Impact of aquaculture on eutrophication in Changshou Reservoir

1INTRODUCTION EUTROPHICATIONCANBEUNDERSTOODASAPHENOME NONOFTHEENRICHMENTOFNUTRIENTSINAWATERBODY.THE MOSTIMPORTANTNUTRIENTSTHATCAUSEEUTROPHICATIONARE PHOSPHATES,NITRATESANDAMMONIA(CAIQINGHUA,1993;HORNEANDGOLDMAN,1994).THEMOSTPROMI NENTFEATURESOFEUTROPHICWATERSARETHEHIGHCONTENTS OFNUTRIENTSANDTHEABUNDANCEOFPLANKTONSORATTACHED ALGAE.EUTROPHICATIONISACOMMONPHENOMENO…     

Simultaneous biological organic matter and nutrient removal in an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A<Superscript>2</Superscript>O) moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) integrated system

In the present study, the performance of three moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) has been evaluated in series with anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A²O) units for simultaneous removal of organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) from a synthetic wastewater with characteristics similar to those of a typical municipal wastewater. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to investigate the effects of nitrate recycle ratio, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) on the organic and nutrient removal and optimization process. The optimized values of influent COD, HRT, and R were 462 mg/L, 10 h, and 3.52, respectively. The predicted and observed values at optimized conditions were 92.8% and 93 ± 1.3%, 84.3% and 84 ± 1.3%, 71.7% and 68 ± 1.6% for COD, TN, and TP removals and 100 and 97 ± 1.2 mL/g for sludge volume index, respectively. After that, the influent COD, TN, and TP were increased to 550, 48, and 12 mg/L, respectively, to partly simulate the organics and nutrient variations of real wastewater treatment plants. The COD, TN, and TP removals were 91 ± 1.3, 82 ± 1.1, and 71 ± 0.8%, respectively. The influent COD, TN, and TP were increased again to 650, 56, and 14 mg/L, respectively. After this phase, the COD, TN, and TP removals were 90 ± 0.8, 80 ± 1.2, and 70 ± 1.0%, respectively. Obtained results indicated the good stability of the optimized system and the ability of MBBRs to remain stable at influent organics and nutrient variations. The ratio of attached volatile solids to mixed liquor volatile suspended solids was 1.90 ± 0.10, 2.07 ± 0.09, and 2.25 ± 0.14 in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. These high ratios indicate that the microorganisms had favored the attached growth to the suspended growth within the whole operation time.     

Mechanism of efficient nutrient removal and microbial analysis of a combined anaerobic baffled reactor–membrane bioreactor process

A combined ABR–MBR process consisting of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) combined with an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal wastewater was investigated at controlled pH range 6.5–8.5 and at constant temperature 25 ± 1 °C. Total nitrogen (TN), ammonia (NH₄ ⁺–N), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal performances were evaluated by analyzing the mechanism for efficient nutrient removal. The results showed that the average removal rates of COD, NH₄ ⁺–N, TN, and TP reached 93, 99, 79, and 92 %, respectively, corresponding with the COD, NH₄ ⁺–N, TN, and TP effluent of 24 (18–31), 0.4 (0–0.8), 10.6 (8.8–12.9), and 0.31 (0.1–0.5) mg/L under the operational condition of hydraulic retention time (HRT) 7.5 h, recycle ratio 200 %, and dissolved oxygen 3 mg/L. The MBR enhanced NH₄ ⁺–N, TN, and TP removal rates of 13, 10, and 18 %, respectively, and the membrane retention reduced TP 0.17 mg/L. The process was able to maintain a stable performance with high-quality effluent. Analysis of the results by fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, and phosphorus accumulating organisms as percentages of all bacteria in each compartment was stable. The enriched microorganisms in the system appear to be the main drivers of the process efficient for nutrient removal.     

