浮冰界面融化速率参数化方案的实验室研究

融冰季节时天然浮冰表面、底面和侧向融化共存,三者融化速率是底面大于侧向,侧向大于表面。而且浮冰尺寸越小,侧向速率占比越高。为了解决将小尺度浮冰块尺度指标计入融化参数化方案,在低温环境实验室无辐射、无流速、控制气温和水温条件下对天然海冰和人工冻结淡水冰的圆盘试样,开展了不同初始水温和不同初始直径的圆盘试样融化过程实验,获得了圆盘试样直径、厚度和质量融化过程。依据这些实验数据,构建试样直径厚度比这一新指标,通过物理分析和数学统计手段,建立了海冰和淡水冰试样表面、底面融化速率同温度梯度,侧向融化速率和温差以及直径厚度比的关系式。这些关系式能够应用于天然直径100 m范围内浮冰的融化参数化方案,期望能解决北冰洋海冰和入海口近岸淡水冰夏季融化季节能量和质量平衡数值模拟的需求。     

美洲黑石斑精子超低温保存研究

作者采用2 mL 的冷存管和程序降温仪高效超低温保存美洲黑石斑(Centropristis striata L.)精子.分析比较了4种不同浓度抗冻剂15%DMSO(二甲基亚砜)、15%EG(乙二醇)、15%PG(丙二醇)和10%Meth(甲醇),5种降温速率(10,15,20,25,30℃/min)和5种解冻温度(30,35,40,45,50℃)对美洲黑石斑精子超低温保存效果的影响.实验结果表明,采用 Hanks’作为稀释液,15% DMSO、15% EG、15% PG 作为抗冻剂,30℃/min 的降温速率对精液进行超低温保存35℃水浴解冻,冻精激活后获得理想的运动率(>60%).通过对抗冻剂、降温速率、解冻温度的筛选,作者建立了美洲黑石斑精液高效超低温保存的方法,并对冻精进行长期保存.美洲黑石斑精子超低温保存方法的建立对于海水鱼类精子库的建立以及种质资源的保存和生物多样性的保护具有重要意义.     

热带气旋各个要素对于海表面降温的影响

热带气旋的经过会引起海洋内部强烈的剪切,由剪切不稳定触发的强混合可以将温跃层的冷水卷挟上来,导致海洋混合层加深和海表面温度的下降。本文利用3-Dimensional Price Weller and Pinkel(3DPWP)模式模拟了不同热带气旋下的海表面降温,分别研究了热带气旋各个要素(气旋的强度,最大风速半径和移动速度)对于海表面降温的影响。模拟结果表明,海表面降温的空间分布主要受到气旋移动速度的影响,移动速度越快的降温,右偏现象越明显。海表面降温的幅度以及降温的区域随着气旋强度和最大风速半径的增大而单调递增,随移动速度增加而单调递减。海表面降温与热带气旋3个要素的拟合结果表明,气旋各个要素对于海表面降温影响作用的大小不同:在气旋移动速度较慢(小于4.5m/s)时,海表面降温主要受到气旋级别和移动速度的影响,在气旋移动速度较快(大于4.5m/s)时,气旋移动速度的影响作用减弱,海表面降温主要受气旋级别的影响。气旋最大风速半径的影响作用始终较小。     

大黄鱼精液的高效超低温保存

采用2 mL的冷存管和程序降温仪高效超低温保存大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena croce)精液。分析比较了5种不同浓度抗冻剂(二甲基亚砜、乙二醇、丙二醇和甘油和甲醇)、3种降温速率(10,20和30℃/min)和2种解冻温度(28℃和43℃)对大黄鱼精液超低温保存效果的影响。实验结果表明,采用Hanks’作为稀释液,10%～20%甘油或10%DMSO作为抗冻剂,20℃/min的降温速率对精液进行超低温保存43℃水浴解冻,冻精激活后获得理想的运动率(76.6%±11.4%～80.0%±12.6%),而且对10%甘油保存的冻精进行人工授精实验获得了与新鲜精液相似的受精率和孵化率。     

