黄、渤海表层沉积物中钙质超微化石分布规律与黄海暖流流路

黄、渤海表层沉积物中钙质超微化石有较广泛分布,属种较大洋和开阔海少而单调。黄海南部见有14个种,北黄海及渤海海峡4～5个种,渤海沿岸区2～3个种。钙质超微化石分异度D_H以及主要化石种相对百分含量的高值区的主轴线的走向与现代黄海暖流的流路密切相关。得出黄海暖流由南黄海东南部流入北黄海,通过渤海海峡的北侧进入渤海,在渤海中部呈南北向伸展。     

黄海、渤海TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料潮汐伴随同化

首先将大约10a的TOPEX/Poseidon(T/P)高度计资料沿星下轨迹点做潮汐调和分析,提取得到各分潮的调和常数,利用伴随同化方法,同化到二维非线性潮汐数值模式中,模拟了黄海、渤海区域M₂,S₂,O₁,K₁等4个潮汐分潮,并根据计算结果给出了各分潮的同潮图.将计算值与观测值的进行偏差统计,结果表明计算值与验潮站资料符合良好.研究过程中做了两类试验:一类试验是针对不同的参数进行优化,一类试验是针对不同的资料进行同化.第一类试验表明:将开边界条件和底摩擦系数同时作为模型优化的控制参数,其结果明显优于单独优化开边界条件;第二类试验表明:同时同化高度计资料与验潮站资料,比单独同化其中任一种资料,对模式计算结果都有较好的改进.研究结果表明,采用伴随同化方法,利用T/P高度计资料和验潮站资料作为同化数据能有效改进模拟结果,用来反演黄海、渤海的潮波系统是可行的.     

渤海潮波系统的数值模拟

利用二维非线性潮波方程组,讨论了渤黄海主要分潮(全日潮、半日潮及浅水分潮) 数值模拟中的有关问题。数值模拟中同时考虑了4个主要分潮(M2,S2,K1,O1)和两个浅水分潮(M4,MS4)。分析表明,在渤黄海潮波系统数值模拟中,稳定后选取14 d的数值模拟结果进行调和分析能够取得最佳(最合理)的调和分析结果。计算出调和常数的模拟值与实测值之差的绝对平均值:M2分潮的振幅差为4cm,迟角差为3.3°,S2分潮的振幅差为2cm,迟角差为4.2°,K1 分潮的振幅差为1cm,迟角差为3.7°,O1分潮的振幅差为2 cm,迟角差为5.5°。实验结果较好地体现了渤黄海潮波系统的特征。     

Tidal bedforms in eastern part of the Bohai Sea

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Relationships Between Tidal Prism and Throat Area of Tidal Inlets Along Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea Coasts

The relationship between P (spring tidal prism) and A (throat area below mean sea level) is statistically analysed in terms of 29 tidal inlets or bays along the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) and Bohai Sea coasts. For 15 of these tidal inlets, the best regression equation is A(km2) = 0.845 />(km3)1.20. The analysis shows that C and n are little different from those in the P-A relationship for the inlets of the South China Sea and East China Sea coasts. It is noted that the relationship between P and A is unstable because of the difference in sediment abundance. The study shows that a united P-A relationship can be obtained for the tidal inlets of lagoon type and bay-drowned-valley type, not containing some half-circle shape bays which confront deep water. These half-circle bays do not belong to tidal inlets because they do not have enough sediment abundance and are fairly open.     

Suspended sediment advection by tidal currents off the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta

Studies to date indirectly indicate that only a small percentage of the sediment discharged by the Huanghe (Yellow River) is presently transported from the Gulf of Bohai to the Huanghai (Yellow Sea). Direct measurements in early summer 1985 show low concentrations of suspended sediment east of 119°45E but high concentrations in Bohai Bay. Stokes drift associated with an amphidrome of the M₂ tide may contribute to a northwestward transport of Huanghe sediment.     

A quasi-three-dimensional numerical prediction model of salinity structure in Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea

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渤海底质沉积物粒度特征及输运趋势探讨

基于对渤海171个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析测试结果,使用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析方法,研究了渤海底质沉积物的分布特征和输运趋势,结果表明:渤海粗粒级沉积物主要分布于辽东和渤中浅滩附近,在滦河口和黄河口也有零星分布;细粒级沉积物主要分布于渤海湾中部和南部,并呈条带状向辽东湾方向延伸;细粒级沉积物分选较粗粒级沉积物好,偏态系数较低;渤海细粒级沉积区为渤海的现代沉积中心,周边沉积物有向这个沉积中心汇聚的输运趋势。这种沉积物分布格局和输运趋势主要受潮流和渤海环流的控制。     

黄海、渤海铅-210沉积速率的分布特征及其影响因素

对黄海、渤海17个箱式柱样进行了210Pb放射性活度测定,计算了近百年来210Pb沉积速率,并结合前人资料对黄海、渤海区210Pb沉积速率的空间分布特征及其影响因素进行探讨,结果表明,黄河口附近站位沉积速率最高(＞2 cm/a),而在渤海中部、渤海湾以及山东半岛沿岸的站位沉积速率较小(≈0.5 cm/a),部分站位沉积...     