太湖流域营养盐产量演变和趋势的数值模拟研究

认识流域湖泊水体富营养化的演变和趋势是湖泊污染控制和治理中的重要研究课题。本文将在分析和论证太湖流域营养盐自然本底、人类活动作用急剧增加的近50年来太湖流域营养盐的变化情况、以及全球气候变化和流域经济发展未来30年太湖流域营养盐变化趋势等三方面的基础上,对太湖流域营养盐产量变化做出评估和预测。研究表明,在未来气候变化概率分析和区域经济发展规划基础上,太湖流域未来30年营养盐流域产量将比现代（2000s）增加25%～33%,这将增大太湖水体污染的压力。     

长江中下游不同营养水平湖泊水体环境变化特征及机制

选择长江中下游49个湖泊进行不同季节的水体溶解无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP),溶解性无机磷(DIP)以及叶绿素a(Chla)等环境参数分析,开展不同营养水平湖泊水体环境变化特征及生物响应机制研究。结果表明:DIN、TN/TP随TP的变化规律反映了不同营养水平和季节下地球化学作用的影响;氨氮(NH₄-N)、TP、DIP、Chla尤其是NH₄-N的季节性变化规律与营养水平关系密切;TP<0.05 mg/L时,NH₄-N随总磷升高的趋势夏季大于其他季节,TN/TP与硝态氮(NO₃-N)、TN相关性好,营养源组成和氨化作用是主要影响因素;0.05 mg/L4-N随总磷升高的趋势基本相同,TN/TP与亚硝态氮(NO₂-N)、NO₃-N、TN相关好,水生植物利用、氨化和反硝化作用是主要影响因素。TP>0.1 mg/L,冬季NH₄-N随总磷升高的趋势明显大于其他季节,TN/TP在冬季和春季与TN、NO₃-N相关性好,夏季和秋季与TP相关性好,其主要原因在于夏季和秋季水生植物对DIN的利用量、反硝化作用和湖泊内源释放的显著增强。     

Structure equation model-based approach for determining lake nutrient standards in Yungui Plateau ecoregion and Eastern Plain ecoregion lakes,China

Predictive nutrient criteria method, combined with expert elicitation and structural equation model (SEM), was proposed in this study for establishing lake nutrient standard in Chinese lakes (Yungui Plateau ecoregion and Eastern Plain ecoregion). Expert elicitation was involved to quantify the probability of attainment of the designated-use (drinking water source) based on monitoring data. The experts scoring results were introduced to SEM to assess predictive relationships between candidate standard variables and the designated-use attainment. In Yungui ecoregion, the standardized effects of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus (TP) on designated-use attainment were ?0.41, ?0.14, and ?0.43, respectively. These result demonstrated that the two most predictive indicators for designated-use attainment were TP and Chl-a. In Eastern ecoregion, the standardized effects of TP, total nitrogen (TN), dissolved oxygen and water temperature (T) on designated-use attainment were 0.77, ?0.12, 0.13 and ?0.02, respectively. The most predictive indicator was TP. The model was further used for estimating the designated-use attainment associated with various levels of candidate standards. TP, TN, Chl-a and Secchi depth (SD) were selected as standard indicators in Yungui ecoregion. TP, TN, and Chl-a were selected in Eastern ecoregion. In order to achieve the 85 % designated-use attainment, standard values of TP, TN, Chl-a and SD in Yungui ecoregion would be 0.02 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 1.4 μg/L, and 0.581 m; and standards of TP, TN, and Chl-a in Eastern ecoregion would be 0.039 mg/L, 0.95 mg/L, and 1.75 μg/L, respectively. Finally, the differences between standards in these two ecoregions were also analyzed.     

东江源地表水污染优先控制治理分析

将东江源沿线18个水环境功能区划分成寻乌控制单元、安远控制单元和定南控制单元,2011~2012年间进行东江源地表水水质监测和污染负荷核算,结果表明,影响最广的主要污染源包括农业面源污染、城镇化加剧的区域生活污染和矿产企业工业点源污染,东江源地表水水质污染趋重,污染物以COD、氨氮和总氮为主,这些污染物指标均值分别为21.86mg·L-1、0.90mg·L-1、0.96mg·L-1,污染负荷分别达1 235.9t·a-1、622.8t·a-1和3 361.8t·a-1;筛选确定了寻乌、定南控制单元2个优先治理单元,以及寻乌县石排下游、定南下历河砂头下游2个重点监控点。其中寻乌控制单元主要污染物的年污染输出最大,分别占东江源流域的56.5%、51.5%、44.9%;安远控制单元的水质监测和年污染负荷量相对较低;定南控制单元主要污染物指标分别为26.4mg·L-1、1.41mg·L-1和1.13mg·L-1,劣Ⅴ类水质的功能区2个,数量最多。     

