基于实测埋深与开采量的抽水试验参数拟合

抽水试验是确定含水层参数及了解水文地质条件的一项重要方法,采用非稳定流直线图解法和水位恢复法对某水源地的抽水试验资料进行分析计算,根据水源地运行后的水位以及出水量资料来分析确定其水文地质参数。     

利用水位恢复期的降深比值求解含水层参数

本文以泰斯方程式为基础,给出了一种用水位恢复期的降深比值求解含水层参数的方法。该方法未对泰斯方程式进行任何近似简化,故可应用于较短时间的水位恢复观测资料。此种方法可称为水位恢复期的降深比值法。 一、方法原理: 设主孔停止抽水时γ处的观测孔水位降深值为S_p,根据泰斯公式可列出下式:     

无限承压含水层中主孔涌水多孔观测定降深井流试验水文地质参数计算

利用自溢井(孔) 做放水试验确定含水层水文地质参数, 是简便而经济的确定含水层水文地质参数的试验方法.涌水试验基本上属于定降深井流试验.在无限承压含水层中进行涌水试验, 使涌水孔(井) 降深s_w保持不变, 涌水量随时间的延续而减少, 除涌水孔(井) 本身以外, 含水层中任意点的水头H随时间的延续而降低.在单孔(井) 定降深井流试验利用涌水孔1/Q-lg t直线图解法计算水文地质参数的基础上, 建立一孔(主孔) 涌水多孔观测水位降低的直线图解法, 即s/Q-lg t直线图解法.      

对直线图解法求水文地质参数的改进

在利用抽水钻孔的水位恢复资料计算含水层的导水系数时,或者利用油井压力恢复曲线计算油层渗流参数时,通常都是借助于雅柯布的近似公式用直线图解法。      

抽水试验和长观水位联合模拟确定含水层参数

为了更加准确地确定含水层参数,提出了利用地下水流数值模拟软件Modflow耦合大型抽水试验和长观孔水位两个模型的方法,对含水层参数进行了识别与校验。该方法求得的含水层参数避免了只利用抽水试验模型校验所带来的不确定性,同时利用抽水实验数据进行抽水与恢复的全过程曲线拟合,水位降深模拟相对误差小于6%,提高了含水层参数的准确性。     

确定含水层参数的全程曲线拟合法

含水层参数的确定是地下水资源评价、数值模拟、开发利用与保护以及科学管理的重要基础,抽水试验法是确定含水层参数的主要方法。根据含水层抽水试验的泰斯（Theis）公式,运用优化理论,结合计算机技术,提出利用抽水试验数据确定含水层参数的全程曲线拟合法。该方法充分考虑抽水过程中水位快速下降段、水位缓慢下降段和水位恢复段的观测资料,满足计算水位与实测水位之间的误差平方和最小、计算的水位过程线与抽水过程的实测曲线最佳拟合。实例研究表明,该方法速度快、精度高、求参结果最优,既适用于承压含水层求参,又可推广到潜水含水层求参。     

13071采煤工作面突水水源分析与治理技术

通过对含煤地层薄层灰岩含水层长观孔、奥陶系灰岩含水层长观孔、斜风井采空区老空水的水位观测及突水水质的化验,认为告成煤矿13071工作面的突水水源主要为薄层灰岩水,斜风井老空水、奥陶系灰岩水有少量参与.其导水通道是工作面内底板存在的贯通裂隙带,通过采用以疏为主,其他为辅的治理方案,煤矿恢复了工作面的正常生产.     

基于数值模拟的含水层参数识别

利用地下水流数值模拟软件Modflow耦合大型抽水试验和长观孔水位两个模型的方法,对含水层参数进行了识别与校验,该方法求得的含水层参数避免了只利用抽水试验模型校验所带来的不确定性。同时利用抽水实验数据进行抽水与恢复的全过程曲线拟合,水位降深模拟相对误差小于6％,并且对均衡水量、泉水的溢出量以及末流场拟合程度进行了分析,均衡水量模拟相对误差最大为2．6％,泉水溢出量模拟相对误差最大为8．14％,末流场拟合程度也较好,从而提高了含水层参数的准确性。实例研究表明,这种求参方法精度高、切实可行,可以推广到其他的含水层参数确定中。     

沈阳市阳光港湾建筑群基坑降水施工研究

沈阳市阳光港湾建筑群高层建筑采用筏板基础,多层建筑采用人工挖孔灌注桩基础,在基础施工时,均需进行相应的降水工作。采用了分期降水的施工方法,首期降水施工是在分析场地水文地质条件的基础上,利用稳定流"大井法"预算基坑的涌水量,布置了9口井,使基坑周边的1#、2#、3#、4#观测孔水位均下降至5.11m,基本上达到了首期的降水的目的;第二期降水是利用首期降水观测的水位资料,采用稳定流干扰井群计算公式对场区地下水位进行了预报,重新设计了3口井。12口井全部投放使用后,测得稳定排水量为43 000m3/d,并形成了以基坑为中心的地下水降落漏斗,降水效果明显。此经验值得同类工程借鉴。     

