冬季戴维斯海峡的海冰面积年陈变化与东亚气候关系研究

采用北极1°×1°海冰面积指数、海平面气压、500hPa高度场和中国160站气温等资料,分析了戴维斯海峡海冰的年际变化与大气环流及东亚气候的关系,结果发现冬季戴维斯海峡是影响东亚以及北半球气候变化的关键区之一,该区海冰面积年际变化与500hPa高度场的WA型、EU型遥相关以及东亚冬季风强、弱之间存在密切的关系.冬季该区海冰偏多,则500hPa高度场在北大西洋戴维斯海峡西欧一带为WA型遥相关(美国东部高度场偏高,北美东北部到格陵兰一带高度场偏低),在欧亚大陆为出现EU型遥相关(贝加尔湖及其以东和西欧高度场偏高),西伯利亚高压减弱,致使东亚冬季风偏弱,我国东北、西北和华北地区偏暖;而冬季该区海冰偏少时,情况正好相反.     

冬季戴维斯海冰年代际变化与大气环流关系

利用北极1°×1°海冰面积指数、海平面气压、500hPa高度场和中国160站气温等资料,运用统计分析方法讨论了戴维斯海峡海冰的长期变化趋势、年代际变化及其与大气环流的关系。结果发现,冬季戴维斯海峡海冰面积呈明显增多趋势,且具有较显著的年代际变化,其长期变化趋势、年代际变化与500hPa高度场的WA型、EU型遥相关、西伯利亚高压及中国北部气温等存在密切的关系。冬季戴维斯海峡海冰在1981年发生突变,突变前后相应高度场、海平面气压场和流场等大气环流场均有显著差异。     

冬季北极喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰面积变化对东亚冬季风的影响

通过大量的数据分析发现,冬季喀拉海、巴伦支海海区是影响东亚以及北半球气候变化的关键区之一,该海区海冰面积变化与大气500 hPa高度场的EU遥相关型以及东亚冬季风强、弱之间存在密切的关系。冬季该海区海冰偏多,则500 hPa高度场容易出现EU遥相关型（日本及西欧500 hPa高度场偏高）,亚洲大陆上的冷高压减弱,而北太平洋海域海平面气压升高,致使东亚冬季风偏弱以及2月份入侵我国的冷空气次数减少;而冬季该海区海冰偏少时,情况正好相反。     

秋季区域海冰面积异常与冬季大气环流及东亚区域气候的关系

利用北极海冰面积资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析逐月高度场、风场资料以及中国160站气温资料，探讨秋季区域海冰异常与冬季大气环流及区域气候的关系，结果表明，秋季东西伯利亚海海冰的年际变化与北半球冬季大气环流及东亚冬季风有着密切的关系，秋季该海区海冰偏多（偏少），相应冬季东亚冬季风偏强（偏弱）；进一步分析发现秋季该海区海冰面积偏大（偏小），相应冬季中国大部地区气温明显偏低（偏高）。     

北半球海冰的时空变化与冬季槽脊运动的可能联系

本文利用1973年到1987年北半球2°×2°格点海冰资料,分析了海冰时空变化的一些基本特征,发现海冰的分布以被地海洋地区最为强大,中纬度的戴维斯海峡,鄂霍次克海以及欧洲西北部的波罗的海峡也有较强的海冰分布,它们分别对应于冬季的三大槽的位置。海冰有很显著的季节变化,三月份最强而九月份最弱,海冰的这种季节变化和太阳辐射有着密切的联系。海冰的年际变化较季节变化小,年际演变周期较长。鄂霍次克海的海冰变化对东亚大槽产生影响,当冬季海冰强度大时,东亚大槽偏东且较弱,而当海冰强度小时,东亚大槽偏西且较强。     

