南宁雷达责任区强对流天气的气候统计特征分析

对1958～2002年共计44a内，前汛期（2～6月）南宁雷达责任区内的冰雹、短时大风等强对流天气进行了气候统计分析，以及分析了强对流天气对应的影响天气系统，得到了一些有价值的气候时空分布特征规律。     

云南高原山地机场强对流短临预报系统研究

基于天气雷达、地面和探空观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、FNL 数值预报产品,应用强对流天气分类识别技术和短时临近预报技术,开展风暴临近预报、强对流天气分类预警、基于数值预报的强风暴潜势诊断等研究,获得大理、丽江、西双版纳等高原山地机场及周边区域强降水、雷暴、大风、冰雹等灾害性天气的0～2h实时定量预报产品和0～12h强对流天气潜势预报产品,建立可业务运行的机场强对流天气短时临近预报系统。通过检验,证明该预报系统有较好的强对流天气预报预警能力,满足机场业务需求。     

基于最大熵原理的强对流大风灾害致灾能力指数研究

选取四川省强对流大风灾害天气个例,利用2009~2019年自动气象站2min平均风速数据,基于最大熵原理,推导出表征强对流大风灾害天气过程时间、空间、强度的概率分布函数。根据其分布函数,确定可以完整表征强对流大风灾害天气过程时间、空间、强度的气象参量。利用灰色关联度法,以强对流大风灾害的直接经济损失为参考,计算气象参量关联度,确定参量权重,构建出表征强对流大风灾害天气过程的致灾能力指数。结果表明:该指数可以正确反映强对流大风灾害过程的致灾能力强度,指数越大,致灾能力越强,反之越弱。      

沈阳地区强对流天气潜势预报环境参数特征分析

利用常规探空观测和WRF分析场等资料,分析了2005—2014年沈阳地区强对流天气的气候背景特征、演变规律及日变化特征等,将强对流天气划分为冰雹、雷暴大风(≥17.2 m·s-1)、短时强降水(≥20 mm·h-1)和混合型4种类型;并分析探空资料在强对流天气潜势预报中的作用,着重探讨14时(02时)探空资料对沈阳地区强对流天气短时临近潜势预报的作用。结果表明:2005—2014年沈阳地区4种强对流天气中,以短时强降水天气发生次数最多,其次为雷暴大风天气,冰雹天气的发生次数最少,多数强对流天气发生在午后至傍晚。由合成T-Log P图的温湿廓线可知,沈阳地区短时强降水天气发生时中低层存在显著湿区,与雷暴大风和冰雹为主的强对流天气温湿廓线明显不同,多数合成T-Log P图的显著特点为中层大气干燥。冰雹型强对流天气的0℃层和-20℃层高度明显低于其他强对流天气类型的高度;冰雹型强对流天气T700-T500和T850-T500显著大于短时强降水型及雷暴大风型强对流天气,且T850-T500的指示意义更好;4种强对流天气类型平均SI均出现了正值,说明SI失去了不稳定性的指示意义;短时强降水天气的K指数明显高于冰雹天气;雷暴大风天气发生时对流有效位能明显小于其他强对流天气类型。可见,WRF中尺度模式中的T-Log P预报图对沈阳地区强对流天气的预报具有一定的指导意义。     

国家级中尺度天气分析业务技术进展Ⅱ：对流天气中尺度过程分析规范和支撑技术

中尺度天气分析技术在对流性天气的短期预报业务中发挥了重要作用。文章介绍了国家气象中心正在发展和试运行的对流天气中尺度过程分析规范和支撑技术,旨在为中尺度对流天气的短时临近分析和预报提供技术方法,其客观技术支撑为中国气象局强对流短临预报系统SWAN、强对流天气综合监测技术和自动站资料快速客观分析技术等。文章以2011年4月17日强对流过程为例,介绍了如何利用多源观测资料(常规和非常规资料)快速识别和掌握强对流天气(短时强降水、雷暴大风、冰雹、龙卷等)实况,分析当前对流系统类型及其结构特征,判断未来影响对流系统发生、发展的中尺度环境条件,并综合考虑客观自动外推算法产品,最终指导预报员对未来0～6 h内的强对流天气影响区域进行短临预报预警。业务试验表明,对流天气中尺度过程分析技术可为强对流天气短临预报业务提供重要参考和依据。     

