川东南—黔北地区龙马溪组沉积环境及对烃源岩的影响

川东南—黔北地区下志留统龙马溪组发育富含有机质泥页岩,是华南地区海相地层中的优质烃源岩之一,且分布广泛,厚度大,是有利的页岩气勘探区。通过研究区30条野外露头剖面和12口钻井的资料分析,结合岩性、元素地球化学、测井地球物理及古生物等相标志研究,对川东南—黔北地区下志留统龙马溪组沉积环境、沉积演化及其对烃源岩的影响进行了研究,在川东南—黔北地区龙马溪组识别出泥质深水陆棚、泥质浅水陆棚、砂泥质浅水陆棚、砂质浅水陆棚、灰泥质浅水陆棚、灰质浅水陆棚、浊流沉积、台地边缘浅滩-生物礁浊流等8种沉积类型,其中泥质深水陆棚是龙马溪组烃源岩形成的主要沉积环境。通过对沉积环境的研究,认为龙马溪组底部缺氧的滞留环境和缓慢的沉积速率是龙马溪组优质烃源岩发育的主要因素。研究为区内页岩气勘探开发提供有力保障。     

黔北正安地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气地质特征及有利区预测

为明确黔北正安地区上奥陶统五峰组至下志留统龙马溪组的页岩气地质特征,充分应用页岩气地质调查、重磁电、二维地震、地质调查井及测试分析等工作方法,开展黔北正安地区1:5万页岩气基础地质调查,对五峰组至龙马溪组富有机质页岩的分布、沉积环境、有机地球化学、岩石矿物、储集性能及含气性等特征进行分析研究,结果表明: 研究区五峰组—龙马溪组富有机质页岩为深水陆棚相沉积,主要分布有安场向斜、斑竹向斜和泥高向斜,厚度14.5~55 m,埋深0~3 200 m; 有机碳(TOC)含量1.0%~4.0%,有机质镜质体反射率(R_o)为1.82%~2.23%,有机质类型以Ⅰ型干酪根为主; 岩石主要由石英、长石和黏土矿物组成,脆性矿物含量高,一般大于50%; 孔隙度为2.03%~3.89%,渗透率为0.35×10^-5~1.86×10^-5μm²,表现为低孔、特低渗的特征; 最高含气量为2.88 m³/t,显示出较好的含气性特征。综合分析和评价圈出3个页岩气聚集有利区,分别为安场区块、斑竹区块和泥高区块,这为研究区页岩气进一步勘探开发指明了方向。     

黔西北燕子口地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩气源岩评价

黔西北上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组具有巨大的页岩气资源潜力,是我国南方页岩气勘探主攻目的层位和地区之一.本文研究了黔西北燕子口地区该套地层横向范围和厚度以及埋藏深度、岩相特征、矿物组成、总有机碳含量、热成熟度、储集空间和物性等页岩气成藏关键特征,结果表明:五峰组在燕子口西部的以勒地区厚度可达20 m,而龙马溪组自黔...     

滇黔北坳陷五峰组-龙马溪组下段页岩岩相与沉积环境

滇黔北坳陷为南方海相地层的有利研究区域,发育多套海相页岩。上奥陶统五峰组与下志留统龙马溪组地层,尤其是五峰组-龙马溪组下段页岩作为优质烃源岩而备受重视。通过岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、X衍射分析及微量元素地球化学指标判识,对其进行页岩岩相划分与沉积环境分析。结果显示:滇黔北坳陷五峰组-龙马溪组下段地层共划分出六种页岩岩相:硅质页岩、黏土质页岩、钙质页岩、黏土质硅质混合页岩、黏土质钙质混合页岩、钙质硅质混合页岩,其中硅质页岩和黏土质页岩的TOC含量明显高于其余四种岩相。V/（V+Ni）、V/Cr、Ni/Co和U/Th指标指示五峰组-龙马溪组下段总体处于低能、滞留、局限条件,与深水陆棚环境匹配,Mo元素含量与四川盆地均值相当。五峰早期与龙马溪早期海侵的发生形成了以深水陆棚占主导的沉积格局,低能、滞留、局限的厌氧环境与快速海侵是有机质富集与保存的重要条件。     

川南—黔北地区下志留统龙马溪组沉积相展布及演化

川南-黔北地区下志留统龙马溪组发育了一套富含有机质的页岩,属于浅海陆棚沉积环境,基于野外实测剖面和岩心观察,结合有机碳含量（TOC）以及测井资料等,对龙马溪组进行了详细的沉积相研究。根据岩性标志,沉积构造特征,古生物特征,地球化学特征,识别出龙马溪组浅海陆棚相,包括浅水陆棚亚相和深水陆棚亚相。并进一步划分出风暴层,砂泥质浅水陆棚,泥质浅水陆棚,灰泥质浅水陆棚,灰质浅水陆棚,浊积砂,砂泥质深水陆棚,泥质深水陆棚,灰泥质深水陆棚等微相。龙马溪组自下而上划分出SSQ1和SSQ2两个沉积旋回,整体显示出水体变浅的趋势,并控制富有机质黑色页岩储层的分布。SSQ1的TST中泥质深水陆棚微相是最有利页岩储层发育的有利相带。     

沉积环境对页岩气储层的控制作用——以渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组为例

以"沉积控相,相控储层"为研究思路,基于野外露头剖面实测与室内实验测试,以及前人的研究成果,探讨渝东北地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组沉积环境对页岩气储层的控制作用。研究表明,渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质泥页岩主要发育于滞留浅海陆棚相中,沉积中心页岩厚度可达70~80m,有机碳含量(TOC)最高可达7.56%,平均3.09%。静水缺氧还原沉积环境岩石类型主要以富含有机质的含碳质含粉砂泥(页)岩、含碳质含硅质泥(页)岩、含硅质泥(页)岩、含碳质泥(页)岩、含粉砂泥(页)岩及硅质泥(页)岩为主。页岩矿物成分以石英(平均达62.76%)和黏土矿物(平均达22.61%)为主。缺氧还原环境下沉积的大量黄铁矿形成的黄铁矿晶间孔、黏土矿物层间微孔隙、有机质生烃形成的微孔隙以及脆性矿物控制形成的微裂缝为页岩气提供了良好的储集空间。沉积环境控制的储层发育特征的研究可为页岩展布、有机质丰度、储集空间及其之后有利区评价等研究提供基础。     

黔北正安地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气地质特征及有利区预测

为明确黔北正安地区上奥陶统五峰组至下志留统龙马溪组的页岩气地质特征,充分应用页岩气地质调查、重磁电、二维地震、地质调查井及测试分析等工作方法,开展黔北正安地区1∶5万页岩气基础地质调查,对五峰组至龙马溪组富有机质页岩的分布、沉积环境、有机地球化学、岩石矿物、储集性能及含气性等特征进行分析研究,结果表明:研究区五峰组—龙马溪组富有机质页岩为深水陆棚相沉积,主要分布有安场向斜、斑竹向斜和泥高向斜,厚度14.5～55 m,埋深0～3 200 m;有机碳(TOC)含量1.0%～4.0%,有机质镜质体反射率(R_o)为1.82%～2.23%,有机质类型以Ⅰ型干酪根为主;岩石主要由石英、长石和黏土矿物组成,脆性矿物含量高,一般大于50%;孔隙度为2.03%～3.89%,渗透率为0.35×10~(-5)～1.86×10~(-5)μm~2,表现为低孔、特低渗的特征;最高含气量为2.88 m~3/t,显示出较好的含气性特征。综合分析和评价圈出3个页岩气聚集有利区,分别为安场区块、斑竹区块和泥高区块,这为研究区页岩气进一步勘探开发指明了方向。     

扬子及周缘地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩发育环境及其控制因素

扬子地区下古生界发育了上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组两套有效烃源岩,查清其发育环境及其控制因素具有重要的科学理论和油气勘探意义.晚奥陶世开始,扬子地区进入碎屑岩陆棚演化阶段;五峰期-龙马溪期,扬子地区主体为局限的深水陆棚环境,总体呈现出浅水陆棚、深水陆棚、次深海共存的古地理格局.沉积体系展布和沉积演化主要受扬子陆块与华夏陆块的汇聚作用控制.扬子地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩的形成与生烃母质生物的高生产力和高埋藏率、冰期-冰后期之交的气温快速转暖、海平面快速上升以及粘土矿物在有机质富集保存过程中的赋存驻留作用等密切相关.     

