2005年7月13—14日强对流天气雷达回波特征分析

利用新一代天气雷达（CINRAD／CC）对2005年7月13日镇赉县宝山村出现的冰雹、雷雨大风及7月14日镇赉本站出现的暴雨观测资料进行分析，从而得出了不同类型的强对流天气的雷达回波特征。分析表明，冰雹、雷雨大风回波高度高，可达12km，暴雨过程回波高度仅9km；冰雹、雷雨大风这类强对流天气的雷达回波移动速度快，而局地暴雨的雷达回波移动速度缓慢。通过对多普勒径向速度图的分析，可以得出冰雹、雷雨大风与暴雨的动力结构有着明显差异。     

黔西南州冰雹与暴雨天气雷达回波特征分析

兴义新一代天气雷达运行两年来,观测到多次冰雹、暴雨天气过程,对其中几次典型个例作分析得出兴义地区冰雹与暴雨天气过程的雷达回波特征。冰雹的雷达回波移动速度快,而暴雨的雷达回波移动速度缓慢;冰雹回波强中心高度高,达8Km以上,暴雨回波强中心高度在7Km以下;通过对回波径向速度图的分析,可以得出冰雹与暴雨的动力结构有着明显的差异。     

一次强雷暴天气过程的雷达回波分析

从分析多普勒雷达探测强风暴的回波入手，通过对回波资料的分析，提取风暴发生发展与雷达回波显示的强度和速度场结构之间的关系，初步得出冰雹预警和下击暴流预报的方法，为今后进行冰雹和大风灾害的临近预报提供分析的依据和方法。     

哈尔滨强冰雹雷达回波特征

利用哈尔滨新一代天气雷达CINRAD／CC回波资料，对2003年6月18日发生在哈尔滨阿城市、五常县一次强对流天气的冰雹云雷达回波特征进行分析。采用强度场CAPPI资料作VCS和强度场与速度场作对比分析、在RHI径向速度场上对垂直风场的宏观推断等方法分析。发现虚假回波的出现与冰雹云相关，将虚假回波中的旁瓣回波在PPI上体现为“尖端回波”，在RHI上体现为“尖顶回波”和“三体散射”回波，可作为识别冰雹云的判据；另外可根据RHI径向速度场变化宏观推断垂直风切变。得到使用新一代天气雷达探测强冰雹云和识别虚假回波的方法，对0～2小时的冰雹临近预报有指导意义。     

用CINRAD-SA雷达产品识别冰雹、大风和强降水

利用位于河北新乐的CINRAD-SA多普勒天气雷达（回波强度、回波顶高、速度回波、垂直积分液态含水量、组合反射率、冰雹指数、中气旋、风廓线等）产品，对发生在河北省中南部地区的冰雹、强风、大型降水天气过程进行了统计分析。从中得到了不同天气类型的多普勒雷达指标，为今后利用多普勒雷达识别各类天气提供参考依据。     

一次冰雹过程的多普勒雷达资料分析

20022年6月16日，一次多单体强对流天气影响太原及周边地区。利用多普勒雷达回波资料分析了这次强对流天气过程，着重对冰雹云在其强度PPI、速度PPI、距离高度显示RHI上的回波特征进行了分析，并且利用垂直液态含水量分析了冰雹云增长的定量和定性的特征。通过分析总结出了冰雹云回波所具有的一般特点。2003年的汛期马上就要到来，这些分析结果，将为今后判别冰雹云和人工消雹提供依据。     

庆阳2次强对流天气过程的新一代雷达资料对比分析

通过新一代天气雷达观测,利用基本数据产品和物理量产品,分析了庆阳市2005年5月30日强冰雹过程和7月1～2日连续暴雨过程中雷达回波强度、速度、云顶高度、垂直积分液态含水量的特征,并将2次过程的雷达产品特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:冰雹和连续性暴雨回波反射率因子差异大,冰雹回波发展移动快,达50 km/h,中心强度超过50 dBZ;回波移动前沿梯度大,速度图上出现速度模糊,雷达探测出中气旋,云顶高度超过12 km;降雹前VIL出现跃增,中心超过20 kg/m2都有降雹。而连续暴雨强度只有25～35 dBZ,移速慢,零速度线分布有规律,能反映低空急流和冷暖气团移动规律,云顶高度低,仅为5～8 km,降水过程中VIL变化小。     

甘肃罕见冰雹天气过程个例分析

针对2005年5月30日甘肃区域性罕见冰雹天气过程,结合天气实况、环流形势以及环境场特征,利用卫星云图和新一代天气雷达产品资料,分析了这次强冰雹天气过程的影响系统、云图和雷达回波演变过程,得到了冰雹云在雷达强度回波、速度回波和卫星云图中的特征,揭示了这次强冰雹不是带状冰雹云系移到本地产生的,而是发展成中口尺度（MβCS）的中尺度对流系统造成的。同时,得出了一些做好冰雹预报预警量化指标。     

武汉一次强冰雹天气过程分析

利用多种资料对2006年8月3日武汉出现的罕见冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明:武汉处于不稳定大气层结中,干冷空气的侵入和"派比安"台风外围暖湿气流强烈辐合是冰雹天气的触发机制。中-β系统直接导致了冰雹天气过程,多普勒雷达回波上具有典型的后右侧V型槽口回波、弱回波区(WER)、弓形回波和悬挂回波等特征,并且强回波区与多普勒雷达速度场上的逆风区、大风区相关。     

2008年6月10日濮阳冰雹过程的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用2008年6月10日濮阳冰雹天气过程的新一代天气雷达观测资料,运用基本反射率、风暴相对径向速度、垂直积分液态含水量等产品对冰雹过程进行了分析,结果表明:本次冰雹过程由局地对流单体发展而成,雷达回波尺度不大,但回波强度很大,强中心最大达60-65 dBz.风暴相对径向速度产品图上,大风区、逆风区和正负速度对等出现、发展,预示强风暴的出现.速度场的强弱变化早于回波强度变化,可更早得到风暴的发展信息,从而提前预报出短时强对流等灾害性天气.垂直积分液态含水量在降雹过程中有明显跳跃现象,大值区与冰雹落区有一定的对应关系.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on