日照市水资源利用现状及可持续利用研究

分析了日照市的水资源现状以及在开发利用方面存在的问题,提出了解决水资源危机、确保城市可持续发展的策略和途径：实行地表水、地下水、城市雨水以及过境水的优化分配、联合调度;发展节水农业;配套高效、健全的保障体系;建设污水处理与中水回用工程;改善水库周边环境,提高水资源保护意识;采取有效的海水入侵防治措施等。     

衡水市雨水资源环境及利用前景分析研究

合理有效利用城市雨水资源,对缓解城市的水资源短缺问题意义重大。通过对近几年衡水市区内生态水、暴雨路面积水和天然雨水的水环境状况的分析研究,根据衡水市水资源的特点,结合降水不均的特点,对衡水市雨水资源利用的可行性和必要性进行分析,提出：发挥现有引蓄水工程效益,加强城市雨水利用规划,扩大雨水利用方式等措施,因地制宜开发雨水利用模式,实现水资源可持续发展。     

天津滨海新区供水结构及对策分析

天津是中国水资源短缺最严重的城市之一,人均水资源不足160 m3,仅占全国均值的6.9%,远远低于国际上600 m3的严重缺水警戒线,属重度缺水地区.而天津滨海新区又是天津市水资源最贫乏的地区,随着滨海新区建设的加速发展,对水资源的需求也越来越大,如何调整供水结构、保障水资源供给是滨海新区发展面临的重大课题.本文在论证天津滨海新区供水结构的基础上,根据滨海新区水资源条件和需求,提出了地表水、地下水、调水、再生污水、咸水利用、海水利用等多元互补性开发对策,以保障天津滨海新区发展的水资源需求.     

超采对北京市潮白河冲洪积扇中上部地区地下水质的影响

潮白河冲洪积扇中上游地区作为北京市最主要地表水和地下水供给区,在城市供水中的作用举足轻重。由于多年连续超采,地下水位持续下降,1999-2013年地下水位下降最大达45 m;应急水源地地区地下水硬度年均上升2.6%,密云十里堡地区地下水硬度和硝酸盐氮超标。通过分析潮白河冲洪积扇区域地下水开发利用、地下水位和水质变化情况以及地下水位变化对地下水水质的影响,认为：超量开采导致的地下水水位下降是引起该区域地下水水质恶化的主要原因之一,控制地下水超量开采和地表水污染,并利用南水北调的水进京之机回灌和停采以涵养地下水,是恢复区域水资源和水环境的良好途径。     

略论中国水安全问题与地下水的保障作用

中国水资源面临的形势依然十分严峻,水资源短缺、水污染严重、水生态环境恶化等问题日益突出,成为制约经济社会可持续发展的主要瓶颈。主要表现为:全国人均水资源量接近1700m~3,即将步入水紧张国家;京津冀等地区人均水资源量不足250m~3,水资源极度短缺,地下水超采严重;全国地表水质量总体好转,东部人口密集区地下水质量有恶化趋势;部分地区和城市水源供给结构单一,抵御突发性缺水事件的能力不足。地下水是国际公认的可靠供水水源,欧美等发达国家以地下水作为主要饮用水源。地下水在中国工农业供水和生活用水方面也发挥着重要作用。然而,地下水的重要作用并没有被广泛认同,甚至往往被忽视。本文阐明了地下水在保障水安全中的重要作用。保障水安全,核心在于推进治水思路战略转变,关键在于加强水文地质及相关学科科技创新。主要战略措施包括:从注重城市和工业节水向注重全面系统节水转变,以农业节水弥补城镇供水快速增长;从注重开发利用向注重涵养保护转变,以水资源涵养保护促进水资源可持续利用;从注重地表水供水向注重地下水地表水优化配置转变,以地下水战略储备应对突发性水危机;从注重工程调水向注重虚拟水贸易转变,以虚拟水贸易调节长期水供求关系。     

保定市饮用水水源地水质现状探析

河北保定市区现有3个城市集中式饮用水水源地,分别是一亩泉地下水水源地、西大洋水库地表水水源地、王快水库地表水水源地。随着城市居民对饮水安全要求的提高,水源地供水水质就显得尤为重要,通过对城区三处水源地2017年水质监测资料进行整编分析,评价水源地污染现状并提出改进措施,结果可知:市区3个城市集中式饮用水水源地水质状况均满足城市供水要求。但应进一步加强库区水资源保护,改善库区的水环境质量,保护好地表水资源。     