"疏不干含水层"的辐射井降水技术

现今工程界,对于在—定条件下的“疏不干含水层”用常规的井点或深井不能达到“降水”目的,而辐射井降水技术能有效地解决这—难题。通过工程实例详细介绍了辐射井的概念、在“疏不干含水层”中的设计方法、施工方法及降水效果。     

辐射井疏干技术在露天矿地下水疏干中的应用研究

现有的井群疏干、地下巷道集中排水、地表地下联合疏干方法都已比较成熟有效,但当矿区的地下水系统由非均质各向异性、低渗透性含水介质组成时,井群疏干受到低渗透性含水层和高倾角裂隙的制约,无法达到良好的疏干效果。地下巷道集中排水方法一次性工程投入很大,含水层富水性极度不均时易造成许多不必要的浪费;地表地下联合疏干方法的地面部分对矿坑边坡安全和采场作业都会造成一定的影响。结合马钢集团南山矿业公司高村露天铁矿的地下水疏干技术研究专项,调查分析了矿区地质和水文地质条件,含水介质特点及含水层富水特征,借助GMS软件建立了高村矿区地下水水流模型,提出了辐射井疏干技术的设想,并依据前人提出的＂渗流-管流耦合模型＂模拟辐射井,完成了此类矿山的地下水辐射井疏干方法的初步研究。     

非承压含水层底部单孔疏放水渗流特征

由含水层底部向上施工疏放水孔（井）进行疏水降压是保证煤矿安全开采的重要措施之一,该类疏放水孔与地面抽水井的渗流特征具有显著差别。为了研究井下疏放水孔的渗流特征,以非承压含水层底部单井疏放水孔为例,采用数值模拟的方法对其渗流特征进行研究。研究结果表明,当疏放水井的井长l_w小于临界长度l_c时,即l_wc,疏放水井上部含水层孔隙水压力大于0,且由下而上呈先增加后减小的分布规律,渗流量与井长呈指数函数关系增加;当l_w ≥ l_c时,疏放水非完整井的渗流特征及渗流量与完整井相同;渗流量随井半径增加呈指数关系增加,且指数小于1;将s+l_w代替水位降深s对裘布依（Dupuit）潜水完整井计算公式进行修正,当l_wc时,采用修正的Dupuit潜水完整井计算公式计算疏放水非完整井渗流量更精确。该研究结果对认识井下疏放水井上部孔隙水压力分布特征及合理布置疏放水井具有重要的借鉴意义。      

某矿第四系底部含水层降水井群优化布置

基于目标函数法,以控制点水位为首要约束条件,以总排水量最少为目标函数,对某煤矿6311工作面上部第四系底部含水层疏放水井群降水进行优化设计。以该矿区的突水溃砂安全水头作为控制点水位,对优化设计方案进行计算。采用优化设计,在达到同样水位要求的前提下,可以使总排水量比采用承压转无压完整井公式计算结果减少20%。优化设计计算结果给出单井出水量,对井点位置的安排与单井出水设备的选择具有指导意义。      

Using numerical simulation for the prediction of mine dewatering from a karst water system underlying the coal seam in the Yuxian Basin,Northern China

Water inrush from a karst aquifer threatens mine safety in North China because of the special hydrogeological conditions. This paper systematically analyzes the regional hydrogeological conditions of the Cambrian–Ordovician limestone karst aquifer in the Yuxian Basin. Conceptual and mathematical models of karst water flow system are established, and the karst water flow system is simulated by the finite-difference method. The numerical model is checked using hydraulic head from karst water observation holes, and the sensitivity of hydrogeological parameters is analyzed. Further, the risk of water inrush from the karst aquifer underlying the coal seam in the second mining area of the Beiyangzhuang Mine in the basin is evaluated by the water inrush coefficient method. Based on the critical hydraulic head for mining safety, the rate of mine dewatering is simulated for the three stages of the mining plan with the numerical model. The results show that the risk of water inrush in the second mining area is high. The rate of dewatering in the three stages without grouting is 1300, 1860, and 2050 m³/h, respectively, and with local grouting is 1020, 1550, and 1700 m³/h, respectively. Dewatering combined with grouting not only ensures coal mine safety, but also significantly reduces the rate of dewatering. The prediction method of mine dewatering has practical significance in engineering applications.     

