Groundwater flow modeling for effective implementation of landslide stability enhancement measures

This paper deals with groundwater hydrology at a prominent fracture zone landslide slope (Nuta–Yone landslides) in Japan with an objective to explore an efficient method for the application of landslide stability enhancement measures. The correlation analyses between the hydrological parameters and ground surface movement data at this landslide resulted in low correlation values indicating that the geological formation of the area is extremely complex. For the purpose of understanding the groundwater flow behavior in the landslide area, a three-dimensional transient groundwater flow model was prepared for a part of the landslide slope, where the levels of effectiveness of applied landslide stability enhancement measures (in the form of multilayered deep horizontal drains) are different, and was calibrated against the measured water surface elevations at different piezometer locations. The parameter distributions in the calibrated model and the general directions of the groundwater flow in terms of flow vectors and the results of particle tracking at the model site were interpreted to understand the reasons for variations in effectiveness of existing landslide stability enhancement measures and to find potentially better locations for the implementation of future landslide stability enhancement measures. From the modeling results, it was also understood that groundwater flow model can be effectively used in better planning and locating the landslide stability enhancement measures.     

降雨条件下浅层滑坡稳定性探讨

降雨条件下浅层滑坡是一种常见、多发的地质灾害现象,为了解边坡稳定性随降雨入渗过程的变化情况,以Green-Ampt入渗模型为基础,并考虑了动水压力的作用,建立了降雨入渗条件下浅层滑坡的概念模型,分别推导了降雨前有、无地下水位条件下的边坡安全系数与降雨时间的关系表达式。从分析结果中可以看出,对于这两种情况下边坡稳定性发生突变的主要原因归结于：前者为在湿润锋与地下水位面接触的短时间内,滑带处的孔隙水压力迅速增高;后者为滑带在浸水饱和情况下,岩土体的强度迅速降低。在此基础上,根据降雨过程中边坡是否达到饱和,提出边坡饱和临界时间的概念,考虑了初始降雨强度小于土壤入渗能力的情况。这个时间可以作为一个参数指标用于浅层滑坡的预警。     

地下水对碎石土类边坡稳定性影响分析

在碎石土类边坡中常常发育地下水管网渗流系统,他们控制地下水水位上升,对保持边坡稳定十分重要。当坡脚开挖或坡体堆载时,会破坏管道状地下水排泄系统,从而导致地下水水位升高,使潜在滑面上的孔隙水压升高,最终导致滑坡的发生。本文综合分析了滑坡与水相互作用机理,并以官家滑坡为例,通过对滑坡稳定性计算中与地下水有关的各因素敏感性分析．发现地下水位变化对孔隙压力比、水头高度和水力坡度的影响极大的影响了碎石土边坡的稳定性;通过官家滑坡极限状态的塑性变形发现,碎石土边坡的变形破坏往往是在部分脆弱部位,通过长期蠕变积累首先展开,并逐渐扩展至整个滑面,由此得到在滑坡稳定性计算中,强度参数按照饱水面积比影响下经衰减的数值进行计算,所得到的稳定性系数更符合工程实际现状,对滑坡剩余推力的计算和治理设计具有积极的指导意义。     

地下水渗流对崩坡积滑坡稳定性和变形的影响——以湖南安化春风滑坡群为例

为了研究地下水渗流对崩坡积滑坡变形的影响,通过分析现场调查勘察资料,在研究该滑坡所处的地质环境条件、滑坡的形态特征和变形特征的基础上,探讨了该滑坡的形成机制,对比了地下水渗流对崩坡积滑坡和老滑坡的影响,并开展了数值模拟。取得的认识有:（1）地形地貌、地层岩性、大气降水、人类工程活动是该滑坡形成的主要原因。在这些因素共同作用下,滑坡最终失稳变形,过程中可能发生多次滑动,形成现今的堆积形态。（2）降雨引起的地下水渗流对该崩坡积滑坡稳定性和变形的影响是十分显著的。对于局部架空现象较严重的崩坡积组成的Ⅲ号滑坡体,雨水更易入渗进入坡体,地下水渗流对其稳定性和变形的作用十分明显;而对于优势通道较少的Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号老滑坡体,局部架空现象相对较差,地下水渗流对其稳定性和变形的作用不显著。（3）降雨时间和降雨强度与滑坡稳定性负相关。降雨强度较小时、一定时间内降水对滑坡稳定性影响不大,但降雨较大时,滑坡稳定性将快速降低。     