光强对缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)光合生理特性和短期温度效应的影响

由于季节和分布深度的不同,海藻接受的光强和温度也不同,其生理响应机制也不同。本文旨在研究不同光强对缘管浒苔(Ulvalinza)光合生理特性及短期温度效应的影响。缘管浒苔样品采自连云港高公岛海区(119.3°E, 34.5°N)。实验设置了低、中、高三个不同水平的光强,分别为90、200和400μE/(m~2·s)。结果表明,藻体的净光合作用速率在低光下显著低于培养在高、中光下的,而光强对呼吸作用速率无显著影响。高光下藻体光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)值显著低于中、低光强下,而非光化学淬灭(NPQ)值随光强降低显著下降。叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量在低光强下均显著高于高、中光强下的含量。最大相对电子传递速率(rETR_(max))随光强变化显著,中光下最高,低光下最低;饱和光强(I_k)在低光下显著低于在高、中光下。在不同浓度的溶解性无机碳(DIC)下,净光合作用速率在不受碳限制时所能达到的最大速率(V_(max))随光强升高而显著增大,净光合作用速率为最大速率一半时的底物浓度(K_m)在低光下显著低于高、中光下。这表明低光上调了藻体的无机碳利用能力。短期温度实验表明,高光培养下,酶失活一半时的温度(T_h)显著增加,而低光下藻体的净光合作用速率的最适温度(T_(opt))显著降低,这表明低光显著提高了缘管浒苔对环境的敏感性,而高光下的藻体更适应高温的环境,这为绿潮在5—7月份大规模暴发的现象研究提供了一定的理论参考依据。     

不同环境下镉对小球藻吸收磷速率的影响

在人工配制的污水中进行静态模拟实验,研究了不同光照强度及不同pH值下,镉对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在悬浮和固定状态下对污水中正磷酸盐的吸收速率的影响。结果表明,镉存在的情况下,在实验所设的各光照强度内,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为4~10μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为12~16μg/(h.个);而相同的镉浓度下,在不同的pH范围中,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为1.9~9.4μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为5.7~12μg/(h.个)。在不同光照强度下,镉总体上降低了小球藻对磷的吸收速率,其中使悬浮藻普遍下降40%~60%,而固定处理使藻受镉的影响较少,至多下降10%~20%,但在个别光照强度下镉反而促进了小球藻对磷的吸收速率。不同pH值时,无论悬浮态还是固定态,镉在大多pH下使小球藻的磷吸收速率下降20%~30%,固定处理并没有减少镉的影响,同样在个别pH下镉促进了对磷的吸收。     

LED单色光谱及复合光谱对赤潮优势种中肋骨条藻生长的作用

以赤潮优势种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为研究对象,荧光灯和自制LED(light-emitting diode)控制灯为光源,研究不同LED单色光谱及复合光谱(蓝光,绿光,红光,白光,蓝红光,绿红光)对中肋骨条藻生长的作用。实验结果表明,在相同的光合有效量子通量密度条件下,对于单色光,中肋骨条藻在蓝光下生长较快,红光次之,在绿光下生长最慢;对于复合光,中肋骨条藻在荧光灯下生长最快,而在蓝红光下生长略高于在绿红光下生长。各光源下中肋骨条藻生长速率的顺序为:荧光灯>蓝红光LED>绿红光LED>蓝光LED>红光LED>绿光LED。通过比较在不同光照条件下中肋骨条藻的生长速率,表明不同光谱对中肋骨条藻生长的作用不同。     

辽东湾粒状海冰弯曲力学行为试验研究

弯曲破坏是冰与船舶和锥形海洋结构物相互作用时经常发生的一种冰破坏模式。全球变暖延长了渤海海冰的冻结期,导致冰层中粒状冰的比例呈增加趋势。为了更好地理解渤海粒状海冰的弯曲力学行为,使用2010－2011年冬季在辽东湾收集的粒状海冰进行了实验室三点弯曲试验。在?5、?10和?15°C条件下,共测试了42个海冰试样。应变速率范围为1×10?6~6×10?4 s?1,加载方向垂直于原始冰面。在试验过程中,测量每个冰试样的盐度和密度以计算孔隙率。试验分别给出了弯曲强度和有效弹性模量关于孔隙率的参数化关系,归一化后,弯曲强度在整个应变速率范围内没有速率依赖性。相比之下,有效弹性模量随着应变速率的增大而增大。以孔隙率和应变速率为因子,建立了冰试样有效弹性模量的参数化方程。     

