瓦里关大气本底观象台CO2、CH4观测过程的质量控制

以中国大气本底基准观象台的温室气体(CO2、CH4)观测仪器为例,从仪器运行的稳定性和各级标准气体标定两个方面介绍了温室气体观测数据的质量控制方法.结果表明,瓦里关大气本底台的CO2、CH4观测仪器运行稳定,观测数据具有很高的精确度和可信度.经过严格质量控制的温室气体实时测量数据报送到世界气象组织下属的温室气体数据中心,成为各国科学家分析欧亚大陆温室气体本底浓度的主要依据.     

西安市温室气体浓度变化规律研究

利用陕西省气象局长安大气科学实验基地(简称秦岭基地)2013年7月—2015年12月温室气体在线连续监测数据及同期气象观测数据,计算分析了两种温室气体(CO_2和CH_4)平均浓度日、月、季变化特征以及气象因素对温室气体浓度变化的影响。结果表明:(1)CO_2和CH_4平均浓度的日变化分布表现为下午低,早晨高的单峰型形态;月变化为明显的两头高中间低;(2)春、夏、秋三季大气中CO_2平均浓度日变化呈较为明显的单峰型,尤以夏季振幅最大,且全天浓度值为各季最小;而冬季CO_2全天浓度值整体高于其他三季。CH_4冬季日平均浓度最高值出现时间略滞后于其他三个季节,春夏两季变化趋势基本同步;(3)CO_2和CH_4采暖季及非采暖季的变化规律与各季节的变化规律极为相似;(4)CO_2和CH_4平均浓度随地面风速的增加而降低,冬季随地面风速的增加降低幅度最小,白天随风速下降的幅度大于夜间;气温越高,CO_2的降低幅度越大,而CH_4则随着气温的升高出现先增加后降低的趋势。     

广东省温室气体监测平台建设前期工作进展与存在问题

简要概括了近年依托广东省发改委低碳发展专项与中国气象局气候变化基础能力建设等项目取得的重要研究进展。摸清了广东省温室气体观测的现状,对广东省温室气体现有观测数据进行了对比分析和质量评估;对温室气体观测质控方法进行研究,基本掌握了观测标准传递、标校方法流程;基于气候相似性理论初步确定了可代表广东省温室气体监测的4个区域代表站与21个地市级子站的站址;掌握了利用卫星遥感资料反演广东省对流层CO2柱浓度的技术方法;移植并掌握了CarbonTracker-2010模式及其评估方法,建立了可应用于广东的碳源汇模式系统;初步引进了气候经济综合评估模式(RICE);建立了可实时显示的温室气体可视化系统平台。目前,与我国其他"五省八市"低碳试点省市相比,广东省温室气体监测站网建设已存在明显差距,急待理顺现有观测站存在的问题,并按WMO观测规范,建立标校体系,加强数据质控与技术队伍建设。     

大气化学与大气成分观测与服务研究进展

作为影响气候变化的重要因素,大气成分的观测和研究受到格外的重视,特别是在政府间气候变化专业委员会历次评估报告中均有充分体现。2009年大气成分中心圆满完成了承担的各项任务,在大气本底站温室气体在线观测系统完善、大气化学实验室标校体系建设、大气成分站的技术支持标校、科研、国际合作交流、60周年国庆气象服务、决策气象服务等方面取得了一定的成绩。     

我国温室气体本底浓度网络化观测的初步结果

CO₂和CH₄是《京都议定书》限排的主要温室气体。自1990年以来的长期观测表明, 我国青海瓦里关全球本底站大气CO₂和CH₄浓度与北半球中纬度地区其他一些本底站的同期观测结果具有可比性, 观测数据已成为WMO全球温室气体公报及国内外有关评估报告的重要参考依据; 我国4个区域本底站过去一年来的采样分析结果显示:北京上甸子、浙江临安、黑龙江龙凤山、湖北金沙大气CO₂和CH₄浓度明显高于同期瓦里关站的观测值, 表明4个区域站大气CO₂和CH₄受自然及人为活动的影响较大。迄今为止, 国内相关部门通过多种方式开展了温室气体浓度长期观测或短期科研, 各具优势和特点, 但力量相对分散、观测站稀少、侧重点和目标各异。为了全面掌握我国温室气体本底浓度时空变化, 了解不同区域大气受自然和人为活动影响的程度, 亟需相关部门分工协作、优势互补、资源共享, 尽快推进我国温室气体及相关微量成分的网络化观测分析和源汇反演模式系统建设, 进而测算、验证不同区域温室气体排放源和吸收汇的动态变化, 分析、评估各区域之间的输送和影响, 为我国应对气候变化的内政、外交提供决策支持。     

