Competence-based and game-based capacity development for sustainable water management in Germany

Sustainable water management is one of humanity’s most important challenges—today and in the future. Germany does not face a significant water shortage problem, but it has three main challenges: protection of water quality, ensuring public water supply and public wastewater disposal, and protecting the public and infrastructure from floods. Capacity development is a key issue to overcome the challenges of water resources in any country including Germany. Engineers, technicians, and mechanics need to upgrade their knowledge on a regular basis to deal with the complex management and rapid technological developments. In order to create efficient training schemes, the Vocational Training Working Group of Global Water Partnership (GWP), part of the GWP Capacity Development Task Force, has worked on the definition of fundamental job profiles for the Water and Sanitation Sector (WASS). To cover all technical functions of the industrial water cycle, it was necessary to identify around thirty occupations. Then, a competence-based training approach was adopted. Additionally, an assessment approach was also developed based on comparing the level of competence of the workers to a standard level of competence for each job. The RWTH Aachen University with its partners have developed another game-based approach (SeCom2.0) based on serious gaming technology to enable water professionals dealing with flood risk management to be trained on different flood situations in a virtual environment. SeCom2.0 has three main components that are connected by a database layer. In addition to the serious games component, there is a collaboration component and a learning management system. For nearly 100 members from the flood competence centre (HochwasserKompetenzCentrum) in Cologne, Germany gave input to simulate the real flooding scenarios, and the learners will have to deal with a flood scenario by protecting the city in a given time and using a given resources and tools. This work concluded that both competence-based and game-based approaches could be significantly improved by blending both approaches. This will improve the process of training; for example, the competence-based approach can be enriched by using game-based simulation by introducing the trainees to a simulation of different technologies in water utilities. This can save resources and money and enrich the training. More importantly is modifying the game-based approach using the approach of competence-based to focus on specific competencies and to make use of the competence standards in its assessment component. The first section of this introduces and categorizes water challenges in Germany. In the second and third section, the two approaches are introduced in details. The competence-based approach is introduced to the WASS while the games-based to the flood risk management. Finally, a conclusion and recommendations are illustrated.     

吉林省中部水资源利用趋势分析及对策

吉林省中部是全国重要的商品粮基地和东北重要的经济区,水资源的短缺和不合理利用严重制约了该区社会经济的可持续发展。根据水资源时空分布特征和开发利用现状,认为本区总体上为水资源脆弱区。从水资源需求趋势和供给能力两方面,综合判断水资源利用高峰将出现在2020年左右,用水量约为55～60亿m~3。水资源利用结构将有显著的变化,到2030年时,居民用水、工业用水、农业用水三者需水量之比达到1∶2∶2的水平。提出建设节水农业是实现区域水资源可持续利用的战略性措施；合理利用雨洪资源是提高供水体系稳定性的关键手段；实施水源置换工程是改善供水系统的重要举措；建立合理的水价体系是实现水资源合理配置的基础性工程；加强水资源的综合管理是实现水资源可持续利用的体制保障。     

需水管理的定义与内涵

水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,是生态与环境的控制性要素.中国人均占有水资源量少,不足2200m3,不足世界人均占有量的1/3.水资源时空分布极为不均,特别是在全球气候变化和大规模经济开发双重因素的交织作用下,中国水资源情势正在发生新的变化.在水资源管理理念上,要加快从供水管理向需水管理转变.为使人们对需水管理有比较全面和深刻的认识,部分专家和学者从各种角度论述了"需水管理"的定义和内涵,认为,需水管理是面向包括人类与自然在内所有用水户的水资源供需平衡的全方位而有序的管理系统工程,对各方面的需水,采取行政、经济、法律和技术等手段和措施,对水资源供需进行平衡与协调,遏制不合理用水需求,提高用水效率和效益,减少水资源短缺对人类社会的威胁,确保水资源可持续利用.简言之,需水管理意为以供定需,供需协调,人水和谐,持续利用.     

Comprehensive assessment of water security for inland watersheds in the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China

Water security is related closely to ecological, environmental, economic, social, and political problems, and may possibly even affect national security. The problem is especially important in arid inland watersheds. In this paper, we assess the water resources security of three watersheds in the Hexi Corridor (Northwest China) using a multi-level, multi-target, analytical hierarchy process approach. We constructed an assessment system based on the current situation and future development of the region’s water resources in the context of the society, economy, and environment of these inland watersheds. The assessment used 21 indicators that describe the ratio of water supply to demand, the ecological environment, food security, drinking-water security, disaster control capacity, water resources management, and economic conditions. The level of the water resources security was highest in the Shulehe watershed, followed by the Heihe watershed and the Shiyanghe watershed. Strategies to promote water security for all three watersheds are discussed.     