前秋墨西哥湾流延伸区海温与东亚冬季风关系的年代际变化

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、哈德莱环流中心海表温度资料,研究了墨西哥湾流延伸区海温与东亚冬季风关系的年代际变化及可能原因。结果表明,秋季纽芬兰东南侧的墨西哥湾流延伸区海温与东亚冬季风联系在1970s中后期发生明显年代际突变,由1948—1976(P1)显著正相关变为1980—2012(P2)时段的不显著负相关。同时,与湾延区海温相联系的环流系统在P1和P2时段改变明显:P1时段湾延区海温偏高,冬季500 hPa位势高度场乌拉尔以东地区为大范围显著正异常,日本上空东亚大槽加深,东亚沿岸产生显著偏北风;而P2时段湾延区海温偏高,贝加尔湖上空为不显著负异常位势高度,东亚大槽区为弱的正异常,东亚沿岸有不显著偏南风异常。造成该突变的可能原因是P1时段湾延区海温偏高容易激发出北大西洋到东亚"正、负、正、负"的异常波列,且该异常中心与正位相欧亚遥相关(EU)波列的异常中心位置基本一致,位相叠加加强了正EU,进而造成东亚冬季风的异常强劲。而P2阶段从西欧到东亚沿岸呈现不显著的类似负位相EU波列,且异常中心与EU波列的异常中心位置有偏差,导致其与东亚冬季风关系相对于P1阶段发生了由显著正相关到不显著负相关的转变。     

冬季北太平洋涛动异常与东亚冬季风和我国天气气候的关系

用1948-2000年的北半球海平面气压场月平均资料，计算了北太平洋涛动指数和东亚冬季风指数，并研究了北太平洋涛动与东亚冬季风及我国冬季天气气候的关系。研究表明，北太平洋涛动异常变化与我国冬季天气、气候关系密切。强涛动年，东亚冬季风偏弱，我国气温普遍偏高，长江中下游地区降水偏少，而华南降水偏多；而弱涛动指数年，东亚冬季风偏强，我国气温普遍偏低，降水偏少。此外，还指出，强(弱)INPO年大气环流具有弱(强)WP型和强(弱)EU遥相关型。     

近40年东亚冬季风强度的多时间尺度变化特征及其与气候的关系

文章利用季风强度指数研究了近40年冬季1月份东亚季风强度趋势、年际、十年际变化特征及其与我国冬季天气气候的关系。结果指出，东亚冬季风的年际变化、年代际变化与我国冬季天气气候关系密切。弱冬季风时，我国天气气候是暖、湿；强冬季风时，则冷、干。但是，季风与我国气候在近40年中的趋势变化关系则不如其年际、十年际变化更密切。近40年来，我国冬季气温已明显升高，季风减弱，但不太显著。80年代中期开始，冬季风已明显减弱。此外，还指出，东亚强冬季风时，大气环流具有强WP型、弱EU遥相关型的特征     

北半球冬季欧亚遥相关型的变化特征及其对我国气候的影响?

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国160站地表面气温和降水的观测资料, 首先采用旋转经验正交函数 (REOF) 方法定义了冬季欧亚遥相关型 (EU), 并计算了冬季的欧亚遥相关型指数 (EU指数), 在此基础上分析了欧亚遥相关型的时间和空间变化特征, 并进一步研究了与欧亚遥相关型异常相联系的东亚冬季风系统变化以及我国冬季气温和降水的异常。针对欧亚遥相关型的分析结果表明, 在欧亚大陆上空, 大气内部存在与EU相联系的波列从北大西洋传播到乌拉尔山以东的欧亚大陆地区。在时间变化上, 冬季EU以为年际变率为主, 年代际变化的分量不明显, 其显著周期表现为2～4年。当冬季EU处于正位相时, 与之相关联的东亚大气环流异常表现为: 东亚地区高空的急流增强、 东亚大槽加深, 导致东亚冬季风偏强, 东亚地区温度偏低, 从而使得我国东部降温、 降水减少; 反之, 当冬季EU处于负位相时, 我国东部增温、 降水增加。     

2013/2014年东亚冬季风异常偏弱的可能成因

2005年之后东亚冬季风连续7年强度偏强,而2013/2014年冬季,东亚冬季风强度突然由强转弱,原因可能与前期秋季北极海冰的异常有关,受2013年秋季北极海冰异常影响,冬季西伯利亚高压偏弱,进而导致东亚冬季风偏弱以及我国气温偏高。季内,东亚冬季风强度变化显著,前冬偏弱,后冬偏强。受冬季风季节内变化影响,我国前冬暖、后冬冷;此外,前冬暖、后冬冷还受到北太平洋上空阻塞高压的异常活动影响,北太平洋地区的阻塞高压加强西移至日界线以西,导致东亚地区经向型环流加强,改变了前冬以纬向型为主的环流,前冬高纬地区堆积的冷空气向东亚地区侵袭。加之,前冬我国气温偏高,导致后冬我国多地降温显著,气温由偏高转偏低。而阻塞高压的西移可能与平流层环流的异常活动有关。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on