鲁南荆泉水源地水环境保护探讨

荆泉水源地是鲁南腾州唯一城市中供水水源地,其含水层岩性为寒武、奥陶系碳酸盐岩,位于一个独立的地下水含水系统之中。水量丰富,水质良好。由于城市人口增加和工业发展,对荆泉水源地地下水采量逐年增加,加之上游地区工业污水的超标排放,使该水源地水环境变差。为了保护好荆泉水源地地下水环境,应用过建立水质保护区,合理调配水资源、对荆河河道进行整治等多种综合治理措施,以确保荆泉水源地向腾州市的城市供水需求。     

沧州市农村供水地下水环境改善措施探析

针对沦州水资源严重匮乏、农村饮水不安全、深层地下水严重超采而造成的沧州地下水环境恶化问题,阐述沧州区域内地下水环境现状,分析农村集中供水现状及规划,探讨不同区域、不同年份,如何促进和发展农村集中供水,进而实现深层地下水与地表水(外调水)的水源切换,减少对深层地下水的开采量,改善地下水环境.     

烟台市平原区地下水资源开发利用现状分析

烟台市位于山东半岛中部,地下水开发利用程度较高,特别是在平原区,地下水是主要供水水源,大量开采地下水引起地下水位大幅下降、引发海水入侵等问题。通过对烟台市各平原区地下水资源量和实际开发利用情况进行分析,并对各区内地下水资源承载能力进行评价,结果可知:烟台市水资源供需矛盾主要集中在平原区,应通过节流开源的方式解决供需矛盾,采取因地制宜修建地表水蓄水工程,拦截入海水量,增加地表水的可利率。同时要增大地下水补给面积和增强地下水降水入渗强度,利用汛期等地下水补给充足时期,对海水入侵区地下水采取人工转换等方法,改善地下水生态环境,增加淡水区面积,保证烟台市平原区水资源采补平衡,均衡发展。     

甘肃省地下水资源衰减与短缺解决对策建议

随着经济社会快速发展,针对现有水源地保护中暴露出的问题,结合地下水资源简要分析提出：结合流域性自然生态恢复与保护,对地下水、地表水水源地实施流域性保护区划分,以保证水源地利用的永久性和持续性,杜绝污染水体作用,并在一定程度上提高水资源总量利用率。在未来社会中,甘肃省地下水资源衰减与短缺需依赖于加大拦蓄地表水以下渗补给,城市集中式供水结构普遍转向以地下水、地表水供水并举,或以地表水供水为主,减少地下水开采,不排除跨流域调水补充等措施。     

粤港澳大湾区水资源现状及其与社会经济协同演化趋势——与国际湾区对比研究

粤港澳大湾区（以下简称大湾区）水资源现状及其演化规律关系到该区社会经济的高质量发展。本文对大湾区"9市+2区"近10年的社会经济与水资源现状及其协同演化规律进行分析研究。结果显示：目前大湾区供水主要依赖地表水，水资源的分布与区域经济发展不协调，作为区域发展核心引擎的香港、澳门、深圳（极度缺水）以及广州（重度缺水）人均水资源量过低。广州、佛山、中山、东莞（>80%）以及深圳（>40%）水资源开发利用程度高，水资源供需压力大。通过归因分析得到大湾区的水资源利用现状与社会经济的协同规律：产业结构影响用水结构以及水资源开发利用程度，控制用水效率。区域内产业结构与发展趋势，及其与世界湾区的对比分析验证了产业结构理论中的"配第-克拉克定理"。随着大湾区经济持续的发展与产业结构优化，大湾区用水效率将提高，人均用水量会逐步降低。同时城市公共用水、生活用水需求量将持续上升，需确保大湾区供水设施，供水量及供水安全满足未来社会经济发展需求。     