白龙港污水排放系统某浦东工作井降水工程

上海市白龙港污水排放系统浦东工作井降水工程利用上海市二十多年的降水经验,采用非完整井理论,线性规划设计理念。尤其是在南浦大桥桥堍下,在上海市第一、二、三承压含水层相连通的含水层组中采取此种降水手段,科学设计、施工和管理降水工程保证了顶管前期工作的正常进行,既顺利地配合工作井开挖干封底,又保证了顶管出洞干施工的有效环境,同时还保障了周围环境的安全与稳定,取得了可观的社会、环境和经济效益。     

Groundwater dewatering optimization in the Shengli no. 1 open-pit coalmine, Inner Mongolia, China

Impacted by groundwater, faults, lithology, and other factors, the slope of the Shengli no. 1 open-pit coalmine has been in a state of instability. Among these factors, groundwater in the quaternary aquifer is considered primary. Thus, an optimum design for dewatering well pumping rates is presented in this paper. A two-dimensional groundwater simulation model is built to characterize the groundwater flow of the study area. A steady-state model was applied to the observed data (head and discharge) to verify and calibrate the groundwater model. The pilot point method, with a regularization option provided by parameter estimation, was used to identify the hydraulic conductivity field. Afterward, a groundwater optimization model is integrated with the calibrated simulation model to realize groundwater dewatering optimization in the studied open-pit coalmine, and an optimization method called modified Pareto dominance-based real-coded genetic algorithm is adopted. Taking into account the safety of the mine, slope and dewatering wells, seepage discharge is added to objective function and the maximum aquifer saturated thickness is set as the constraint condition in the optimization model. The results indicate that the dewatering optimization procedure developed in this paper can serve as a useful template and framework for solving mining related water problems.     

保安煤矿西翼3煤层开采安全性研究

通过对矿区水文地质条件的分析,认为开采3煤层时的主要充水含水层为顶板砂岩裂隙水和底板奥灰水,以奥灰水最为突出。采用突水系数法及阻水系数法计算煤矿西翼3煤层开采的有效隔水层厚度为37.6m,运用大井法计算工作面开采过程中最大涌水量为98.3m3/h。研究认为：工作面可以进行带压开采,在巷道和工作面开拓中必须在井下施工探放水孔,在富水区进行疏水降压,达到安全开采的目的;开采F20、F35断层附近时应留足防水煤柱,并对奥灰进行疏水降压,以免发生突水事故。     

Anisotropy and bedding effects on the hydro geological regime in a confined aquifer to design an appropriate dewatering system

Prediction of groundwater inflow into mining excavations is very important in order to design an effective dewatering system to keep the mine workings dry and create prolonged cone of depression. The effects of anisotropy ratio and bedding on the hydraulic head and drawdown curves of a dewatering test carried out in a fully penetrating well in a confined aquifer have been investigated. An existing numerical finite element model has been used to perform the simulations. The results of the numerical model are compared to those from analytical Jacob and Lohman solution for estimating hydraulic heads and drawdown curves. It was found that the anisotropy ratio and bedding should not have a significant effect on drawdown and the quantity of inflow into a confined aquifer. It was further found that taking the simultaneous effects of anisotropy and bedding into account reduces the differences in the results of analytical and numerical methods. Comparison of the field data and model predictions showed that, the modelling results for a three layer anisotropic aquifer fit well to the field data than those results obtained for a single layer aquifer and the relative error decreased from 4.81 % to 2.98 %.     

Prediction of groundwater inflow into copper mines of the Lubin Głogów Copper District

 The Lubin Głogów copper district (lgom) is in an area of copper mining, where ore is mined at a depth of 600–1200 m below surface. Mine dewatering directly influences W-1 limestone aquifer of Permian (Zechstein) age and indirectly impacts a Triassic sandstone aquifer as well as water-bearing sediments interbeded with the coals. The prediction of groundwater inflow into mines has been performed using methods of mathematical modelling. In succeeding steps of the approach, the scheme of the hydrogeological framework was changed starting from the one-layer model up to the four-layer model. The evolution of this hydrogeological schematization is presented in this paper. The latest scheme characterizes such levels of details that allows the following predictions: (1) expansion of depression in all aquifers is influenced by dewatering, (2) the widest extent of depression is in the southern direction, (3) groundwater inflow to the Lubin and Rudna mines will remain at the same level, while the inflow to the Polkowice mine will increase by 25%. Reliable prediction can be achieved by incorporating the entire recharge and drainage area characteristics of the aquifer influenced by mine dewatering into the model. Received: 7 March 1998 · Accepted: 7 December 1998     

Three step-drawdown dewatering test in unsteady flow condition: a case study of the Siwan coal mine in North China Coalfield

A dewatering test is a common tool to estimate the physical properties of water-bearing layers in coal mines. The three step-drawdown dewatering test of unsteady flow, which combines both steady and unsteady flows, is designed in this study. The test design involves the identification of hydrogeological conditions, calculation of hydrogeological parameters, and prediction of mine water yields, particularly those of the Siwan coal mine in the coal mining district of Hebi. The results show that the water storage and the abundance of the second limestone aquifer in Taiyuan formation (L₂) is limited and easy to drain, while the Ordovician system aquifer (O₂) lateral recharges the L₂ by the F₈ fault. The correlation curve method, the cone balance method, and the analytical method are conducted in this study. Results show that the average water yield was 1436.1 m³/h when the water level of L₂ decreased from +?127 m to +?17 m. The three step-drawdown dewatering test not only provides ways to enrich the experimental data and reveal hydrogeological conditions, but it can also be adopted in several approaches to predict mine water yields.