Environmental fragility framework for water supply systems: a case study in the Paulista Macro Metropolis area (SE Brazil)

Water resources availability is increasingly constrained, considering the quality and quantity available for use. There is an urgent need of recovering this availability, focusing on the planning and management process of water supply systems. One of the main threats to water resources is related to erosion effects, namely widespread pollution load and the silting of watercourses and reservoirs useful life reduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate water supply systems environmental fragility within the Paulista Macro Metropolis area and to use the results to develop environmental zone classes to orient territorial planning. The study was conducted in seven superficial water supply systems of the aforementioned region. Environmental fragility evaluation was focused on four environmental variables that represent natural vulnerability to erosion, and 2015 land cover map to delineate human influence on erosive processes. Results indicate that Tietê River water supply systems, namely Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) and Itupararanga systems, can be considered the most fragile water supply systems in the study area. The environmental fragility map was used to derive the environmental zoning map, including conservation and priority areas, suitable regions for agriculture expansion, and areas with high needs for restoration efforts. In addition, environmental fragility framework herein can be viewed as a model with high replication potential for regional planning and management in that land cover can be manipulated to minimize environment natural vulnerability, guiding territorial occupation toward a more sustainable landscape design, which subsidizes water resources multiple uses.     

缺水流域用水竞争与协作关系——以黄河流域为例

缓解水资源供需矛盾是缺水流域水资源管理的重点与难点,量化不同用水部门间的竞争与协作关系,可为缺水流域水资源供需关系提供评估方法和优化思路。分析了水资源的排他性和非排他性特征,定义了不同用水部门之间的竞争与协作关系,建立了用水竞争度和协作度量化方法,并提出减小竞争度、增大协作度的需水过程优化目标。以黄河流域为例评估用水竞争与协作关系,结果显示:2017年兰州以下各河段存在较强的用水竞争关系,汛期河道内缺水导致协作度较小;预测2030年兰州-河口镇和花园口以下用水竞争度较大,跨流域调水工程可有效降低各河段用水竞争度;流域水资源管理需进一步考虑汛期高流量的生态作用和非汛期输沙需水过程,进一步挖掘用水协作潜力;将部分汛期输沙水量调整至非汛期可以减小竞争度、增大协作度。     

缺水流域用水竞争与协作关系——以黄河流域为例

缓解水资源供需矛盾是缺水流域水资源管理的重点与难点,量化不同用水部门间的竞争与协作关系,可为缺水流域水资源供需关系提供评估方法和优化思路。分析了水资源的排他性和非排他性特征,定义了不同用水部门之间的竞争与协作关系,建立了用水竞争度和协作度量化方法,并提出减小竞争度、增大协作度的需水过程优化目标。以黄河流域为例评估用水竞争与协作关系,结果显示：2017年兰州以下各河段存在较强的用水竞争关系,汛期河道内缺水导致协作度较小;预测2030年兰州-河口镇和花园口以下用水竞争度较大,跨流域调水工程可有效降低各河段用水竞争度;流域水资源管理需进一步考虑汛期高流量的生态作用和非汛期输沙需水过程,进一步挖掘用水协作潜力;将部分汛期输沙水量调整至非汛期可以减小竞争度、增大协作度。     

中国区域缺水问题的发展趋势与解决对策

分析了建国以来我国两个缺水阶段的特点，即第一阶段是由农田灌溉面积快速发展引起的，第二阶段是供水能力增长缓慢造成的；然后根据我国工业发展速度、宜农荒地面积和农田灌溉面积的增长情况，分５个地区对我国２１世纪的水资源需求进行了预测，２１世纪我国的需水量将持续增长，至２０５０年达９５０×１０９ｍ３，但供水发展缓慢，因此我国２１世纪上半叶区域缺水问题严重。最后提出了解决我国区域缺水问题的四条对策，即开源、节流、加强污水处理与扩大资金投入     

基于水文模型的乌裕尔河流域水资源评价

基于水文模型的流域水资源评价可以为解决流域水资源短缺问题和改善水资源管理利用模式提供科学依据。针对传统水资源评价存在的问题,以乌裕尔河流域为例,利用研究区已建立的SWAT模型进行流域水资源评价,并分析了流域蓝水绿水资源量的时空分布规律。研究结果表明,绿水资源量在乌裕尔河流域水资源量中占得较大比重,对维持区域水安全、粮食安全和生态系统稳定具有重要作用。把绿水资源量评估纳入到传统水资源评估体系中,并对传统的水资源管理进行革新是一项势在必行的举措。     

Possibilities for water conservation in Bulgaria

The drought during the last 10 years in Bulgaria caused the interruption of water supply to more than 70% of the population of the country. Investigations on recent water demand showed that the role of water losses and irrational use so considerable that existing water resources became inqdequate. Bringing new water to existing supply systems is connected with considerable investments, time, and controversy. Water conservation could solve some water supply problems by providing more reasonable water consumption and additional time for development of new resources. In this paper the possibilities for reducing water use in Bulgaria and the need for developing a national conservation program are discussed. An analysis of the variables which effect water use is performed. The reasons for the water losses and using more than the necessary water quantities are discussed. Developing of water-use efficiency standards for plumbing fixtures and conservation-oriented water rates and measures are proposed.     

中国大陆面向生态的水资源管理与调控战略

通过对1999年度中国大陆降水量、水资源量和供需水量的分析，理论上提出了潜在的水资源和现实的水资源两个概念，潜在的水资源是所有形式产水量的总和，现实的水资源是指具有利用价值的水资源，认为中国的水资源战略应着力于将潜在的水资源最大限度地转化为现实的水资源，但在西北干旱地区，如何使降水量最大限度地转化为潜在水资源也是一个重要的命题。在大陆范围内，潜在的水资源是丰富的，但现实的水资源不足，中国未来需水总量并不会有大的增加，但对水质的要求会有较大的提高。从面向生态的水资源管理观点出发，分析了从降水量到供需水量过程中一系列环节的调控途径和原理，指出了水资源宏观调控的技术和方法——植被调节、地表水水库调节、地下水水库调节和水体污染控制。针对我国各区域的具体特点，阐明了在不同区域水资源调控的主要目的和手段。     

黄河流域水量分配方案优化及综合调度的关键科学问题

变化环境下缺水流域水资源演变与科学调控是国际上关注和研究的热点问题,也是中国水资源安全保障面临的重大难题。针对剧烈环境变化下黄河流域水资源显著减少、供需矛盾日益尖锐的问题,以提升流域水资源安全的调控能力为目标,识别了流域水资源供需演变认知—适应性评价—高效输沙—分水方案优化—协同调度的5大关键科学问题,从水资源供需演变机制分析、流域水量分配方案适应性综合评价、河库联动高效输沙水动力条件塑造技术、流域水资源动态均衡配置理论、复杂梯级水库群水-沙-电-生态多维协同调度等方面,提出了"黄河流域水量分配方案优化及综合调度"研究的总体架构和理论方法,构建了黄河流域水资源优化配置与协同调度技术体系,为提升缺水流域水资源管理能力与调度水平提供方法借鉴。     

基于系统动力学的新疆焉耆县水资源需求分析

应用系统动力学方法,建立了县域水资源利用SD模型,并对焉耆县主要的水资源利用系统中的农业需水量、工业需水量、生活需水量、牲畜需水量和生态需水量进行了仿真模拟,分析了焉耆县未来20年中各用水系统的动态趋势。通过仿真模拟可以看出,农业用水是该县的主要用水,用水量高达90％以上。农业用水量决定着总需水量的变化趋势,并极大地影响着水资源的供需关系;  其他方面需水量在未来20年中虽有大幅度增长的趋势,但所占比例很小,不能对总供需水关系产生明显的影响。从供水角度讲,提高地表水和地下水联合开发比例,可以较大缓解供水压力。文章旨在运用系统动力学方法,通过建立SD模型,为认识焉耆县水资源供需现状及发展趋势提供一种途径。     

Water use at Luxor,Egypt: consumption analysis and future demand forecasting

Water resources in Egypt are becoming scarce and the demand for clean drinking water supply is one of the most important priorities of the Egyptian government in recent years. Analyzing water use and future demand forecasting is a primitive clue for water demand management. Water in Luxor is used for agricultural, residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic purposes. The results of water use analysis indicated that for the time period from 1983 to 2012, agriculture is the highest consumer of water which reached about 94.76–97.38 % followed by residential water consumption (1.90–3.05 %), institutional water consumption (0.71–1.75 %), and touristic water consumption (0.02–0.43 %), respectively. The future demand forecasting results revealed that the present situation may continue to rise in the next 50 years which will increase the water demand with a water deficit ranging between 15 and 114 MCM/year. To fill the gap between the present water consumption and future residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic water demand, additional municipal facilities, and improvement and management of water supply/demand are needed. To cope with the predicted future water demand, it is recommended to improve the on-farm irrigation, reduce the demand for irrigation water, rationalize the irrigation water use, and enhance the integrated role of water users in integrated water resources management.     

