中国海域有偿使用制度实施现状及建议

根据国家推行海域有偿使用制度的历程及历年海域使用管理数据,从海域有偿出让方式、海域有偿出让配套措施、海域使用金征收等方面总结了中国海域有偿使用制度实施现状。结果表明:目前,中国海域有偿出让以行政审批为主,同时,市场化方式出让工作稳步推进,沿海各地纷纷开展海域使用权招标拍卖挂牌出让工作。国家海域使用金征收逐步规范,执行2007年新海域使用金标准后,全国海域使用金征收总额大幅增加,以招拍挂方式出让海域征收的海域使用金也逐年递增。不过,填海造地用海海域使用金标准远低于毗邻土地价格,无法有效调控填海造地规模。针对海域有偿使用制度实施现状,提出了几点建议,认为海域使用金标准需要进一步细化,海域市场化出让要和严格的海域用途管制相结合,填海造地项目应该与毗邻土地捆绑出让,海域市场化出让方式暂时以招标和挂牌为主。     

依法管海，大有必要——以厦门市建立海域使用制度为例

１９９７年１月１６日,厦门市第十届人大常委会第二十七次会议审议通过了《厦门市海域使用管理规定》,该规定坚决贯彻了国家海域使用管理制度,以建立海域许可证制度和有偿使用制度为基本内容,有力地促进了厦门市海域使用管理的立法工作。但是,这一法律制度的建立也并...     

乐清市海洋综合管理见成效

乐清市海域使用管理已实现了海域使用许可制度和有偿使用制度双突破,海洋综合管理工作初见成效,迈入了法制化、科学化、规范化、有偿化管理轨道。 乐清市海洋管理局自1997年10月组建以来,认真贯彻执行《国家海域使用管理暂行规     

海域使用金内涵探讨

合理征收海域使用金是有效推进海域有偿使用制度实施的关键,在海域市场尚未发育成熟的条件下,只有弄清海域使用金的内涵才能做到科学制定海域使用金征收标准。结合海域使用方式的特殊性,指出海域使用金除了要使国家所有的海域所有权在经济上得到实现,同时还要体现海域使用人对其所损害的海域自然属性功能的补偿。     

试论地租理论在海域评估中的应用

随着海域有偿使用制度的建立,以确定海域使用金标准为主旨的海域资产评估工作,已成为海域管理中的一项重要基础性工作。由于海洋界的多数专家均已认同地租理论对海域评估的指导意义,弄清这一理论的内涵,正确认识和解决这一理论在海域评估应用中的具体问题,是十分必要的。一、地     

浅谈《海域使用管理法》的解释

2002年《海域使用管理法》（以下简称《海域法》）生效以来，随着执法活动的逐步开展与深入，如何正确理解《海域法》的内容，准确适用《海域法》的具体条款，则成为困扰海洋管理部门与执法部门的一个问题。例如：《海域法》第42条规定：“未经批准或者骗取批准，非法占用海域的，责令退还非法占用的海域，恢复海域原状，没收违法所得，并处非法占用海域期间内该海域面积应缴纳的海域使用金五倍以上十五倍以下罚款；对未经批准或者骗取批准，进行围海，填海活动的，并处非法占用海域期间内该海域面积应缴纳的海域使用金十倍以上二十倍以下的罚款。”     

关于海域使用确权若干问题的初步探讨

《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》(以下简称《海域法》)第三条规定,海域属于国家所有,国务院代表国家行使海域所有权。任何单位或个人不得侵占、买卖或者以其他形式非法转让海域。单位和个人使用海域,必须依法取得海域使用权。自《海域法》颁布实施以来,各项制度得到广泛实施,海域使用管理进一步规范、更趋科学合理。同时,配套的《海域使用管理技术规范》为界定项目用海范围,规范海域使用权的申请、办理、确权与管理提供了有力的技术支撑。但是,对有些功能使用上交叉的海域,或者同一海域不同空间上(水面、底土)使用的海域等特殊情况下如何…     

海域使用管理在海南省的实践与探索

一、海域使用管理工作概况海域使用管理工作在海南省的开展经历了从无到有、从薄弱到逐步强化的发展过程。在建省不久后的１９９１年，海南省在全国率先实行海域使用许可证和有偿使用制度，并在一些沿海市县进行试点。１９９１年第一个县级海域使用管理暂行办法在海南省的澄迈县出台以后，全省的海域使用管理工作开始逐步展开，到１９９２年１２月份，全省沿海１３个市县都出台了海域使用管理办法，较早形成了全省海域使用管理体系。１９９３年《国家海域使用管理暂行规定》出台以后，省海洋管理部门根据海南省实际情况颁布了有关配套的管理…     

加强海域综合管理 全面开展海域使用金征收管理工作

一、充分认识建立海域有偿使用制度的重要性和必要性建立海域有偿使用制度,是由海域所有权的属性、我国社会主义市场经济规律的内在要求和国家实施对海洋管理的有效手段等原因决定的。具体可从以下几个方面加以说明：1．海域有偿使用符合党和国家的有关政策江泽民同志在党的十五大的报告中指出：“统筹规划国土资源开发和整治,严格执行土地、水、森林。矿产、海洋等资源管理和保护的法律。实施资源有偿使用制度。”李鹏同志在八届全国人大四次、五次会议和九届全国人大一次会议的政府工作报告中都指出：“积极开发海洋资源,尽快完善自然…     

基于地租理论的养殖用海海域使用金定价机制探讨

为进一步推动我国海域有偿使用制度的顺利实施、促进海域资源市场化的有效运作以及提升海洋资源的开发利用效率，文章以养殖用海海域为例，概述地租理论的发展历程、我国养殖用海海域使用金征收现状和海水质量状况以及基于地租视角的养殖用海海域使用金制定标准。研究结果表明:我国养殖用海海域使用金的制定存在年代久远、现势性较差以及不同地区差别较大等问题；为在经济层面上实现海域所有权，国家应向海域使用者征收绝对海租；由于海水质量和地理位置等因素直接影响养殖用海等海域开发利用活动的整体效果和经济利益，也应根据不同资源禀赋收取级差海租。因此，从地租角度考察养殖用海海域使用金的制定，应是绝对地租和级差地租的综合体现。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev