Sepat台风（0709）登陆过程中眼放大现象研究

台风登陆过程中常发生结构变化,从而引起其强度、路径以及风雨分布等一系列变化,导致登陆台风灾害十分复杂.0709号台风Sepat在穿过台湾岛时结构变化明显,出现了台风眼放大现象.基于上海台风研究所台风资料、FY-Ⅱ卫星半小时一次的遥感资料、台湾雷达逐时合成回波图像以及NCEP每日4次1°×1°格距的再分析资料,研究了Sepat登陆过程中的眼放大现象.结果表明:(1)Sepat登陆台湾后眼墙塌陷、眼消失,但随后在从台湾海峡移向大陆过程中重新出现了台风眼并伴有眼放大现象,眼直径扩展至约600 km;(2)这种眼放大现象,实际上是台风内核区对流云团分裂扩散过程中与外围螺旋云带一起重新发展出的环状结构.台风眼的扩大与眼区下垫面温度降低、低层大气不稳定度减弱、径向外流加强、下沉运动区范围扩大等因素有关;(3)在台风外围,环境干空气侵入台风环流并在其西部形成了弧状湿度锋.锋区既促进对流运动发展,也阻碍了台风眼区云团进一步向外扩散,使对流云团在锋区附近排列成半圆弧状云带,并在台风气旋性环流组织下与台风东部的螺旋云带一起形成了环状眼墙;(4)台风的减弱消亡与其眼区放大现象密切相关.台风眼放大过程中,由于眼内干空气下沉范围加大、对流凝结潜热加热减弱,不利于暖心结构维持,台风强度亦随之衰减.同时,其增强的径向外流在一定程度上阻止水汽能量向台风内核区输入,促使台风内核对流运动的减弱和消亡.     

强台风Chanchu（0601）的数值研究：转向前后内核结构和强度变化

使用FY卫星TBB资料和新一代非静力中尺度模式WRF分析南海强台风Chanchu(0601)"急翘"转向前后内核结构和强度变化过程。结果表明:转向后内核结构非对称特征明显。WRF数值模式较好地模拟出Chanchu强度和异常路径变化过程,再现了内核结构演变:转向前,垂直切变较弱,有利于快速加强,内核结构较为对称;转向后,垂直切变明显增大,强回波位于垂直切变下风方向的左侧,显示为内核非对称结构。使用傅立叶变换方法分解模拟结果中的雷达回波,发现眼壁和内螺旋雨带的2波非对称沿方位角移速与涡旋罗斯贝波(VRWs)的理论波速一致,Chanchu快速加强过程中断和强度维持的可能原因为:眼壁传播的VRWs受到外螺旋雨带的扰动以及涡旋倾斜加剧引起眼壁非对称性加强导致"急翘"时眼壁破裂,此后眼区和眼壁区水平混合过程加强,850 hPa眼区相当位温明显增加,抑制高层相对暖干空气和低层相对冷湿空气相互交换,使得随眼壁内侧下沉气流向下输送的暖干空气减少,低层增温作用减弱,快速加强过程中断;VRWs径向内传导致高值涡度由眼壁内侧向眼心传播,引起最大风速半径(RMW)内侧切向风速增大,RMW随时间向眼心延伸,眼壁进一步收缩,一定程度上抵消了垂直切变加大的负面影响,Chanchu维持强度。     

台风“风神”路径、强度及引发江西降水诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、T213分析资料和常规观测资料,从水汽条件、热力条件、动力条件等方面,对2008年第6号台风“风神”路径、强度变化的原因,及其对江西的影响进行分析。结果表明,台风路径与副高的强度和位置变化密切相关,台风移动方向与风场结构中强风速的风向一致。台风在海上强度减弱主要与水汽来源不足有关,登陆后还与冷空气侵入暖中心有关。由于强度减弱且西南季风不强,造成水汽来源不足,从而导致“风神”没有给江西造成大范围暴雨天气。其中的局地强降水天气发生在台风环流高能梯度锋区,这主要是由于干侵入引发对流性不稳定造成的。     

