最大有效力矩准则及其构造地质学意义

摩尔-库伦准则广泛用于解释断裂的形成。然而却不能说明自然界广泛存在的大变形。一新的变形理论——最大有效力矩准则(MEMC),其数学表达式为:Meff=0.5(σ1-σ3)Lsin2αsinα,式中σ1-σ3为相关岩石的屈服强度,L为单位长度,α是最大主压应力轴(σ1)与变形带间的夹角。该准则证明有效力矩的最大值出现在σ1轴两侧54.7°方向上,其大小在55°±10°区间内无显著变化、覆盖全部自然和实验数据。最大有效力矩准则的主要构造意义为:1可用以确定相关变形构造形成时的应力状态;2在涡度与应变速率保持恒定的条件下,确定相关韧性剪切带运动学涡度(…     

不同构造层次岩石变形准则的融合与发展

岩石变形准则对于构造地质学、工程安全等方面均具有重要的理论价值与实践意义。经典的岩石脆性变形(破裂)准则包括屈特加准则(水平直线型包络线)、库伦准则(斜直线型和抛物线型包络线)、格里菲斯准则(抛物线型包络线)等。近年来最大有效力矩准则在野外韧性剪切带观测与理论计算中都得到了广泛应用,逐渐成为岩石韧性变形的重要准则。然而,这些变形准则在应用过程中还存在一些问题,如有些准则在理论上无法解释、彼此不相协调,最大有效力矩准则在摩尔图解中尚无对应的包络线,部分准则边界条件和应用范围不清等。本文针对这些问题,结合野外实际情况和理论分析,取得了如下认识:(1)水平直线型屈特加准则在地质过程中无法实现。(2)提出了最大有效力矩准则的包络线方程为τ=-0.35(σ_n-σ_d),在摩尔图解中为一条反倾斜直线型包络线;进而将脆性变形的格里菲斯准则和库伦准则与韧性变形的最大有效力矩准则统一表述于应力摩尔图解中,使各准则彼此协调和融合。(3)初步明确了各变形准则的适用条件及所对应的构造层次:张性应力存在的构造环境(包括地壳浅表层次、水力压裂等人为张性应力环境),格里菲斯准则比较合适,以张性破裂(θ=～0°)和张剪性破裂(θ=0°～30°)为主;上地壳在一般情况下(3个主应力均为挤压应力),斜直线型库伦准则更为合适,以锐夹角共轭剪破裂(θ=～30°)为主;随着深度的增加,在中地壳,抛物线型库伦准则较合适,以锐夹角脆韧性剪切变形带(θ=30°～45°)为主;进入下地壳及以下,最大有效力矩准则更合适,以钝夹角韧性剪切变形带(θ=～55°)为主。实际地质作用过程中影响岩石变形的因素更为复杂多样,应具体问题具体分析,不能简单地对号入座。     

结构面力学性质的定量鉴定

变形带力学性质的鉴定是地质力学研究中的先行基础步骤.近来出现一些新的概念和方法,可用以定量表征变形带的力学性质.天然变形带通常是一般剪切作用的产物,是纯剪切(共轴缩短或伸展)和简单剪切的组合.为了定量说明两者间的相对贡献,提出了运动学涡度(W_k)这一物理量,并简单地定义为cos υ.υ是主变形面内两特征方向间的夹角.纯剪切的υ=90°,W_k=0;简单剪切的υ=0°,W_k=1.一般剪切的υ介于0°和90°之间,W_k为0到1.运动学涡度符号的正负分别代表变形带的减薄和增厚.υ可通过极摩尔圆法求出.主压应力(σ₁)方向与W_k的关系为W_k=sin2ξ.ξ是σ₁与变形带法线间的夹角.因此,可用以确定变形带的W_k和力学性质.根据最大有效力矩准则,韧性变形带与主压应力(σ₁)方向间的夹角为55°,可用以确定古应力轴的方向,并可能确定变形时差应力的大小.      