Using hydrogen,oxygen, and tritium isotopes to identify the hydrological factors contributing to landslides in a mountainous area,central Taiwan

Over a 1-year period, 343 samples, including precipitation, creek, pond, and groundwater, were collected from June 2003 to May 2004. Analyses were performed for stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions. Selected samples were also analyzed for tritium. The goal was to identify possible hydrologic factors contributing to a severe landslide in the Li-Shan area, central Taiwan. The isotope characteristics indicate that groundwater from Fu-Shou-Shan farm located up-slope from the landslide area is a major source for slope groundwater, in addition to precipitation. The groundwater is mainly recharged by pond water at Fu-Shou-Shan farm. According to the calculation of a two-end member equation with δ ¹⁸O, the contribution of farm groundwater to slope groundwater is significantly higher than that of precipitation, up to a factor of five. The estimated drainage efficiency of the existing system is only 23%. Draining off the slope groundwater in the up-slope region to decrease farm groundwater flow into the slope area is a feasible strategy to effectively reduce the risk of landslide.     

卡拉水电站上田滑坡体稳定性分析及评价研究

[摘 要] 为了分析卡拉水电站工程区某滑坡体的稳定性,通过对其滑坡成因、地形地貌、地质构造、 岩土力学参数敏感性等内在因素分析可知,滑坡体随着坡面隆起和坡内扩容加剧,在外界作用下易导致 边坡失稳破坏;其层面与节理裂隙的不良组合为边坡变形失稳提供了边界,陡倾坡内的裂隙,为地下水 的入渗创造了条件;滑坡稳定性随着岩土力学强度参数的提高而增强。通过对降雨、水位升降和地震等 外在因素的敏感性分析可知,库水位骤升骤降对滑坡的稳定性影响较大;短期降雨影响较小,但时间增 长滑坡失稳概率增加;地震峰值对滑坡稳定性影响较为明显。同时根据分析结果对滑坡体进行了工况 及荷载组合,并对各工况组合进行了稳定性计算及评价,得出水位下降时滑坡稳定性处于极限状态,在 蓄水地震工况下失稳概率较大。     

降雨作用下山区边坡稳定性分析

降雨是诱发边坡失稳破坏的主要原因,本文以坡地水文模型为基础,结合无限边坡稳定计算模型,研究降雨条件下边坡启动的临界降雨条件。通过工程算例表明:降雨量与边坡体稳定系数成反比;滑坡启动的临界降雨量随边坡坡度的增大而减少;随边坡土体内摩擦角的增加而逐渐增加,此分析对降雨型滑坡的研究有借鉴性的意义。     

堆积层滑坡水动力位移耦合预测参数及其评价方法研究

在系统分析滑坡的物质组成和失稳动因的基础上,分析和研究了地下水在滑坡稳定性演化过程中的卸载与加载动力作用及其位移响应规律和特点。从非线性系统动力学角度,提出了运用地下水卸加载动力与位移响应耦合预测参数来评价边坡稳定性演化规律与失稳特征,即以地下水位变化量作为堆积层滑坡的卸加载动力参数,以相应的位移作为其卸加载响应参数,建立和确定了地下水卸加载动力与位移响应比预测参数与评价模型。同时,运用损伤力学基本原理,建立了其卸加载响应比与坡体损伤变量和稳定性系数的定量关系以及失稳判据。以三峡库区典型堆积层滑坡分析为例,运用地下水动力与位移耦合预测模型对其稳定性进行了分析与评价,发现地下水动力位移耦合预测参数变化与边坡稳定性实际动态演化规律基本吻合。研究成果表明,所确定的参数是水诱发型堆积层滑坡的一种有效位移动力评价参数,可运用该参数对该类滑坡的动态稳定性进行实时监测预警与评价。     