“浣熊”、“海高斯”对海南岛降水的对比分析

通过自动气象站加密资料,NCEP1°×1°每6 h 再分析资料,卫星云图资料及物理量诊断分析方法,对0801号台风"浣熊"和0817号热带风暴"海高斯"进行综合对比,发现登陆前12h有相似路径且登陆点相同的两个热带气旋,对海南岛的降水却截然不同,台风的降水强度并不比热带风暴强.分析发现,受不同季节的冷空气影响,登陆后路径发生转向以及不同的台风云系结构特征,导致它们在动力结构、水汽分布特征和垂直运动等方面存在明显的差异,而这些差异是它们对海南岛造成不同强度降水的主要原因.     

“珍珠”（0601）异常急翘路径和内核结构变化的诊断分析及数值研究

使用FY2卫星TBB资料、NCEP最终分析资料(1°×1°)和中尺度模式WRF,对0601号强台风"珍珠"的"急翘"异常转向路径和内核结构变化进行诊断分析和数值模拟。结果表明:"珍珠"移向变化与环境引导气流和位涡倾向1波分量正异常有关,"急翘"前12小时,环境引导气流向北偏转,位涡倾向1波分量正异常对应着"珍珠"移动方向变化;内核非对称结构发展与环境风垂直切变演变有关,垂直切变使得涡旋倾斜,涡旋倾斜方向出现较强的上升运动,导致"珍珠"内核偏南象限对流活动较强。     

远距离台风“浣熊”（2008）和“榕树”（2011）暴雨过程对比分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、地面高空常规观测资料、中尺度自动气象站等资料,对2011年10月13日(简称"榕树"过程)和2008年4月19日(简称"浣熊"过程)台风与中纬度系统相互作用产生的江西省南部暴雨个例进行对比分析。结果表明:1)"浣熊"过程为台风与西风带低槽结合产生的系统层状云降水。"榕树"过程是台风倒槽与西风槽相互作用,槽前云系与台风倒槽云系结合诱发中尺度对流云发展的对流性降水。2)"榕树"过程期间,仅有一条由台风东侧的偏南气流形成的水汽输送带,但江西省南部一直位于水汽辐合中心。"浣熊"过程虽有台风东侧的偏南气流和孟加拉湾的西南气流2条明显的水汽输送带,但江西省南部位于水汽辐合区的边缘,水汽辐合强度稍弱。3)"榕树"过程强降水发生期间,从地面至400 h Pa高度有正涡度柱的维持。"浣熊"过程近地层至边界层系统发展不明显,近地层辐合抬升力条件稍弱。4)"榕树"过程的热力不稳定作用更大,造成降水的对流性更强。"浣熊"过程有低空急流建立加强,暴雨范围更大。5)"榕树"过程由于有高空急流的抽吸作用以及地面中尺度系统生成,形成南北两支次级环流圈,更有利于上升运动的维持。     

2019年超强台风“利奇马”引发浙江特大暴雨过程分析

利用NCEP FNL 0.25°×0.25°的再分析资料和浙江省中尺度气象站降水资料,从产生强降水的条件来对“利奇马”特大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)强降水主要集中在近台风中心的西南部分及其稍远的北部,其中近台风中心为眼壁降水,北部为螺旋云带降水;(2)850~925 hPa水汽通量辐合中心与暴雨落区一致,水汽辐合强度差异是造成台风眼壁强降水落区差异的关键;(3)台风强度大时近中心上升运动强烈,正垂直螺旋度中心值的减小和中心下降对应强降水的发生,低层正螺旋度和高层负螺旋度中心的重叠区对对流性降水落区有一定的指示;(4)本次过程地形增益最明显地区在台州北部,在水汽条件处于劣势情况下出现降水副中心。     