营养盐因子对龙须菜和菊花江蓠氮磷吸收速率的影响

本文在实验室条件下,研究了营养盐因子对龙须菜和菊花江蓠N、P吸收速率的 影响,分别对不同氮和磷的浓度、氮磷比及不同化合态氮对这两种藻类氮、磷吸收速 率的影响进行了实验与分析．结果表明:在适宜范围内,两种海藻对氮、磷的吸收速率 随介质中氮、磷浓度的增加而增加;不同氮磷对两种海藻N吸收速率的影响不存在 显著差异,但对磷吸收速率的影响非常显著,最高对磷吸收速率在介质的氮磷比为 10:1时;海藻对NH4-N的吸收速率随着NO3-N／NH4-N比的降低而增加,对PO43-P的 吸收速率与对NH4-N的吸收相似,而对NO3-N的吸收速率与对NH4-N的吸收相反．     

近平衡状态海水中方解石和文石沉淀速率及动力学研究

利用"freedrift"开放反应系统,研究人工海水中近沉淀平衡状态时二氧化碳分压(p(CO2))的变化对方解石、文石沉淀速率及其动力学方程的影响.反应在恒定的温度(25.0℃±0.2℃)、p(CO2)环境下进行,通过实验得到了不同p(CO2)环境下,方解石和丈石的沉淀速率及动力学方程.研究发现:(1)晶体类型和碳酸盐...     

The rate of feeding of the bryozoan,Zoobotryon verticillatum

The ctenostome bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum was found to clear suspensions of four species of algae, at rates ranging from 0.152–1.05 ml per zooid per hour, or 13.9–96.2 ml per mg dry weight per hour, when the algal suspensions were below the satiation concentrations and thus maximum clearance rates would be expected. Suspensions of Monochrysis lutheri, a small flagellate on which the bryozoan grew well and with which most experiments were made, was cleared below the satiation concentration of 7,900 cells per ml, at the mean rate of 0.368 ml per zooid per hour or 33.7 ml per mg dry weight per hour.

Satiation concentrations of the four species of algae were of the same order as the highest concentrations of nannoplankton to be expected in the bryozoan's natural habitat.

The bryozoan colony fed fairly constantly over a 48 hour period.

Assuming oxygen consumption was similar to that of other bryozoans, Zoobotryon verticillatum cleared about 11.6 litres per ml of oxygen consumed.     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌溶藻活性代谢产物部分特性的研究

研究了不同因素对侧孢短芽孢杆菌（Brevibaci Uuslaterosporus）无菌滤液溶藻效果的影响,并对无菌滤液进行了紫外光谱扫描分析,探讨侧孢短芽孢杆菌溶藻活性代谢产物的物质特性、探究物质的组成成分．结果显示：无菌滤液分别经不同温度、pH值、蛋白酶和紫外照射时间处理后,均仍具有极为显著的溶藻能力（P〈0．01）,溶藻实验7d后颤藻（Oscillatoria sp．）叶绿素a质量浓度的平均下降率分别为：58．65％、63．88％、61．50％和62．61％,藻体干重的平均下降率分别为：39．77％、39．30％、36．49％和37．02％,表明溶藻活性代谢物质具有耐酸、耐碱、耐高温、抗蛋白酶水解、抗紫外辐射的特性;同时,分别在4、28℃环境中贮存28d的无菌滤液,始终保持着极高的溶藻活性,溶藻实验7d后颤藻叶绿素a质量浓度的平均下降率分别为：50．84％和60．39％,藻体干重的平均下降率分别为：37．82％和37．54％,说明该物质的结构极其稳定,在环境中可长久存在;另外,加热与未加热处理的无菌滤液的紫外光谱最大吸收峰都在290～300nm之间．分析表明,溶藻活性代谢产物极大程度上属于具有极强稳定性的肽类物质．     

Pyrite formation under conditions approximating those in anoxic sediments: II. Influence of precursor iron minerals and organic matter