临安区域大气本底站温室气体研究进展

为研究我国长江三角洲区域温室气体本底浓度变化的时空分布特征,自2006年以来,临安区域大气本底站开展了温室气体瓶采样的观测实验。2008年开始,陆续开展温室气体在线观测项目。观测结果将探明我国长江三角洲区域温室气体浓度时空分布、变化趋势、源汇特征。     

瓦里关温室气体本底研究的主要进展

由于温室气体浓度显著增长及其在气候与环境变化中的作用,国际上众多的科学计划和观测体系都把它们的时空分布、源汇及趋势列为重要内容,获得的各种资料在评价人类活动对气候和环境的影响及有关对策研究中起着关键作用。文章阐述了在中国内陆本底地区开展温室气体长期、定点观测的意义和必要性,系统地讨论了10多年来中国瓦里关本底站温室气体本底研究的主要进展。利用瓦里关经严格国际比对和质量控制的大气CO2、CH4长期观测资料,结合同期的地面风资料进行统计分析,建立了瓦里关大气CO2和CH4本底资料筛选方法;利用本底观测资料,研究了瓦里关大气CO2及其δ13C、CH4和CO本底变化及源汇特征所体现的亚洲内陆地域特点和全球代表性,并进一步与同期、同纬度海洋边界层参比值(MBL)以及北半球其他6个大气本底站同期观测数据对比分析,发现了瓦里关大气CH4和CO独特的季节变化并探讨了成因;根据空气团后向轨迹簇所途经的下垫面源汇同观测的大气CO2和CH4浓度变化之间的关系,探讨了瓦里关大气CO2和CH4的输送来源;利用Hysplit-4扩散与输送模式,计算了冬、夏典型月份人为源和自然生态系统源汇对瓦里关大气CO2浓度变化的贡献。并在现有基础上,提出了有待进一步解决的科学问题。     

中国气象局温室气体在线观测项目工作进展

2008年7月,中国气象局确定了今后一个时期应对气候变化的六大重点任务.加强温室气体在线监测分析能力建设,为气候变化的科学研究、节能减排等提供有力科技支撑就是其中一项重要工作.温室气体在线观测项目(一期)建设包括在我国4个大气本底站(青海瓦里关、北京上甸子、浙汀临安、黑龙江龙凤山)建成2种主要温室气体(二氧化碳和甲烷)在线观测系统,2008年底之前卜传观测资料,为了解各站所在地温室气体本底浓度变化及地区间差异,进一步分析评估不同地区之间的相互影响、测算排放源和吸收汇的动态变化奠定基础,为我国应对气候变化的内政、外交提供科技支撑.     

大气中二氧化碳浓度的测量

一、引言许多气体对大气形成所谓的温室效应,二氧化碳是其中最重要的一个,其他还有H_2O、CH_4、N_2O、O_2、CO等。CO_2在12—18微米波段吸收很强,拦截了原会直接散失到太空去的地球辐射。这些气体的温室效应的总和使地球地面温度比行星辐射温度高出大约35°K,这对于生物生存是至关紧要的。四十多年前卡伦德(Callendar)提出,大气中CO_2浓度在增大,这可能是当时观测到北半球增温的原因。普拉斯(Plass)1956年计算得到,如果大气中CO_2浓度增加一倍,平均地面温度会增加3.6℃。大气CO_2的测量五十年代末还不充分,从1957年     

景德镇地区大气CO2浓度变化特征

利用景德镇温室气体监测站CO_2观测数据,分析了景德镇地区2017年12月—2018年11月大气CO_2浓度变化特征,同时对其浓度进行了筛分,以剔除污染数据,使其更具区域代表性。研究表明:景德镇地区大气CO_2浓度昼降夜升,早上最高,傍晚最低;春季最高,秋季最低;春、夏季NNE、NE、ENE风向,秋季NE、ENE风向以及冬季W、WSW、SW、SSW、S风向上CO_2浓度较高。同时,春、夏和秋季大气CO_2浓度大致随风速的增加而不断降低,冬季风速对大气CO_2浓度无明显影响。筛分后数据显示景德镇地区年均大气CO_2浓度为422.1×10~(-6),浓度日均值年振幅73.96×10~(-6),夏半年CO_2浓度低于冬半年。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on