Numerical Study on Tidal Mixing in the Bohai Sea

The spatial and temporal variability of tidal mixing in Bohai Sea is studied using a numerical approach. In calculating tidal mixing, accurate barotropic tidal current is obtained via a harmonic analysis package utilizing the simulated current output from a high-resolution regional ocean model. And a “small-scale” roughness map is adopted to describe the detailed topographic features of Bohai Sea. It is shown that the tidal mixing estimated in Bohai Sea is much higher than the level of global background, and fluctuates considerably at some regions within a single day. In Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay and Bohai Strait, the mixing varies greatly, with the peak value of O (10^?2) m² s^?1. The order of magnitude of mixing in Laizhou Bay is about O (10^?5～10^?3) m² s^?1. Mixing with background level of O (10^?5) m² s^?1 only appears in central area. Result also shows that rough topography plays relatively a more important role than tidal current in enhancing diapycnal mixing in Bohai Sea. The distributions of tidal mixing in selected sections reveal that the vertical stratification in Bohai Sea is not obvious, generally renders a barotropic structure.     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional tidal current in the Bobal Sea

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地壳升降对渤、黄、东海潮波系统的影响

利用海平面变化预测模型,预测了渤黄东海未来海平面的上升值。该模型考虑了温室效应和地壳升降。根据潮波运动基本方程和海平面上升的预测值,数值模拟了渤黄东海潮波系统的变化。结果显示,半日分潮(M2,S2)的振幅变化ΔH(或位相变化Δg)有相似的正负分布模式,全日分潮(K1,Q1)的也是如此。考虑和不考虑地壳升降情况下得到的正负分布模式,在黄海存在着较明显的差别,那是由于在黄海存在一个范围很广的海平面变化年速率为负的区域所致。在我国沿岸主要站点,考虑地壳升降情况下获得的主要分潮振幅与不考虑的相比,其中M2分潮的差别最大,其差值范围为-1.8～3.3 cm。在主要站点,利用考虑地壳升降情况下获得的调和常数计算所得的海图深度基准面、最高和最低天文潮位,与利用原调和常数计算所得的相比,海图深度基准面的变化范围为-12.4～14.6 cm,最高天文潮位的变化范围为-11.7～13.0 cm,最低天文潮位的变化范围为-11.9～10.5 cm。     

渤、黄、东海三维潮波运动数值模拟

采用POM三维海流数值模式模拟渤、黄、东海潮波运动。所得潮汐调和常数与77个测站的观测值的平均绝对误差：m1振幅1．92cm,迟角4．39°;M2振幅4．70cm,迟角5．08°。模拟结果显示M2分潮流共存在8个圆流点,m1岁潮流共存在9个圆流点。其中,M2分潮流在舟山群岛附近与m1分潮流在黄海北部和台湾海峡谷存在一个圆流点,这三个圆流点是本文数值模拟所首次显示的,需进一步的观测验证它们实际存在与否。模式还得出湍流涡动系数分布。     

海浪混合参数化的渤海、黄海、东海水动力环境数值模拟

在浪-流耦合的概念下,对Princeton Ocean Model(POM)模式进行改进,增加特征波参数下的海浪混合作用,并把潮流和环流同时模拟,得到了渤海、黄海、东海典型的环流和水文特征,特别是夏季黄海的温跃层现象,夏季长江冲淡水扩展路径以及我国东部海域冬季和夏季典型环流等.研究表明,海浪的作用使海洋上层混合得更均匀,潮流的作用使海洋底层混合得更均匀,二者是温跃层形成的重要原因;考虑潮效应模拟流场,由于潮扩散和潮余流的作用,长江冲淡水路径与实际观测更为符合.     