Nutrient Loss from Various Land－Use Areas in Shixia Small Watershed of Miyun County,Beijing China

In the Shixia small watershed,twenty experimental plots and two monitoring channels,the residential area and livestock areas were used to monitor the flow,runoff and erosion,Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations associated with various land uses were analyzed at the same time.The results are presented as follows:(1)TP ,TN and COD concentrations of runoff samples in the residential area and livestock arease are nearly 10 times those in other land-use areas.High nutrient loads are associated with village land use,which is due to unsuitable livestock rising.These areas should be treated as the critical areas of non-point source pollution.(2)Different land use influences intensity the loss nutrients,especially slope tillings in agricultural land.The amount of nutrient loss from agricultural land per unit is highest,that from forestry is intermediated and that frompastures is lowest,However,in consideration of the variability of land-use areas,agricultural land contributes the greatest to TP and forestry land to TN.(3)The concentrations of TN and TP in sediments from gangues are highest ,those in forestry land are intermediate,and those in agricultural land are lowest.Nutrient loss from hilly areas in much greater than from mountainous areas.     

Interpretative matrices approach to ranking lake sub-basin pollution potential: an applied study in Brazil

In 2005 a Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii bloom occurred in the Rio Verde Lake Basin (Brazil). To address this concern, a field analysis was performed to measure physicochemical variables and flows in 14 sub-basins, between 2008 and 2009. Measurements of mean total P (0.039 mg/L ± 0.018 mean SD), mean total Kjeldahl N (0.260 mg/L ± 0.226 mean SD), and mean BOD (1.2 mg/L ± 0.4 mean SD) concentrations were low in most streams, while COD reached a high of 27.1 mg/L (±4.9 mean SD). One tributary was responsible for 85 % of TP load, 77.1 % of TKN load, 78 % of t-BOD load, and 79 % of t-COD load. These concentrations and loads were used to develop the pollution potential assessment matrix (2PAM), which considered three different perspectives: stream water quality, reservoir ecosystem equilibrium, and sub-basin management. Each factor (TP, TKN, BOD and COD) was weighted based on concentration, total load and unit-area load. Pollution potential differed depending on which perspective was considered. The matrix developed, 2PAM, provides a new way to analyze concentrations and loads, enabling basin managers to prioritize action plans according to desired use within the basin.     

滇池湖滨带叶绿素a与营养盐空间分布特征

为探讨滇池湖滨带叶绿素a与营养盐空间分布特征及其对滇池水体富营养化的影响,在滇池湖滨带设置21个采样点进行水质调查,采集滇池水样,分析测定总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODCr)、叶绿素a(Chla)和悬浮固体(SS)。结果表明:滇池湖滨带水体TN、TP、CODCr、Chla、SS浓度均值的空间分布存在差异,叶绿素a空间分布呈现北高南低,西高东低的趋势。滇池湖滨带的北部和东部水体Chla与TN极显著相关,TN具有强变异性。南部和西部TN与CODCr、TP显著相关,南部Chla与营养盐空间变异性较小,污染风险相对较小。按照"一区一策"的原则,滇池北部和东部湖滨带富营养化以控制TN的水平为主,南部、西部的富营养化防控则需要控制整体营养盐元素浓度。     