鸡西市地下水资源评价研究

地下水资源的正确评价是进行地下水资源科学管理的前提,也是水资源可持续利用的基础。鸡西市缺水由来已久,其中水质性缺水、资源性缺水和工程性缺水并存。在分析研究区地质、水文地质条件基础上,通过选取相关水文地质参数和方法,进而评价地下水资源量和可开采资源量,为地下水资源的合理利用提供科学依据。     

美国坦帕湾地区供水策略介析

世界范围内的水资源和水环境问题越来越突出。首先系统介绍了美国弗罗里达州坦帕湾地区的水资源利用现状和供水管理策略,对该地区的地表水、地下水、海水淡化和废水利用的情况作了详细分析。该地区从以地下水为主的供水方式,改变为地表水、地下水、海水淡化各占1/3的供水方式的规划思想、经济分析以及管理措施具有积极的参考意义。针对我国的客观背景,进一步探讨了城市供水的挖潜途径,雨水直接回收和中水利用是城市节水的两个有效方式,沿海地区则应对海水淡化予以重视;对于广大的农村乡镇,雨水集水塘和小型平原水库则是提高农村供水条件和改善水环境的一种有效措施。     

Integrated, watershed-based management for sustainable water resources

Water scarcity is a becoming a critical issue globally, driven largely by the demands of an exponentially growing human population and complicated by the impacts of climate change on the amounts and distribution of precipitation. It is also due to mismanagement as scarce water resources are being used simultaneously for irrigation, power generation, public and industrial water supply, flood reduction, and wastewater disposal without consideration of the cumulative impacts to the water resources themselves. This paper outlines eight ecologically based principles and associated guidelines as the basis for integrated and watershed-based management of the world’s water resources.     

广州市水资源承载力的主成分分析

水资源承载力是衡量经济社会可持续发展的重要指标。本文以广州市水资源承载力为研究对象,在现有资料的基础上,运用主成分分析法从14个指标中提取出影响水资源承载力动态变化的两个主成分,并对广州市水资源承载力年际变化进行了综合评价。结果表明：2005—2010年,广州市水资源承载力呈现逐年下降的趋势。但就目前情况来看,通过扩展供水工程、加强节水措施等能缓解供需矛盾,水资源承载力还存在一定的提升空间。     

Optimal pumping from Palmela water supply wells (Portugal) using simulated annealing

Aquifer systems are an important part of an integrated water resources management plan as foreseen in the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (2000). The sustainable development of these systems demands the use of all available techniques capable of handling the multidisciplinary features of the problems involved. The formulation and resolution of an optimization model is described for a planning and management problem based on the Palmela aquifer (Portugal), developed to supply a given number of demand centres. This problem is solved using one of the latest optimization techniques, the simulated annealing heuristic method, designed to find the optimal solutions while avoiding falling into local optimums. The solution obtained, providing the wells location and the corresponding pumped flows to supply each centre, are analysed taking into account the objective function components and the constraints. It was found that the operation cost is the biggest share of the final cost, and the choice of wells is greatly affected by this fact. Another conclusion is that the solution takes advantage of the economies of scale, that is, it points toward drilling a large capacity well even if this increases the investment cost, rather than drilling several wells, which together will increase the operation costs.     

Mechanism and comprehensive countermeasure for drought management from the view of catastrophe theory

Drought is one of the major disasters around the world which cause great social and economic hardship. Recent events of severe droughts have motivated comprehensive research on drought management in China like many other countries of Asia, Europe and Africa. In this paper, the mechanism of drought management has been analyzed in light of water supply and water demand management considering water shortage as an inductor of drought. Catastrophe theory has been proposed to explain transitions through discontinuities and unexpected changes in water system. The study indicates that supply management can increase water supply; however, in long term, it may not be sustainable for drought mitigation. Water demand management, on the other hand, improves water use efficiency with less investment. Therefore, the study emphasizes water demand managements for drought management under future changing scenarios.