中国对虾黄、渤海沿岸地理群的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态DNA(random amplified polymorphic DNA,简称RAPD)技术,对中国对虾的黄、渤海地理群的32个个体遗传多样性进行了检测,使用OPI系列的20个10bp的寡核苷酸随机引物,对每个个体的基因组DNA进行扩增,结果为:17个引物获得了谱带清晰且重复性好的产物,扩增片段的分子量在2000～2000bp之间,共检测106个位点,其中多态位点数为39个,占36.8%;平均遗传距离为0.0941+0.0206,有67个标记(占63.2%)在整个群体的32个个体间表观稳定的一致性.     

Three-dimensional structure of tidal current in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea

A three-dimensional tidal current model is developed and applied to the East China Sea (ECS), the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. The model well reproduces the major four tides, namely M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ tides, and their currents. The horizontal distributions of the major four tidal currents are the same as those calculated by the horizontal two-dimensional models. With its high resolutions in the horizontal (12.5 km) and the vertical (20 layers), the model is used to investigate the vertical distributions of tidal current. Four vertical eddy viscosity models are used in the numerical experiments. As the tidal current becomes strong, its vertical shear becomes large and its vertical profile becomes sensitive to the vertical eddy viscosity. As a conclusion, the HU (a) model (Davieset al., 1997), which relates the vertical eddy viscosity to the water depth and depth mean velocity, gives the closest results to the observed data. The reproduction of the amphidromic point of M₂ tide in Liaodong Bay is discussed and it is concluded that it depends on the bottom friction stress. The model reproduces a unique vertical profile of tidal current in the Yellow Sea, which is also found in the observed data. The reason for the reproduction of such a unique profile in the model is investigated.     

Basic characteristics and forming mechanism of the sharp thermocline in the Bohai Sea, Huanghai Sea and northern East China Sea

- On the basis of the fact that the sharp thermocHne in the Bohai Sea and the northern Huanghai Sea is often distributed in the deep valley areas, it has been long thought that the reason of the formation of the sharp thermocHne is that the cold water can be easily kept in valleys. But recent investigations carried out in the southern Huanghai Sea in summer show that all of the sharp thermocHne areas were distributed in the shallow sloping-bottom areas but not in the deep valley areas. Only in autumn would the sharp thermoclines translate to the deep valley areas. In summer, they are characterized by shallow upper mixing layer and thin thickness in the southern Huanghai Sea. In addition to entrainment coming from lower boundary of upper mixing layer the entrainment from upper border of bottom homogeneous layer induced by tidal mixing also plays an important role in the growth and decay of thermoclines in these seas.     

Numerical modelling of the tide-induced residual current in the East China Sea

-A two-dimensional.nonlinear numerical model is used to study the residual current generated by tides in the East China Sea (ECS)and the South Huanghai Sea (SHS). At first, the principal semidiurnal lunar tide (M2)and the tidal current are derived in these areas. The results obtained with the model are strongly supported by the observational results available. Then, the tide-induced residual flow is determined by using the currents generated by the tidal input. The main features of the residual current in ECS and SHS are presented by analyzing the calculated results. Some of the problems are discussed such as the cause of generating residual current and the contribution of the residual current to the observed current.     

Numerical modelling of the sea level under the actions of the tide and strong wind in the Bohai Sea

In this paper, the numerical modelling of the tidal level and current in the Bohai Sea was carried out with ADI method, by taking the sum of four main tidal components M2,S2K2,O1 as the open boundary condition. The calculated values were consistent with the predicted ones (the observed values in the case of calm) in the Tidal Table. On the basis of the modelling of the tide, the sea level and current fields under the effects of strong wind were simulated. The calculated results were also quite satisfactory.     

渤海、黄海热结构分析

在多年观测资料基础上,以月平均风应力和周平均海表水温(SST)作为外强迫,对黄海、渤海热结构进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示渤海的热结构特征自10月至翌年3月为水温垂直均一的冬季型;5～8月为分层结构(由上混合层、跃层、潮混合层组成)的夏季型.4月和9月为两型的过渡期,最低水温出现在2月,最高水温表层出现在8月,底层则在9～10月.黄海沿岸浅水区与渤海有相似的热结构,黄海冷水团和黄海暖流对其中央槽深水区的热结构有重要影响.对底层水的影响而言,前者夏季显著而后者冬季显著,从而导致黄海(槽)的底层水与环境相比呈现夏季冷而冬季暖的特征,底层水温基本上与表面水温的年变化反相;深水区的热结构与渤海相比,均一型结构(1～3月)变短,分层型结构(5～11月)变长,底温年变幅(5℃以内)变小,跃层强度增强.模拟结果还表明,黄海暖流的动力仍然是季风环流,而对黄海冷水团的形成和发展有无动力影响提出质疑.