太湖东部湖湾水生植物生长区底泥氮磷污染特征

为了解太湖东部湖湾(贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾)表层底泥中氮、磷的污染特征及其与水生植物生长的关系,采集了各湖湾滨岸带水生植物生长区的表层底泥,探讨了水生植物的生长与分布对表层底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及总有机碳(TOC)等含量的影响,并对表层底泥进行营养评价.结果表明,水生植物生长密集区底泥中TN、TP、TOC的含量均显著低于水生植物零星生长区,说明水生植物的生长对太湖东部湖湾表层底泥中营养盐与有机碳含量具有较为明显的影响;相关性分析显示,表层底泥中TOC与TN含量呈显著相关性(R2=0.832 8),而与TP的相关性则较弱(R2=0.166 5),反映了TOC在湖泊底泥中的沉积可能成为湖泊氮的重要来源,而对磷的影响较小.利用有机指数与有机氮指数两种方法分别对东部各湖湾底泥进行污染评价,贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾底泥有机指数平均值分别为0.142 7、0.228 6与0.208 6,均属较清洁与尚清洁水平,而各湖湾有机氮指数平均值均为Ⅲ与Ⅳ级,说明底泥已遭受了一定程度的氮污染.因此,对水生植物零星生长区表层底泥中氮含量的控制与削减有利于湖泊富营养化的预防与治理.     

Households’ willingness to reduce pollution threats in the Poyang Lake region,southern China

Environmental threats to wetland ecosystems are increasing, and these ecosystems are becoming increasingly sensitive to human impacts, leading to deterioration of these already fragile ecosystems. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and one of the most important wetlands in the world. However, water pollution and related environmental changes have increasingly drawn the scientific community's attention. The goal of this paper is to provide insights into the environmental threats to the Poyang Lake region as perceived from the households’ perspective, and to investigate their willingness to pay for conservation of the lake's environment. We collected both primary and secondary data through a questionnaire delivered to 270 households and analysis of existing water monitoring data. The major threat confronting the Poyang lake region is water pollution; water quality, as represented by the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and by chemical oxygen demand (COD), suggests a moderate to severe degree of eutrophication. The situation has worsened in recent years, particularly due to high TN and TP in agricultural drainage water caused by increasingly intensive use of chemical fertilizers by local farmers. Most households were willing to pay to mitigate these threats, but the magnitude of the payment was related to a farmer's dependence on the lake for their production and daily life. The results of our analysis will help managers develop more effective environmental management policies.     

Trophic status of Vondo and Albasini Dams; impacts on aquatic ecosystems and drinking water

The presence and levels of major nutrients in the water from Vondo and Albasini Dams and their water treatment plants have been assessed to determine trophic status of the dams and impacts on aquatic ecosystems and drinking water. Water quality parameters particularly phosphates and nitrates are critical in assessing the trophic status. Water quality parameters linked to eutrophication and agrochemicals were analyzed. Phosphate was undetectable in both dams. The nitrate levels in Albasini and Vondo Dams which were from 1.16 to 6.65?mg/L and 0.46 to 4.19?mg/L, respectively, were within and above the South African guideline for aquatic ecosystems of 2?mg/L. The raw water pH for Vondo and Albasini Dams were from 6.20 to 7.46 and 6.35 to 8.70, respectively, and were mostly within acceptable guidelines for aquatic ecosystems. The water transparency for Vondo and Albasini Dams were from 0.5 to 4.2?m and 0.4 to 0.9?m, respectively. The levels of all other water quality parameters investigated in both dams and their WTPs mostly indicate low, rarely high and no water quality problems in aquatic ecosystems and drinking water. The low levels of total suspended solids and water transparency, the pH range, low to high electrical conductivity, low to acceptable dissolved oxygen levels, acceptable to high biological oxygen demand and nitrate levels for both dams indicate oligotrophic to eutrophic states. Though oligotrophic state dominates, the mixture of trophic states has been attributed to increase in urbanization and intensive agriculture.     