Estimating Benefits in a Recovering Estuary: Tampa Bay,Florida

Restoration and preservation of riparian forests and coastal marshes provides nutrient removal and other biochemical and physical functions which may preclude, reduce, or delay the need for additional water treatment, while also protecting human health. We examined the ecosystem goods and related potential cost savings for the Tampa Bay community from seagrass expansion (more than 3,100 ha since 1990), coastal marsh, and mangrove restoration/recovery (more than 600 ha since 1990), and habitat that has been maintained or preserved. Habitats in and around Tampa Bay provide nutrient reductions equivalent to just over US$22 million per year in avoided wastewater treatment plant costs. Future accrual of value associated with maintaining the ecosystem good of usable clean water could rapidly increase to as high as ～US$3 billion per year, when one takes into account the additional costs of water treatment and storm water diversion infrastructure that is likely as the region’s population continues to grow. There is additional value accrual close to a quarter million dollars per year based on avoided social costs to the global community due to greenhouse gases sequestered by bay habitats. Most human beneficiaries associated with the maintenance of usable clean water in Tampa Bay are part of the surrounding regional community. The large current and future cost savings for the community surrounding Tampa Bay and additional benefits for the global community speak to the value of maintaining a healthy bay through past and continued restoration and preservation efforts.     

大同矿区水资源现状及开发利用对策研究

从根本上改变大同矿区供水紧张状况的引黄入晋工程及治理桑干河流域、改善大同生态环境，保证桑干河水质达到适宜地面引水的远、近期对策尚需一定时间实现的情况下，根据大同矿区的水文地质特征及矿区的水资源现状，提出了解决矿区水资源供需之间矛盾的现期对策，即对现有的水资源地实行保护性开采、控制小煤矿的无序开采、实行矿区内的排供结合及水质控制优化管理、加快矿井水回用方案的研究、开发新的水源地等措施。     

Rainwater harvesting: an option for sustainable rural water supply in Ghana

Potable water is a critical for improved health and for the pursuit of various socio-economic activities. Despite its immense usefulness, rural communities in developing countries such as Ghana lack adequate access to potable water. Rainwater harvesting, which has the potential of providing potable water for rural communities in Ghana and can be undertaken largely with local resources is rarely utilized. The purpose of this paper is to present rainwater harvesting as a sustainable water supply strategy for domestic use and is based on research undertaken in two rural communities in Ghana. The paper identifies opportunities such as affordability and user ownership as well as constraining bottlenecks that include poor roofing materials, lack of appropriate harvesting facilities and housing occupancy status as factors influencing rainwater harvesting practices by rural communities. It then proposes measures to resolve these and other difficulties associated with rainwater harvesting and thereby enhance its potential for sustainable rural water supply.     

Recent sedimentary development of Tampa Bay, Florida: A microtidal estuary incised into tertiary platform carbonates

Tampa Bay, a large, microtidal, clastic-filled estuary incised into Tertiary carbonate strata, is the largest estuary on Florida’s west coast. A total of 250 surface sediment samples and 17 cores were collected in Tampa Bay in order to determine the patterns and controlling factors governing the recent infilling and modern sediment distribution, and to examine the results in terms of current models of estuarine sedimentation and development. Surficial sediments in Tampa Bay consist of three facies types, each occurring in a distinct zone: modern terrigenous clastic muds occurring in the upper bay and around the bay periphery; relict, reworked-fluvial, quartz-rich sands occupying the open portion of the middle bay; and modern carbonate-rich, marine-derived sands and gravels occupying the lower bay. Factors controlling sediment distribution include: sediment source and supply rate; bathymetry, which is a function of the antecedent topography; and the winnowing effect of wind-generated waves that prohibits modern accumulation in the shallow middle bay. These factors also play a major role in the recent infilling history of Tampa Bay, which has progressed in four stages during the Holocene sea-level rise. Recently developed models of estuarine sedimentation are based primarily on mesotidal to macrotidal estuaries in terrigenous clastic settings in which sedimentation patterns and infilling history are a result of the relative contribution of marine and fluvial processes. Tampa Bay differs in that it was originally incised into carbonate strata, and neither fluvial or marine processes are interpreted to be major contributors to modern sediment distribution. Tampa Bay, therefore, provides an example of an unusual estuary type, which should be considered in future modeling efforts. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY083 00004     