最大有效力矩准则及相关地质构造

摩尔-库伦准则广泛用以说明断裂构造的形成,然而却不能解释自然界广泛分布的大变形。最近提出的岩石变形新理论——最大有效力矩准则,其数学表达式为Meff=0.5(σ1-σ3)L.sin2α.sinα。式中,σ1-σ3代表变形岩石的屈服强度,L为单位长度,α为σ1与变形带间的角度。该准则证明最大有效力矩出现在σ1轴左右54.7°方向,55°±10°区间力矩无显著变化,天然和实验的全部观测值全部位于该区间内。相关地质构造包括:膝褶带、伸展褶劈理、膏盐层中的屈服带、低角正断层、高角逆断层、结晶基底中的菱网状剪切带、地震反射剖面中的鳄鱼嘴构造和前陆盆地中的拆离褶皱等。据该准则可确定有关构造形成时的应力状态和运动学涡度,并扩展说明深俯冲超高压岩石的折返-出露机制。     

神秘的109.4°——共轭变形带的夹角

塑性力学的滑移线理论、Watterson零伸长度理论和最大有效力矩准则均获得共轭变形带的夹角为109.4°。该值与黄金规则相容,然而,滑移线理论的预测值面对伸长方向,与实际不符。零伸长度理论所预测的109.4°,不能解释实际观察到的平面共轭剪切带。根据最大有效力矩准则理论,预测韧性变形域共轭变形带面对主压应力方向或瞬时最小伸长度方向的夹角为109.4°。迄今获得的全部野外观测值和岩石力学实验结果均位于该预测值的±20°范围内,证明最大有效力矩准则的有效性。最大有效力矩准则可解释或求解:1)折劈理的形成,2)大型低角度正断层和高角度逆冲断层的形成,3)地震反射剖面中的鳄鱼嘴构造,4)变质结晶基底的基本构造型式——菱网状韧性剪切带,5)拆离褶皱的形成,6)古主应力和相关的运动学涡度。     

神秘的109.4°——共轭变形带的夹角

塑性力学的滑移线理论、Watterson零伸长度理论和最大有效力矩准则均获得共轭变形带的夹角为109.4°.该值与黄金规则相容,然而,滑移线理论的预测值面对伸长方向,与实际不符.零伸长度理论所预测的109.4°,不能解释实际观察到的平面共轭剪切带.根据最大有效力矩准则理论,预测韧性变形域共轭变形带面对主压应力方向或瞬时最小伸长度方向的夹角为109.4°.迄今获得的全部野外观测值和岩石力学实验结果均位于该预测值的±20°范围内,证明最大有效力矩准则的有效性.最大有效力矩准则可解释或求解:1)折劈理的形成,2)大型低角度正断层和高角度逆冲断层的形成,3)地震反射剖面中的鳄鱼嘴构造,4)变质结晶基底的基本构造型式--菱网状韧性剪切带,5)拆离褶皱的形成,6)古主应力和相关的运动学涡度.     

巷道蝶形破坏强度准则低敏感性研究及工程应用

巷道围岩的塑性区形态对巷道的破坏形式及破坏程度有重要影响。为探究三向应力场下塑性区形态演化过程,基于弹性力学推导了轴向应力表达式,并依据蝶形塑性区边界方程求解思路,确定了三维强度准则下三向塑性区近似解的求解方法。通过等球应力p、等偏应力q以及不同Lode角θ_σ来确定围岩应力加载方案,对不同三维强度准则下的围岩塑性区形态演化规律进行深入研究,论证了蝶形破坏的准则低敏感性。基于蝶形破坏理论对羊场湾160206回风巷道的非对称变形破坏机制及控制技术进行深入分析。研究结果表明：(1)在相同p、q及不同θ_σ的应力加载条件下,5种强度准则下的塑性区形态均呈现圆形、类椭圆及蝶形的演化规律,且每种强度准则在相同θ_σ的情况下围岩的塑性区形态基本一致。(2)相同应力大小、不同应力方向的加载方案下,围岩的塑性区形态大不相同。圆巷围岩的塑性区形态很大程度上由水平侧压比决定,轴向侧压对围岩的塑性区尺寸影响较大,对塑性区形态影响较小。(3)羊场湾160206回风巷道在叠加采动影响下顶板呈现非对称大变形破坏,基于蝶形塑性区支护思路,应用非对称锚杆索+...     