南宁雷达责任区强对流天气的气候统计特征分析

对1958~2002年共计44a内,前汛期(2~6月)南宁雷达责任区内的冰雹、短时大风等强对流天气进行了气候统计分析,以及分析了强对流天气对应的影响天气系统,得到了一些有价值的气候时空分布特征规律。     

中国当代强对流天气研究与业务进展

对当代中国几十年来强对流天气研究和业务进展做了阐述，主要包括强对流系统产生的环境背景和主要组织形态，以及具体强对流天气的有利环境条件、触发机制、卫星云图特征、多普勒天气雷达回波特征以及预报、预警技术等诸方面。总体来看，中国学者对强对流以及不同类型强对流天气（强冰雹、龙卷、雷暴大风）发生、发展的环流背景以及通过雷达和卫星观测到的组织结构及其演变特征都已有了明确认识，研究了对流系统的多种触发机制，深入认识了超级单体、飑线等对流系统的环境条件、组织结构特征和维持机制，了解了中国中尺度对流系统的组织形态和气候分布特征，获得了强冰雹、龙卷、下击暴流和雷暴大风等的雷达、卫星和闪电等的多尺度观测特征、形成机制和现场灾害调查特征，发展了各类强对流天气识别、监测和分析方法以及基于“配料法”和深度学习方法等的预报、预警技术等。因此，强对流天气业务预报水平已得到显著提升。      

强对流天气综合监测业务系统建设

强对流天气监测是其预报的基础.国家气象中心强天气预报中心利用多源观测资料(常规和非常规资料)建设了强对流天气综合监测业务系统.强对流天气的监测对象包括积云、地面高温、雷暴、地闪、冰雹、龙卷、大风、雷暴大风、短时强降水、雷暴反射率因子、对流风暴(基于雷达资料)、深对流云及中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale Convective Systems,MCS,基于静止卫星红外1通道资料)等不同时段的分布.发展的监测技术主要包括自动站资料质量控制技术、强对流信息提取和统计技术、直角坐标交叉相关雷达回波追踪(Cartesian Tracking Radar Echoes by Correlation,CTREC)技术、雷暴识别追踪分析和临近预报(Thunderstorm Identification Tracking Analysis and Nowcasting,TITAN)技术、深对流云识别技术、中尺度对流系统识别和追踪技术,以及闪电密度监测技术等.强对流天气监测系统自动定时运行,其输出数据与MICAPS业务平台完全兼容.该监测系统在国家气象中心的强对流天气预报业务中发挥了重要作用.     

湖南省强对流天气特征统计分析

本文运用2000～2005年湖南省内244个强对流天气资料,统计分析了湖南省强对流天气的时间、地域分布特征,并对湖南省强对流天气形势进行了分型,结果表明:湖南省强对流天气多在春、夏季出现,72%的强对流天气出现在夜间,其中冰雹、短时强降水出现几率山区大于平原.而大风在平原地区出现几率平均大于山区.省内强对流天气类型分为5种:地面冷锋型、副高边缘型、地面倒槽型、静止锋型、东风波影响型.     

一次大风天气的中小尺度特征分析

应用深圳新一代多普勒天气雷达、边界层风廓线雷达和区域气象观测站等多种观测资料,对2009年3月5日深圳市一次局地大风天气的中小尺度特征进行了分析。通过分析造成大风天气的颮线过程急流变化、飑线内小尺度强对流系统结构特征,以及受灾地点附近地面风向、风速、气压、气温和降水量等气象要素变化特征,认为飑线内的小尺度强对流系统造成了这次大风灾害。发现飑线在东移发展过程中,有高空急流动量下传特征,飑线内的小尺度强对流系统有移动速度快、生消时间短、中心风速大的特点,其速度中心区具有上大下小的漏斗状及前倾垂直结构特征、具有局地弱龙卷的特征。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...