1522号强台风“彩虹”特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图等资料,研究了"彩虹"的特点及其原因。结果表明,受西太平洋副热带高压南侧稳定且强劲的东南气流引导,"彩虹"快速向西北方向移动,路径十分稳定;南海西北部较高的海温、南亚高压西退、高层辐散低层辐合增强、强的西南水汽和东南(偏东)水汽输送以及低层弱冷空气卷入导致"彩虹"出现近海加强现象;东南(偏东)风急流不断增强,"彩虹"北侧的水汽条件好、位势不稳定度大、高层辐散低层辐合配置较好,加上其云系分布的不对称以及地形影响,导致"彩虹"中心移动路径北侧的降水远比南侧多。     

韶关一次台风低压大暴雨预报失误的诊断分析

利用NCEP1°×1°的6h再分析资料和气象常规观测资料,对2008年4月20日夜问韶关市一次预报失误的台风低压大暴雨进行诊断分析。结果表明,主要由弱冷空气南下引起的低层强辐合、高层强辐散和强烈深厚的上升运动构成大暴雨的动力条件,低层充足的水汽输送提供了有利的水汽条件;台风“浣熊”登陆减弱后的低压系统和西南引导气流输送不稳定能量到韶关,并得到释放,弱冷空气是动力触发机制;地形对大暴雨的作用主要体现在分布特点和局地变化上。最后分析预报失误的主要原因是对“浣熊”移动路径和弱冷空气作用估计不足,并发现清远站的不稳定能量变化很好地指示了大暴雨的发展过程,可作为韶关暴雨预报的参考经验。     

台风Chanchu(0601)变性过程中的强度变化及环境场分析

利用非静力中尺度WRF模式模拟的台风Chanchu(0601)的输出资料,探讨了Chanchu减弱变性过程的强度及结构变化。分析结果表明:在台风Chanchu北移过程中,高层的暖心被破坏,强度快速减弱,眼壁对流发展高度降低,眼壁对流由对称结构演变为非对称,内核对流减弱。此减弱变性过程与惯性稳定度减小、垂直风切变增强、低层锋生等环境要素有关。惯性稳定度与台风强度变化一致,随着惯性稳定度降低,最大切向风减弱并不断外扩,Rossby变形半径增大从而潜热释放不集中难以维持台风强度,台风减弱;同时,内核区的高层暖心更易径向频散,从而高层暖心难以维持;环境的垂直风切变增强使台风的斜压性增强,台风垂直结构的倾斜度增大,对流发展高度降低;低层冷空气侵入台风中心趋于填塞,也利于台风强度减弱;台风登陆以后冷暖空气对比导致的锋生使得不稳定能量释放从而重新加强了Chanchu环流内的中低层对流活动,但较台风最强时刻而言对流强度减弱。总体减少的对流和降低的对流高度,导致潜热能释放减小,其向心输送也减少,不足以维持强暖心结构,最终使得台风减弱并变性。      

Dynamical effects of environmental vertical wind shear on tropical cyclone motion, structure, and intensity

Summary A series of numerical experiments on an f plane are conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, version 3 (MM5) to investigate how environmental vertical wind shear affects the motion, structure, and intensity of a tropical cyclone. The results show that a tropical cyclone has a motion component perpendicular to the vertical shear vector, first to the right of the shear and then to the left. An initially axisymmetric, upright tropical cyclone vortex develops a downshear tilt and wavenumber-one asymmetry when embedded in environmental vertical wind shear. In both small-moderate shears, a storm weakens slightly compared to that in a quiescent environment. The circulation centers between 300 hPa and the surface varies from 20 km to over 80 km. The secondary circulation becomes quite asymmetric about the surface cyclone center. As a result, convection on the upshear-right quadrant diminishes, limiting the upward heat transport in the eyewall and thus lowering the warm core and leading to a weakening of the storm. In strong vertical shear (above 12 m s⁻¹), the vertical tilt exceeds 160 km in 48 h of simulation and the secondary circulation on the upshear side is completely destroyed with low-level outflow. The axisymmetric component of eyewall convection weakens remarkably and becomes much less penetrative. As a result, the warm core becomes weak and appears at lower levels and the storm weakens rapidly accordingly. This up-down weakening mechanism discussed in this study is different from those previously discussed. It emphasizes the penetrative role of eyewall convection in transporting heat from the ocean to the mid-upper troposphere, maintaining the warm core structure of the tropical cyclone. The vertical shear is found negative to eyewall penetrative convection.     