喀斯特断陷盆地水资源高效开发利用模式构建

在调查研究典型喀斯特断陷盆地水文地质特征、地表水文过程、“五水”转换及水资源均衡,研发地下水高效开发利用、地表水调蓄、水污染风险评估与水质修复、农田节水灌溉及土壤保墒、水资源优化调控等系列技术的基础上,以可持续发展和系统科学理论为指导,构建了喀斯特断陷盆地水资源高效开发利用模式,包括理论与技术支撑体系和开发利用工程体系两个层次。前者的基本构成及内涵为:水资源高效开发利用工作流程、理论依据及技术支撑,是模式的理论与技术内涵;后者为沿着盆地地表、地下水的形成、运动和转换过程,从上游山区到下游河谷区,逐级分区部署的水资源开发利用工程体系,工程布局做到因地制宜、科学合理,大、中、小、微型并举,集中供水与分散供水兼顾,同时系统推进水质修复、水循环利用、节约用水等措施,实现水资源的高效和可持续开发利用。      

西南峰丛山区分散供水模式及存在的问题

西南峰丛区居民主要采用溶井、水柜与水窖三种模式进行分散式供水,其水源分别来自地下河、岩溶泉及雨水。水柜供水适用于有使用价值的泉水出露的峰丛山区,溶井供水主要适用于有竖井的峰丛洼地底部及溶丘谷地边缘,水窖供水多用于地势较高、地表垂向岩溶极为发育、仅有雨水可供利用的峰丛山区。在大量调查与实际工程基础上,本文分别对三种供水模式的设计思路、设计参数与施工中的注意事项进行了详细论述,并给出了分散供水模式的设计示意图。分散供水目前存在的主要问题是选址布局不合理、设计与施工不科学以及水质安全得不到保障,对分散供水工程进行储水、供水与水处理一体化优化设计是保障水质安全的可靠手段。      

定西市城市供水可持续发展对策研究

定西市城市供水主要依赖于西部的内官—香泉盆地地下水。本文从定西市城市供水水源地水文地质特征和地下水动态分析入手,指出由于长期的超量开采导致地下水位急剧下降,地下水资源面临枯竭的局面。如何有效的利用地下水资源,以满足定西市城市经济的可持续发展已成为十分紧迫问题。除了采取节水措施,提高水资源的利用率外．跨流域调水是中远期解决定西城市供水的唯一解决途径。     

需水管理的定义与内涵

水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,是生态与环境的控制性要素.中国人均占有水资源量少,不足2200m3,不足世界人均占有量的1/3.水资源时空分布极为不均,特别是在全球气候变化和大规模经济开发双重因素的交织作用下,中国水资源情势正在发生新的变化.在水资源管理理念上,要加快从供水管理向需水管理转变.为使人们对需水管理有比较全面和深刻的认识,部分专家和学者从各种角度论述了"需水管理"的定义和内涵,认为,需水管理是面向包括人类与自然在内所有用水户的水资源供需平衡的全方位而有序的管理系统工程,对各方面的需水,采取行政、经济、法律和技术等手段和措施,对水资源供需进行平衡与协调,遏制不合理用水需求,提高用水效率和效益,减少水资源短缺对人类社会的威胁,确保水资源可持续利用.简言之,需水管理意为以供定需,供需协调,人水和谐,持续利用.     

The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium)

Protection against flooding by the sea, drainage of rainwater and integrated management of groundwater and surface-water resources are key issues in low-lying coastal areas. However, under exceptional circumstances, knowledge to keep coastal areas dry and habitable can be used otherwise. Inundation for military purposes is such an example. The hydrogeology of the inundation at the Yser River, Belgium, during the Great War is studied. The inundation started in October 1914 to stop the German advance and lasted until 1918. A water balance and groundwater model are combined to derive the water balance before and during the inundation and to study the impact on the groundwater system. It is concluded that a number of hydrogeological factors contributed to the effectiveness of the inundation. Most importantly, the low-permeability subsoil facilitated loss of inundation water mainly by evaporation. Further, the normal water management strategy of the area (aimed at evacuating excess water towards the sea) was reversed to keep water between the opposing armies. However, the duration of the inundation meant a reorganization of the drainage of areas not inundated; truly an exercise in integrated water management.