湖北当阳复向斜北部页岩气地质评价与有利区优选

以露头、钻井、地震等资料为基础,对湖北当阳复向斜北部上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件和勘探潜力展开评价。研究表明,当阳复向斜五峰组—龙马溪组具备良好的页岩气成藏地质条件:五峰组—龙马溪组沉积期以深水陆棚沉积环境为主,页岩广泛发育,优质页岩层厚度约50 m;有机质类型为Ⅱ_2型,有机碳含量一般大于2%,有机质成熟度R_o在3.0%左右,已进入过成熟阶段;页岩中的矿物以石英和黏土为主,有利于后期压裂改造和吸附气的大量富集;储层具有低孔特低渗特征;当阳复向斜构造简单,区域上盖层连续分布,保存条件较好。通过地质评价和资源量计算,当阳复向斜页岩气资源量较为丰富,优选巡检—溪前向斜带和龙坪—肖堰—栗溪背斜带为页岩气勘探有利区。     

渝东南地区五峰组－龙马溪组页岩气成藏地质条件与有利区预测

上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组是四川盆地页岩气勘探的重要层位。通过地层厚度、地层埋深、总有机碳含量、有机质类型、有机质成熟度及储层含气量等参数的综合分析,表明渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组具有泥页岩厚度大(40~210m)、地层埋深较浅(4500m)、总有机碳含量较高(TOC一般1.5%)、有机质成熟度高(Ro为1.9%~2.7%)等特点,有机质类型多以Ⅰ型为主,现场解吸含气量在五峰组及龙马溪组中下部具有较好的水平。综合分析认为,五峰组—龙马溪组具有较好的页岩气成藏地质潜力。运用多因素叠加及综合地质分析技术,选取总有机碳含量、热成熟度、地层埋深、地层厚度、地表条件5个参数作为核心评价指标对渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组的成藏有利区进行了预测,共预测出Ⅰ类有利区6个,Ⅱ类有利区2个,有利区预测结果与目前已有钻井的含气量水平相一致。最后,提出了"有重点、有先后、分层次"的勘探开发部署建议。     

Characteristics of black shale in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng and lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,China

Geochemical and mineralogical analyses, in addition to isothermal adsorption experiments on field samples, are used to characterise the sedimentary environments, reservoirs and adsorbed gas of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng–lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas. The sedimentary environment of the Wufeng and the lower part of Longmaxi formations is a deep-water shelf with five different lithologies identified: siliceous shale, black shale, siltstone, biolithite limestone and bentonite. The black shale in the Wufeng and the lower part of Longmaxi formations is 50 m thick, with an average organic carbon content (TOC) of 3.81 wt% and a maturity (Ro) of 1.62%. Quartz comprises 54.94 vol% of the shale and positively correlates with the TOC. Micropores in the black shale include intergranular pores, intragranular pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Among these pores, spaces between clay sheets and organic molecules represent a favourable storage space for the accumulation and preservation of oil and gas. The Langmuir volume parameter ranges between 1.52 and 3.01 cm³/g, with an average value of 2.33 cm³/g. The presence of organic matter pores and pores between clay sheets in the black shale is the main and controlling factor for accumulated gas.     

川东南武隆地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气形成条件及富集区分析

通过野外地质调查资料及样品测试分析,结合前人研究的结果,对川东南武隆地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气形成的基础地质条件进行了研究,指出五峰组与龙马溪组底部富有机质页岩形成于深水陆棚环境,富有机质页岩厚度大,分布广,埋深适中(300~3 500 m),脆性矿物含量较高,TOC主要分布于2%~5%之间,热演化程度处于高成熟—过成熟早期阶段,发育溶蚀(微)孔、粒间微孔、粒内微孔、有机质孔及微裂缝等,并通过综合信息叠合分析,提出了5个页岩气富集区。     

川南及邻区下志留统龙马溪组下段沉积相与页岩气地质条件的关系*

在川南及邻区下志留统龙马溪组下段沉积相详细研究的基础上,结合偏光显微镜、X衍射及元素地球化学分析等,提出沉积相对页岩气地质条件的影响特征。研究发现:川南及邻区龙马溪组下段主要发育潮坪相和浅海陆棚相。局限滞留的缺氧还原环境、快速海侵形成的分层水体、适宜的沉积速率及较高的生物产率,造成了龙马溪组下段有机质富集,并以硅质型页岩为主,利于页岩气的富集与开发。隆起边缘的潮坪相沉积,为页岩气的非有利区;沉积中心的深水陆棚沉积区,主要发育碳质硅质页岩、碳质页岩与含粉砂含钙碳质页岩,为页岩气的有利区;砂泥质浅水陆棚含有较高的有机质,应为页岩气发育的次级有利区;灰泥质浅水陆棚主要发育“钙质页岩+含碳泥质灰岩”,有机质含量相对较低,为页岩气的较不利发育区。     

中上扬子地区下古生界页岩气资源前景分析

我国中上扬子地区下古生界黑色页岩是震旦系、二叠系大中型气田的重要烃源岩,同时其自身也具有形成页岩气藏的巨大潜力。初步研究表明,中上扬子地区下古生界有利页岩气层主要发育在下震旦统陡山沱组、下寒武统筇竹寺组、上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组,这些层位的黑色页岩厚度、有机碳含量、以及Ro值等各项参数均符合形成页岩气藏的特征,是今后页岩气勘探的潜力地层。     