In the paper (Wang and Morse, 1996) that preceded this study, we presented results of experiments performed using a silica gel crystal growth technique to produce pyrite under conditions approximating those commonly occurring in anoxic marine sediments. The primary focus of that study was on the chemical pathways that pyrite formation follows and how differing conditions influenced reaction kinetics and morphology of pyrite crystals. In this paper, we present results of further long-term (up to 1 y) studies of pyrite formation, using the silica gel experimental technique, in which we investigated the role that different precursor iron (hydr)oxide minerals and marine organic matter play in pyrite formation. The minerals studied were akaganeite (β-FeOOH), ferrihydrite (Fe₅HO₈ · 4H₂O), goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). Marine organic matter used in this study was freeze-dried plankton collected from near-surface water in the Gulf of Mexico. The influence of precursor iron (hydr)oxide mineralogy, although important for initial iron sulfidization rates, was relatively minor compared to other variables, such as solution pH and sulfide concentration, in controlling the rate of pyrite formation. Consequently, major variations in the observed rate of pyritization of different iron (hydr)oxide minerals in sediments (e.g., Canfield and Berner, 1987) may reflect large differences in surface areas of the minerals rather than their intrinsic reactivity and is a confirmation of the estimates of Canfield et al. (1992) that most iron oxides have similar reactivity. The presence of marine organic matter (freeze-dried plankton) caused an increase in the sulfidization rate of goethite and a major (about 20 ×) decrease in the rate of pyrite formation. This can be interpreted as indicating that organic matter-iron interactions are important in both iron (hydr)oxide dissolution, and pyrite nucleation and growth. A possible explanation for this behavior is that dissolved organic matter produced during the long experiments (up to 1 year) increased the rate of goethite dissolution while inhibiting pyrite nucleation and growth by complexing iron. The lessons learned in the study of other mineral reaction kinetics (e.g., calcite and aragonite), that rates determined in pure inorganic systems, may not always be reliably applied to natural systems where organic matter can significantly influence mineral dissolution and growth rates, are, alas, repeated here for pyrite.     

Non-equilibrium flocculation characteristics of fine-grained sediments in grid-generated turbulent flow

Results are presented from a series of settling column experiments investigating temporal variations in the flocculation characteristics of purely cohesive (kaolin clay) sediment suspensions and cohesive (kaolin) and non-cohesive (fine sand) sediment fraction mixtures. Experimental runs were conducted under controlled hydrodynamic conditions generated by a rigid array of in-phase oscillating grids. The results indicated that rapid initial floc aggregation occurred under low turbulent shear rates, with peak maximal and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) floc sizes (∼ 400 μm and ∼ 200 μm, respectively) attained after relatively short time periods, before reducing with time. By contrast, lower aggregation rates and smaller floc sizes were observed under higher shear conditions, with flocs retaining suspended in the settling column for longer time scales due to the increased turbulence. The mud input concentration displayed some correlation with maximal and r.m.s. floc sizes at higher shear rates but no correlation was apparent at low shear rates. This observed floc behaviour may be attributed to the differences in concentration gradients at high and low shear rates that affect both floc settling rate and time required for flocs to attain equilibrium size. The addition of the fine sand fraction to the kaolin clay suspension reduced both the initial floc formation (i.e. aggregation) rate and the maximal and r.m.s. floc sizes attained throughout the experiments. The reduction in maximal floc sizes appeared to be enhanced by an increase in the ratio of fine sand to kaolin clay content within the mixture.     

盐度和体质量对半滑舌鳎标准代谢率的影响

采用流水式呼吸仪测定了不同体质量的半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)在盐度为16.43～33.62条件下的标准代谢率.结果表明:各个盐度下的标准代谢率与体质量呈正相关,而单位体质量标准代谢率与体质量呈负相关;标准代谢率与体质量之间的关系可用幂函数Rs=aM<'b>表示.不同盐度下,标准代谢率的组间...     

Determination of volatile fatty acid turnover rates in organic-rich marine sediments

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) apparent turnover rates in organic-rich marine sediments were determined by measuring whole sediment VFA concentration and the corresponding first-order reaction rate constants. In order to measure VFA concentrations, bulk wet sediment samples were basified, freeze-dried, extracted with methanol, derivatized to form methyl esters of the VFAs, and analyzed by packed-column gas chromatography using hexanoic acid as an internal standard. The detection limits for acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate and butyrate were 1.0, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.2 μmol l^?1_s, respectively, for 600 ml samples. Rate constants for acetate and propionate were determined by anaerobically incubating samples at in-situ temperatures with tracer levels of ¹⁴C-labelled VFAs. Metabolized label was recovered as CO₂, CH₄, cellular material, water-soluble material, and VFA (ether-soluble) fractions. Apparent turnover rates measured during summer and winter in anoxic Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina (U.S.A.) sediments were in the range of 19–330 μmol l^?1_s h^?1 for acetate and 0.7–7.0 μmol l^?1_s h^?1 for propionate.     