Formation and Replacement Mechanism of the Concentric Eyewall of Super Typhoon Muifa (1109)

Based on high-fidelity numerical simulation by using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, we analyzed the formation and replacement mechanism of the concentric eyewall of Super Typhoon Muifa (1109) from the aspects of the potential vorticity (PV), dynamic/ thermodynamic structure change, sea surface flux, and water vapor content. Observational data and sensitivity tests were also adopted to verify the results. We found that: (1) The abnormal increase of the PV in the rain zone is mainly due to the condensation latent heat. Sufficient water vapor conditions are beneficial to the formation of the outer eyewall structure, and when the environmental water vapor content is larger, the intensity of the outer eyewall becomes greater. (2) After the formation of the typhoon’s outer eyewall, in the area where the outer eyewall is located, the increase of inertial stability contributes to the decrease of the intensity of the inner eyewall. When the intensity of the outer eyewall is larger, the divergence and subsidence motion in the upper layer of the outer eyewall has a greater weakening effect on the intensity of the inner eyewall. (3) The increase of potential temperature of the outer eyewall is mainly due to the condensation latent heat release and the warming of dry air subsidence motion in the moat area. (4) The increase of sea surface heat flux can prolong the concentric eyewall replacement process.     

Lightning activity and its relationship with typhoon intensity and vertical wind shear for Super Typhoon Haiyan (1330)

Super Typhoon Haiyan (1330), which occurred in 2013, is the most powerful typhoon during landfall in the meteorological record. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of lightning activity of Haiyan were analyzed by using the lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network, typhoon intensity and position data from the China Meteorological Administration, and horizontal wind data from the ECMWF. Three distinct regions were identified in the spatial distribution of daily average lightning density, with the maxima in the inner core and the minima in the inner rainband. The lightning density in the intensifying stage of Haiyan was greater than that in its weakening stage. During the time when the typhoon intensity measured with maximum sustained wind speed was between 32.7 and 41.4 ms^?1, the storm had the largest lightning density in the inner core, compared with other intensity stages. In contrast to earlier typhoon studies, the eyewall lightning burst out three times. The first two eyewall lightning outbreaks occurred during the period of rapid intensification and before the maximum intensity of the storm, suggesting that the eyewall lightning activity could be used to identify the change in tropical cyclone intensity. The flashes frequently occurred in the inner core, and in the outer rainbands with the black body temperature below 220 K. Combined with the ECMWF wind data, the influences of vertical wind shear (VWS) on the azimuthal distribution of flashes were also analyzed, showing that strong VWS produced downshear left asymmetry of lightning activity in the inner core and downshear right asymmetry in the rainbands.     

Lightning Activity and Its Relationship with Typhoon Intensity and Vertical Wind Shear for Super Typhoon Haiyan(1330)

Super Typhoon Haiyan(1330), which occurred in 2013, is the most powerful typhoon during landfall in the meteorological record. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of lightning activity of Haiyan were analyzed by using the lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network,typhoon intensity and position data from the China Meteorological Administration, and horizontal wind data from the ECMWF. Three distinct regions were identified in the spatial distribution of daily average lightning density, with the maxima in the inner core and the minima in the inner rainband. The lightning density in the intensifying stage of Haiyan was greater than that in its weakening stage. During the time when the typhoon intensity measured with maximum sustained wind speed was between 32.7 and 41.4 m s-1, the storm had the largest lightning density in the inner core, compared with other intensity stages.In contrast to earlier typhoon studies, the eyewall lightning burst out three times. The first two eyewall lightning outbreaks occurred during the period of rapid intensification and before the maximum intensity of the storm, suggesting that the eyewall lightning activity could be used to identify the change in tropical cyclone intensity. The flashes frequently occurred in the inner core, and in the outer rainbands with the black body temperature below 220 K. Combined with the ECMWF wind data, the influences of vertical wind shear(VWS) on the azimuthal distribution of flashes were also analyzed, showing that strong VWS produced downshear left asymmetry of lightning activity in the inner core and downshear right asymmetry in the rainbands.     