陵页岩气井新工具的应用与经济评价

涪陵地区页岩层蕴含着丰富的天然气资源,具有较大的开采前景。区块主要目的层为上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组下部页岩气层。上部泥页岩地层井壁稳定性差,地层承压能力低,溶洞发育、易坍塌、易漏失;海相沉积地层流体分布复杂,部分地层岩性变化大,可钻性差,机械钻速较低;采用丛式布井,水平井井眼轨迹复杂,靶前位移大,大井眼定向扭方位困难、托压严重。现场试验使用了旋转导向、扭力冲击器、旋冲马达、水力振荡器等新技术、新工具,大幅度提高机械钻速,缩短钻井周期,取得一定的经济效益。阐述了几种新技术和新工具的工作原理、现场应用情况,并对其经济效果进行了评价。     

Nature of the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Xiaohe section,Hunan-Hubei area,South China: implications for the Kwangsian Orogeny

ABSTRACT

The intraplate Kwangsian Orogeny is a key orogenic event in South China in the mid-Paleozoic. We re-examined the evidence for the Yichang Uplift, an inferred geographic feature during the Kwangsian Orogeny, to evaluate its timing and nature. Field, sedimentological, mineralogical and geochronological data were collected from the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Xiaohe section, Hunan-Hubei area. Results suggest that the Xiaohe section is composed of the Late Ordovician Wufeng Formation black shale in the lower part and the Early Silurian Longmaxi Formation black shale in the upper part. We found that the clay layers interbedded in the Wufeng Formation are altered rhyolitic tuffs instead of parts of a subaerial wreathing crust. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons in the top tuff layer of the Wufeng Formation yielded an age of 447.0 + 1.4/- 2.2 Ma, consistent with biostratigraphic data, providing a radiometric constraint for the sedimentary break existed between the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations and confirming the absence of the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) Guanyinqiao Formation in the study area. Our data support that the Yichang Uplift was a submarine highland possibly initiated by the reactivation of the inherited Jianshi-Enshi Fault in the Hunan-Hubei area during the Kwangsian Orogeny.     

“Source-Diagenesis-Accumulation” enrichment and accumulation regularity of marine shale gas in southern China

After the breakthrough of shale gas exploration and development in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation (Fm.) and Silurian Longmaxi Fm. of Chongqing Jiaoshiba area, Changning-Weiyuan area, etc. in Sichuan basin, a series of discovery and breakthrough were obtained by China Geological Survey in the Cambrian Niutitang Fm. and Sinian Doushantuo Fm. shale of the areas with complicated structure outside Sichuan basin. Based on the understanding of the law of shale gas enrichment in Longmaxi Fm. in the basin, this paper puts forward three elements of the formation and enrichment of shale gas, which are the “Source”, the “Diagenesis” and the “Accumulation”, after deeply studying the law shale gas enrichment and accumulation in Sinian-Cambrian reservoir of the complex structure area outside the basin. The “Source” means the sedimentary environment and petrological characteristics of organic shale. The “Diagenesis” means the basin tectonic subsidence and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process of organic matter. The “Accumulation” means the tectonic uplift and shale gas preservation. It is proposed that the Sinian-Cambrian and Ordovician-Silurian black shale series in the middle and upper Yangtze region of southern China were both formed in the deep-water shelf environment of rift trough and foreland basin respectively. The dessert intervals were formed in the strong reduction environment under transgressive system tract. The shale lithology belongs to calcium-siliceous and charcoal-siliceous respectively. Based on the summary of structural evolution in Yangtze area, the correlation of structural burial depth with shale diagenesis and the coupling evolution of organic matter with pore structure are discussed. Combining with structural styles, the preservation conditions of shale gas are discussed. Five types of shale gas reservoir control models are further described. Two types of future exploration directions, which are reverse fault syncline and paleo-uplift margin in complex structural area outside the basin, are proposed.     

四川盆地东南缘下志留统龙马溪组页岩基本特征

下志留统龙马溪组是四川盆地东南缘最为重要的烃源岩和页岩气勘探层位之一.在岩石学研究的基础上,利用岩石热解、色谱-质谱等分析技术,对研究区龙马溪组页岩地球化学特征进行了系统分析.龙马溪组厚为60 ～ 420 m,主要由8种岩性构成:层状-非层状泥/页岩、白云质粉砂岩、层状钙质泥页岩、泥质粉砂岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥/页岩...