不同流速和苗种规格对缢蛏平面流中间培育效果的影响

为了优化蛏苗集约化平面流中间培育技术,研究了不同进水流速和苗种规格对缢蛏中间培育效果的影响,并分析了集约化平面流中间培育系统的水质状况。结果显示,不同进水流速对缢蛏稚贝生长影响显著,稚贝生长速率随进水流速增加而增加,但成活率下降。通过流速与成活率和体质量日增生长量的线性回归分析,估算0.163L/s为适宜的进水流速。在适宜流速和相同放苗重量下,大规格苗种(8万粒/kg)生长速度显著高于小规格苗种(18万粒/kg),但因为小规格组放苗数量多,小规格组单位面积质量较其高出23.72%。除低流速组以外,平面流中间培育过程对叶绿素a和铵态氮有良好的去除效果,去除率分别达到36.99%和3.88%以上,这表明平面流集约化中间培育在利用海水池塘水体进行苗种中间培育的同时,也起到了池塘养殖水体的净化作用。综合认为,在养殖密度0.5kg/m^2、流速0.163 L/s的培育条件下,可以保证水体自污染程度较低,缢蛏苗种生长较快,成活率在73.12%以上。     

杂交鲷和黑鲷幼鱼的代谢率及排泄率比较

杂交鲷是以真鲷为母本,黑鲷为父本的杂交F1代品种,为了比较杂交鲷与黑鲷的代谢特征,采用静水密闭式呼吸仪测定了13、18、23、28、33℃（32℃）5个温度下杂交鲷和黑鲷幼鱼的代谢率及排泄率.结果表明：13~28℃温度下,杂交鲷和黑鲷幼鱼的代谢率、排泄率均随温度的升高而升高,28℃时杂交鲷和黑鲷幼鱼的代谢率、排泄率分别为14.22±0.95、0.39±0.02 J/（g.h）和17.47±0.14、0.43±0.02 J/（.gh）,分别是其13℃时的5.69、4.05倍和4.01、3.73倍;且各温度下黑鲷的代谢率始终高于杂交鲷,前者是后者的1.23~1.73倍;杂交鲷和黑鲷幼鱼分别在32℃和33℃时代谢率比28℃下跌了22.23%和3.83%,证明该温度已分别超出了这2种幼鱼的最高适温;杂交鲷和黑鲷幼鱼28℃时的窒息点溶解氧含量分别为1.94、1.40 mg/dm3,低于真鲷21℃时的窒息点溶解氧含量（2.30 mg/dm3）;O∶N原子比值结果显示,28℃时蛋白质供能比最低,生长积累速度最快,是2种幼鱼的最适温度.综合分析认为,杂交鲷幼鱼具有代谢率显著低于亲本的优点,也继承了父本耐低温的特点,但同时失去了亲本耐高温、耐低氧的特点,并出现了应激反应大等不良性状.     

Multi-technique approach to characterise the effects of cryopreservation on larval development of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

Cryopreservation experiments were conducted on D-stage larvae of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to investigate the effects of two cryoprotectant solutions and three cooling rates on larval development from 1 to 22 days post-fertilisation. Cryoprotectant solutions were made up to final concentrations (after 1:1 dilution with larvae) of 10% ethylene glycol, 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone and either 0.2 or 0.4 M trehalose. Three cooling rates (0.5, 1 and 2 °C min^?1 between ?10 and ?35 °C post-holding) were tested in an orthogonal design with the two cryoprotectants. Results indicate that control larvae out-performed all cryopreservation treatments for survival, feeding consumption and shell length parameters. However, larvae exposed to 0.4 M trehalose did considerably better than those exposed to 0.2 M trehalose, regardless of cooling rate conditions. Scanning electron and light microscopy observations were used to assess larval morphology and organogenesis, indicating that treatments with surviving larvae were morphologically and developmentally similar to control larvae.