最大有效力矩准则及相关地质构造

摩尔-库伦准则广泛用以说明断裂构造的形成,然而却不能解释自然界广泛分布的大变形。最近提出的岩石变形新理论--最大有效力矩准则,其数学表达式为Meff=0.5(σ1-σ3)L.sin2α.sinα。式中,σ1-σ3代表变形岩石的屈服强度,L为单位长度,α为σ1与变形带间的角度。该准则证明最大有效力矩出现在σ1轴左右54.7°方向,55°±10°区间力矩无显著变化,天然和实验的全部观测值全部位于该区间内。相关地质构造包括:膝褶带、伸展褶劈理、膏盐层中的屈服带、低角正断层、高角逆断层、结晶基底中的菱网状剪切带、地震反射剖面中的鳄鱼嘴构造和前陆盆地中的拆离褶皱等。据该准则可确定有关构造形成时的应力状态和运动学涡度,并扩展说明深俯冲超高压岩石的折返-出露机制。     

锦屏一级水电站左岸浅表大理岩的卸荷微裂隙特征

在高山峡谷区,浅层岩体的表生改造相当发育。在锦屏一级水电站坝区陡峭的岸坡浅表大理岩岩体中采集定向标本,制作定向薄片,利用偏光显微镜统计和分析了微破碎带及带中微裂隙的方向分布情况。结果表明,（1）垂直于最小主应力σ₃的薄片中微破碎带在整体上未见明显定向性,垂直于最大主应力σ₁或中间主应力σ₂的薄片中微破碎带在整体上存在明显定向性,基本与岸坡平行;（2）微裂隙往往沿低指数晶面（包括解理面）发生,故晶内裂隙表现出直线式或台阶状样式,这符合最小能量原理;（3）卸荷应力场诱导控制微观卸荷裂隙的方向并使之具有强定向性。     

北京西山白垩纪-古近纪多期次构造叠加作用:以周口店黄院奥陶系变形为例

北京西山中新生代多期次变形强烈,是探讨华北板块构造演化的重要窗口.构造解析及EBSD组构分析表明,黄院奥陶系发育4个期次变形,第2期NE-SW向挤压变形为主体构造样式.第1期为顶面指向SEE的简单剪切,透入性面理S₁已基本置换层理S₀,伴生110°~120°缓倾拉伸线理;自北向南,第2期变形可划分为纵弯褶皱亚带和逆冲剪切亚带,褶皱倒伏趋势和剪切条带显示上盘向SW逆冲;第3期为沿面理S₂发生的NNW向正断层式滑脱,第4期为近N-S向陡倾正断层系.依据卷入变形的闪长岩脉最年轻锆石U-Pb年龄峰值（~116 Ma）,结合区域地质资料,认为:（1）黄院奥陶系第1期SEE向剪切时代为早白垩世晚期;（2）第2期晚白垩世NE-SW向挤压变形形成于燕山运动晚期,可能与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋关闭之后的陆陆汇聚相关.      

The Maximum Effective Moment Criterion （MEMC） and Its Implications in Structural Geology

1 Introduction A high-level generalization of structures in the earth crust has been given by Ramsay (1980): low-angle thrusts in the brittle upper crust and high-angle reverse shear zones in the ductile middle-lower crust are formed in contractional regimes; high-angle normal faults in the brittle upper crust and low-angle normal shear zones in the ductile middle- lower crust are formed in extensional regimes. The formation of low-angle thrusts and high-angle normal faults in brittle domains …     

Deformation Localization-A Review on the Maximum- Effective-Moment (MEM) Criterion

The essential difference in the formation of conjugate shear zones in brittle and ductile deformation is that the intersection angle between brittle conjugate faults in the contractional quadrants is acute(usually ~60°) whereas the angle between conjugate ductile shear zones is obtuse(usually 110°). The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, an experimentally validated empirical relationship, is commonly applied for interpreting the stress directions based on the orientation of the brittle shear fractures. However, the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion fails to explain the formation of the low-angle normal fault, high-angle reverse fault, and the conjugate strike-slip fault with an obtuse angle in the σ1 direction. Although it is ten years since the Maximum-Effective-Moment(MEM) criterion was first proposed, and increasingly solid evidence in support of it has been obtained from both observed examples in nature and laboratory experiments, it is not yet a commonly accepted model to use to interpret these antiMohr-Coulomb features that are widely observed in the natural world. The deformational behavior of rock depends on its intrinsic mechanical properties and external factors such as applied stresses, strain rates, and temperature conditions related to crustal depths. The occurrence of conjugate shear features with obtuse angles of ~110° in the contractional direction on different scales and at different crustal levels are consistent with the prediction of the MEM criterion, therefore ~110° is a reliable indicator for deformation localization that occurred at medium-low strain rates at any crustal levels. Since the strain–rate is variable through time in nature, brittle, ductile, and plastic features may appear within the same rock.     