BOUNDARY LAYER STRUCTURE IN TYPHOON SAOMAI (2006): UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT

Recent studies have shown that surface fluxes and exchange coefficients are particularly important to models attempting to simulate the evolution and maintenance of hurricanes or typhoons.By using an advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(ARW)modeling system,this work aims to study the impact of modified exchange coefficient on the intensity and structures of typhoon Saomai(2006)over the western North Pacific.Numerical experiments with the modified and unmodified exchange coefficients are used to investigate the intensity and structure of the storm,especially the structures of the boundary layer within the storm.Results show that,compared to the unmodified experiment,the simulated typhoon in the modified experiment has a bigger deepening rate after 30-h and is the same as the observation in the last 12-h.The roughness is leveled off when wind speed is greater than 30 m/s.The momentum exchange coefficient(CD)and enthalpy exchange coefficient(CK)are leveled off too,and CD is decreased more than CK when wind speed is greater than 30 m/s.More sensible heat flux and less latent heat flux are produced.In the lower level,the modified experiment has slightly stronger outflow,stronger vertical gradient of equivalent potential temperature and substantially higher maximum tangential winds than the unmodified experiment has.The modified experiment generates larger wind speed and water vapor tendencies and transports more air of high equivalent potential temperature to the eyewall in the boundary layer.It induces more and strong convection in the eyewall,thereby leading to a stronger storm.     

2018年9月丹东连续两次风雹天气的多尺度对比分析

利用高空、地面等常规气象资料和多普勒雷达等气象观测资料,以及NCEP再分析资料,对丹东2018年9月连续出现的两次风雹天气进行对比分析,探讨和总结两次风雹天气过程形成、维持、发展成因的异同。结果表明：中低层切变线、强垂直风切变和辐合抬升有利于风雹天气的发生。高空冷空气的入侵方式和强度、低空急流建立、环境垂直风切变强度对风雹天气剧烈程度有重要影响。两次风雹天气过程分别为东北冷涡型和高空冷槽型,9月6日横槽转竖引导冷空气快速移动并且后方还有冷涡后部的冷空气不断补充,配合850 hPa西南急流带来充沛水汽,使得6日风雹天气现象较3日更加剧烈;两次风雹天气过程在多普勒雷达回波上的特征明显。9月3日的风雹过程由多单体线对流风暴在东移过程中逐渐演变成弓形回波,在径向速度图上有明显的逆风区;9月6日的风雹过程沿地面辐合线激发多个超级单体呈现列车效应移动,径向速度图上出现了速度模糊,有较高的垂直累积液态水含量（Vertical Integrated Liquid water content,VIL）。     

A High-resolution Simulation of Supertyphoon Rammasun (2014) —— Part I: Model Verification and Surface Energetics Analysis