湖泊富营养化影响与公众满意度评价方法

构建了基于韦伯-费希纳定律(Weber-Fechner Law,W-F)的湖泊富营养化及公众满意度综合评价方法,选取透明度(SD)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)5个评价因子,应用熵权系数法确定各评价因子权重分别为0.124 2、0.176 8、0.214 0、0.203 4和0.281 6,明确了湖泊富营养化综合影响指数K_i值与营养指数之间的函数关系,探讨了将公众对湖泊营养状态的感受与K_i值间建立定量的关系,根据K_i值变化范围、变化率与营养等级的对应关系,将公众对湖泊营养状态的满意度划分为4个等级:优、中、差和很差,以反映公众对湖泊富营养程度变化的响应.并以海河流域典型湖泊白洋淀为例,对方法进行了验证,结果显示:白洋淀K_i值为0.052 3,K_i值变化率为304.67,处于重度富营养化状态.不同空间的8个点位富营养化严重程度排序:南刘庄>圈头>王家寨>光淀张庄>烧车淀>枣林庄>采蒲台>端村.公众对白洋淀8个点位K_i值变化范围确定为0.029 3~0.100 6,营养状况的公众满意程度均为差,富营养状态及对公众的影响存在空间差异.     

洪湖流域传统农业条件下营养盐输移模拟研究*

文章选择位于长江中游的洪湖流域作为研究对象,应用流域分布式水文模型SWAT,探讨传统农业条件下流域营养盐输移的规律。模拟时段选择为建国初期的1951~1960年,模拟的边界条件设置为自然地形、土壤、传统农业生产和土地利用方式,其中土壤资料包括营养盐(N和P)、有机质含量、粒径等理化参数等。根据流域汇水范围的变化,模拟分汛期与非汛期两个时间段进行。通过对模型参数率定和调试,水文模拟结果与实测值有较好的吻合程度,由此进行营养盐输出模拟。模拟结果显示,传统农业条件下流域营养盐输出,TN和TP浓度变化有明显的季节特征,体现了耕作制度对营养盐浓度的影响; 同时,该时段营养盐浓度相比较自然条件下有了很大的改变,体现了人类活动对流域营养盐输移的影响,主要是土地利用类型变化和湖泊水域面积的缩小。     

Characteristics of Non—Point Source Pollution in the Watershed of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing,China

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the major nutrients to cause eutrophication to degrade water quality of the Miyun Reservoir,a very important drinking water source of Bijing,China,and they are mainly from non-point sources.The watershed in Miyun County was selected as the study region with a totoal area of 1400km^2.Four typical monitoring catchments and two experimental units were used to monitor the precipitation,runoff,sediment yield and pollutant loading related to various land uses in the meantime.The results show that the total nutrient loss amounts of TN and TP are 898.07t/a,and 40.70t/a,respectively,in which nutrients N and P carried by runoff are 91.3% and 77.3%,respectively.There is relatively heavier soil eroson in the northern mountain area whereas the main nutrient loss occurs near the northeast edge of the reservoir.Different land uses would influence the loss amounts of non-point source pollutants.The amount of nutrient loss from the agricultural land per unit is highest,that from forestry comes next that from grassland is lowest.However,due to the variability of land use areas,agricultural land contributes a lot to TP and forestry lands to TN.     

潮白河中游沉积物氮磷和有机质分布特征及评价

潮白河是京津冀地区的重要河流。本研究以潮白河中游段为研究区,针对该区段沉积物有机质、氮磷污染程度不明的问题,通过对研究区130个采样点表层沉积物中有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的测定,分析了表层沉积物中有机质和氮磷的分布特征及污染来源,将有机指数和有机氮污染指数评价法相结合开展污染及生态风险评价。结果表明:(1)潮白河中游表层沉积物中OM含量变化范围为0.17%~13.15%,平均含量为5.32%; TN的含量为0.005~1.028 g/kg,平均含量为0.192 g/kg;TP的含量为0.367~4.825 g/kg,平均含量为1.662 g/kg。(2)相关性分析表明,OM与TP、OM与TN均呈弱相关,而TN与TP呈强相关。这是因为TN和TP来源相近,主要来自外源,与OM来源有一定差异。根据TOC/TN特征分析,OM主要受藻类、浮游植物和非纤维束植物等影响。(3)有机指数评价结果显示,潮白河中游段表层沉积物监测点中60%为清洁,33.85%为较清洁,4.62%为尚清洁,1.54%为有机污染。有机污染点主要位于运潮减河入潮白河口和田贾庄排干渠入潮白河口。区域有机氮评价结果以清洁级别为主,整体较好。     