最大有效力矩准则约束下的广西罗阳山地震、地质与地貌效应

使用重新调查后的1936年灵山6?级地震的烈度资料,结合罗阳山西北麓和南麓的河流地貌与地质构造考察,参考该地区裂变径迹年代学资料,探讨了罗阳山地区的地质力学环境。重新调查后的极震区等烈度区有北北西和北东2个优势方向区域,这2个区域围绕北北西向的泗州断层和北东向的寨圩断层展布。在构造与地貌调查中发现:罗阳山山体有地貌隆升表现,并得到了裂变径迹证据支持;罗阳山西北麓山前冲沟具右旋活动表现;泗州断层内部破裂面的倾向以南西向为优势方向,并具顺时针旋转和高倾角特征。地震分布显示:寨圩断层和泗州断层交汇部位的东南侧有小地震密集展布现象。经分析后认为,以上构造地貌现象是最大有效力矩准则约束下的地震、地质和地貌效应。      

Experimental Study of Migration of Gabbro Elements during Deformation

Gabbro is selected as a sample for experimental deformation to investigate and validate the migration of dements during rock deformation. Samples are deformed for 3 h under a strain of about 5% at T=700℃, p=100 MPa, σ=50 MPa. It is shown that there are 4 areas with different colors in the section of the samples paralld to σ1 : the extensional, contractional, and strongly compressional areas and a ductile shear zone, respectively on the basis of the stress states and the direction of material movement. The chemical components such as K, Na, AI and Fe from materials in different areas have changed. The four elements mentioned above in pyroxene grains decrease in content from the extensional area through the ductile shear zone, the contractional area, to the strongly compressional area. The contents of the same elements in feldspar grain vary in a reverse direction.     

Using the Maximum Effective Moment Criterion to Interpret Quartz <c>‐Fabric Patterns

The Maximum Effective Moment (MEM) criterion predicts that the initial orientation of ductile shear zones and shear bands is ~55° relative to the maximum principal stress axis (σ1) and that the kinematic vorticity number (Wk) is ~0.94. These preferred orientations should be reflected in the pattern of quartz -fabrics in shear zones and shear bands. Common quartz -fabrics in plane strain can be divided into low-temperature (L) and high-temperature (H) fabrics, with each group showing three patterns. A steady flow with a constant value of Wk≈0.94 gives rise to L-1 and H-1 patterns, which are commonly characterized by a single axis girdle normal to the shear zone and a single -point maximum parallel to the shear zone.Once the conjugate set develops, L-1 and H-1 have opening angles of ~70° and ~110°, respectively. L-2 and H-2 are asymmetric patterns associated with variable deformation partitioning and vorticity values of 0< Wk<0.94. In contrast, L-3 and H-3 are symmetric patterns associated with 100% deformation partitioning and Wk=0. The opening angle in quartz -fabrics is implicitly linked to the temperature during deformation. The opening angle is ~70° at low temperature and ~110° at high temperature. However, a linear correction between the opening angle and the temperature cannot be established. During deformation partitioning, synthetic shear bands form earlier than antithetic bands and are more easily developed. This may result in opening angles of <70° for low-temperature fabrics and of >110° for high-temperature fabrics. The following criteria can be used to recognize reworked shear zones that have experienced multiple orogenic phases and changes in the stress state: 1) the initial Wk is larger or smaller than ~0.94; 2) the change in Wk is abrupt, rather than progressive; 3) inconsistent shear senses are inferred for the different phases of deformation; and 4) a negative value of Wk is found in reworked shear zones.     

Experimental Study of Confining Pressure Initiated by Tectonic Force

An experimental study of the confining pressure, i.e. additional hydrostatic pressure initiated by the tectonic force is presented. The experimental progress is that the σ1 is gradually increasing from 0 in a limiting movement (ε1=0) in the σ1 direction and the speed rate of the accelerating load is 0.4 MPa*s-1 in the lateral and level directions. When σ2=σ3<200 MPa, Δσl is nearly lacking, Δσl is increasing at a high speed only when the horizontal force reaches 250-380 MPa, and Δσl almost ceases to increase at the level force of 380 MPa. It is calculated that the tectonic force can produce the confining pressure which is gradually increasing with σ2=σ3 before it reaches 380 MPa in an experiment. It is supposed that the horizontal force is almost all transformed into the confining pressure with the increase of the creep deformation of rocks.