。试验结果表明,脊尾白虾摄食行为活跃,运动行为多样,在饥饿或个体较大差异条件下具有一定程度的相残行为,蜕皮行为表现出一定的特殊性,常经数天多次蜕皮行为特征后才能将旧壳蜕下,间隔行为不明显,攻击频率不高。另外,通过设置不同投喂组和投喂间隔时间观察比较了索饵率和相残率,结果表明,索饵率在第8小时已基本达到最高,相残率随投喂间隔时间的延长和空间密度的增大而升高。     

高盐和温度对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)受精卵孵化及幼体发育的影响

实验以凡纳滨对虾受精卵和各期幼体为试验材料,探讨了高盐和温度对受精卵孵化和幼体发育的影响,以及各期幼体对高盐的耐受性。结果表明,高盐胁迫和温度显著影响受精卵的孵化率、初孵时间和集中孵化时间(P0.05)。随盐度和温度升高,平均孵化率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,盐度30和温度32°C时孵化率最高。盐度由33升至36时孵化率由74.67%下降到50.79%,盐度39时孵化率仅为3.42%,盐度42无幼体孵出。受精卵最早可在7.5h左右完成幼体破膜孵化。同一温度下,初孵时间随盐度的升高而延长。盐度27—33和温度30—33°C时,受精卵集中于胚胎发育后的7.5—11.5h完成孵化,时间最短;溞状幼体对高盐胁迫的耐受性随变态发育逐渐提高,表现为Z3Z2Z1;糠虾各期幼体及仔虾P1—P3间耐盐性均无显著差异(P0.05)。此外,幼体的发育指数也随盐度升高而下降,盐度越高,幼体发育越慢。结果说明,高盐和低温会抑制凡纳滨对虾受精卵孵化和幼体变态,受精卵孵化的盐度上限在39—42之间。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.