A 72-h high-resolution simulation of Supertyphoon Rammasun (2014) is performed using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model. The model covers an initial 18-h spin-up, the 36-h rapid intensification (RI) period in the northern South China Sea, and the 18-h period of weakening after landfall. The results show that the model reproduces the track, intensity, structure of the storm, and environmental circulations reasonably well. Analysis of the surface energetics under the storm indicates that the storm's intensification is closely related to the net energy gain rate (ε g), defined as the difference between the energy production (P D) due to surface entropy flux and the energy dissipation (D S) due to surface friction near the radius of maximum wind (RMW). Before and during the RI stage, the ε g is high, indicating sufficient energy supply for the storm to intensify. However, the ε g decreases rapidly as the storm quickly intensifies, because the D S increases more rapidly than the P D near the RMW. By the time the storm reaches its peak intensity, the D S is about 20% larger than the P D near the RMW, leading to a local energetics deficit under the eyewall. During the mature stage, the P D and D S can reach a balance within a radius of 86 km from the storm center (about 2.3 times the RMW). This implies that the local P D under the eyewall is not large enough to balance the D S, and the radially inward energy transport from outside the eyewall must play an important role in maintaining the storm's intensity, as well as its intensification.     

热带气旋“尤特”（2006）南海突然减弱的机理分析

应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对热带气旋“尤特”（2006）在我国南海突然减弱的机理进行了分析。结果表明：水汽通道的切断是热带气旋“尤特”突然减弱的必要条件,“尤特”突然减弱对水汽来源切断的响应时间大约为12 h;对流层中低层水汽辐散区的出现,抑制了低层水汽向高层输送,导致“尤特”突然减弱;在其减弱过程中,贯穿对流层的位涡柱高值区不断向对流层中层收缩并加强,同时与平流层高位涡区迅速分离;在热带气旋“尤特”突然减弱前6 h,环境风垂直切变突然增大,同时在“尤特”不断减弱的过程中,环境风垂直切变呈现总体逐步增大的趋势。     

2006年超级台风“桑美”强度与结构变化的数值模拟研究

使用一个高分辨率、非静力数值模式WRF模式对2006年超级台风Saomei强度和结构进行了数值模拟研究.首先,评估了Makin的粗糙度长度公式对台风Saomei强度和结构变化的影响,结果表明,采用新参数后,使得模拟的台风强度变化与实况最佳路径资料的强度变化更一致,对超级台风Saomei强度预报有改进;但对台风路径的影响不大.通过QuikSCAT、雷达和TRMM非常规资料的验证,进一步表明模拟的台风Saomei的结构与实况很接近,可以再现台风内核区域的部分"双眼墙"和"Annular"结构.其次,通过对台风Saomei边界层过程模拟的改进,表明在平均风速大于40 m/s时边界层各物理量明显改善,使得模式最大强度比传统的简单外推插值方案有显著改进,特别是在台风最强阶段,当台风Saomei眼墙区域的海表面拖曳系数C_d的相对变小,使得其眼墙区域的平均切向风速、径向风速、垂直风速、温度距平、涡旋动能和绝对角动量等物理量均有增强.表明台风Saomei眼墙氏域(20-40 km)各物理量的贡献对其强度和结构变化的影响十分重要.最后,在此基础上进一步分析模式海温和大尺度环境垂直风切变对台风Saomei强度和结构变化的可能影响,讨论了台风Saomei在其增强和消弱阶段中,大尺度环境垂直风切变对其强度变化的负反馈作用.     

台风利奇马(1909)双眼墙特征及长时间维持机制

利用CIMSS微波卫星产品和多普勒天气雷达资料,分析超强台风利奇马（1909）的长时间双眼墙特征,并采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法同化雷达径向风资料,诊断利奇马双眼墙的三维结构演变特征。结果表明:在双眼墙演变过程初期,受强垂直风切变和中高层干空气入侵的影响,外眼墙对流减弱,呈非对称特征。Sawyer-Eliassen方程诊断结果显示:台风利奇马（1909）内、外眼墙次级环流之间的相互作用不明显,不同于发生眼墙替换过程的台风,其外眼墙处非绝热加热引起的下沉运动发生在内眼的眼心,内眼墙的上升运动并未受到外眼墙次级环流抑制。另外,在强垂直风切变条件下,非对称的外眼墙不能持续增强收缩并取代内眼墙,因此双眼墙结构得以长时间维持。可见,台风利奇马（1909）外眼墙的非对称结构和特殊的次级环流分布是其双眼墙能够长期维持的重要原因。