Effect of groundwater on the ecological water environment of typical inland lakes in the Inner Mongolian Plateau

To explore the causes of the ecological environment deterioration of lakes in the Inner Mongolia Plateau, this study took a typical inland lake Daihai as an example, and investigated the groundwater recharge in the process of lake shrinkage and eutrophication. Using the radon isotope (²²²Rn) as the main means of investigation, the ²²²Rn mass balance equation was established to evaluate the groundwater recharge in Daihai. The spatial variability of ²²²Rn activity in lake water and groundwater, the contribution of groundwater recharge to lake water balance and its effect on nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in lake water were discussed. The analysis showed that, mainly controlled by the fault structure, the activity of ²²²Rn in groundwater north and south of Daihai is higher than that in the east and west, and the difference in lithology and hydraulic gradient may also be the influencing factors of this phenomenon. The ²²²Rn activity of the middle and southeast of the underlying lake is greater, indicating that the ²²²Rn flux of groundwater inflow is higher, and the runoff intensity is greater, which is the main groundwater recharge area for the lake. The estimated groundwater recharge in 2021 was 3 017×10⁴ m³, which was 57% of the total recharge to the lake, or 1.6 times and 8.1 times that of precipitation and surface runoff. The TN and TP contents in Daihai have been rising continuously, and the average TN and TP concentrations in the lake water in 2021 were 4.21 mg·L^?1 and 0.12 mg·L^?1, respectively. The TN and TP contents entering the lake with groundwater recharge were 6.8 times and 8.7 times above those of runoff, accounting for 87% and 90% of the total input, respectively. The calculation results showed that groundwater is not only the main source of recharge for Daihai, but also the main source of exogenous nutrients. In recent years, the pressurized exploitation of groundwater in the basin is beneficial in increasing the groundwater recharge to the lake, reducing the water balance difference of the lake, and slowing down the shrinking degree of the lake surface. However, under the action of high evaporation, nitrogen and phosphorus brought by groundwater recharge would become more concentrated in the lake, leading to a continuous increase in the content of nutrients and degree of eutrophication. Therefore, the impact of changes in regional groundwater quantity and quality on Daihai is an important issue that needs further assessment.     

官厅水库生物固氮作用对水体富营养化的响应

以官厅水库富营养化水体为研究对象,利用乙炔还原法测量水体生物固氮能力,结合变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）技术对固氮生物nifH基因进行分析。实验结果表明,官厅水库水体存在生物固氮现象,固氮速率为0.172~9.35 nmol/(m³·d),与水体氨氮、总氮、总磷呈显著相关性（P=0.998,r=0.000; P=0.986,r=0.000; P=0.968,r=0.002）。DGGE图谱显示：各点固氮细菌丰度差异较大,Shannon-Weaver指数为0.80~2.45,固氮细菌丰度和总氮、总磷存在较强相关性（P=0.737,r=0.094; P=0.787,r=0.063）。随着水体富营养水平的上升,固氮微生物多样性急剧增加,水体固氮能力也随之上升。自然固氮可能对原本富营养化的水体产生更大危害。     

基于PCRaster的流域非点源氮磷负荷估算

以太湖流域上游的西笤溪流域为研究区,应用动态环境模拟语言PCRaster构建月水文和氮磷营养物质输出模型,分析流域内氮磷输出的时空分布特征。以输出系数法为基础,将分布式水文模型与非点源负荷模型相结合,应用地理信息技术构建基于栅格的非点源污染模拟模型,根据1988~2007年的水文、水质实测数据对模型进行率定和验证,定量分析西笤溪流域非点源污染负荷量与氮磷输出的空间分布。研究结果显示:基于单元网格的月水文模型在该流域具有较好的应用效果,率定和验证期的Nash系数和线性相关系数R2均超过了0.80。应用模型估算西笤溪流域非点源污染2002~2005年总氮年输出量为1 670~2 035t/a,2002~2007年总磷输出量为102~164t/a。氮磷负荷的空间分布表明以稻麦或水稻/油菜轮作的农田是非点源污染的最主要来源。