滑坡降雨阈值模型的应用

在数字高程模型（DEM）的基础上,运用滑坡降雨阈值模型,以楚雄丁家坟一斜坡作为试验研究工点,结合现场勘察、监测数据以及斜坡岩土体主要特性、地形地貌、降雨强度与降雨持续时间、地下水位等因素,模拟斜坡单元产生潜在滑动时的临界降雨量,研究降雨对滑坡发生、分布的影响。研究结果表明：各斜坡单元产生潜在滑动时的临界降雨量各不相同,在不同的降雨量及地下水位条件下滑坡降雨阈值模型模拟的潜在滑坡位置主要位于楚勐公路下边坡处,与实际发生滑坡的位置吻合率达80%以上,滑坡降雨阈值模型可实现对斜坡稳定性进行可视化分析与预测,为降雨型滑坡提供一种有效的预测与分析方法。     

降雨条件下道路边坡地下水渗流分析

降雨是影响道路边坡稳定的主要因素之一,根据岩土饱和-非饱和渗流理论,考虑降雨入渗的影响,利用有限元方法,对强降雨条件下公路边坡地下水渗流场动态进行了数值模拟,得到了边坡地下水压力水头、总水头变化、流速的变化规律,为道路边坡的稳定性分析和滑坡预测提供重要的分析数据。     

降雨型堆积层滑坡特征及稳定性分析

堆积层滑坡是滑坡的一种基本类型,其物质组成、结构等有别于其它类型滑坡。堆积层滑坡失稳绝大多数是由降雨或地下水位的变化而引起的,在降雨诱发堆积层滑坡稳定性分析中,必须考虑渗透力的作用。系统分析了堆积型滑坡发育环境及特征,推导了基于总应力法和有效应力法的可考虑渗透力的传递系数法,采用有效应力法计算滑坡稳定系数时,既要考虑地下水浮力作用,又要考虑地下水流动时的渗透力作用;采用总应力法计算滑坡稳定系数时,仅需考虑地下水流动时的渗透力作用。对一个工程实例进行了深入剖析,验证了考虑渗透力的传递系数法的可靠性。     

Field monitoring of groundwater responses to heavy rainfalls and the early warning of the Kualiangzi landslide in Sichuan Basin,southwestern China

The Kualiangzi landslide was triggered by heavy rainfalls in the “red beds” area of Sichuan Basin in southwestern China. Differing from other bedrock landslides, the movement of the Kualiangzi landslide was controlled by the subvertical cracks and a subhorizontal bedding plane (dip angle < 10°). The ingress of rainwater in the cracks formed a unique groundwater environment in the slope. Field measurement for rainfall, groundwater movement, and slope displacement has been made for the Kualiangzi landslide since 2013. The field monitoring system consists of two rainfall gauges, seven piezometers, five water-level gauges, and two GPS data loggers. The equipments are embedded near a longitudinal section of the landslide, where severe deformation has been observed in the past 3 years. The groundwater responses to four heavy rainfall events were analyzed between June 16 and July 24 in 2013 coincided with the flood season in Sichuan. Results showed that both of the water level and the pore-water pressure increased after each rainfall event with delay in the response time with respect to the precipitation. The maximum time lag reached 35 h occurred in a heavy rainfall event with cumulative precipitation of 127 mm; such lag effect was significantly weakened in the subsequent heavy rainfall events. In each presented rainfall event, longer infiltration period in the bedrock in the upper slope increased the response time of groundwater, compared to that of in the gravels in the lower slope. A translational landslide conceptual model was built for the Kualiangzi landslide, and the time lag was attributed to the gradual formation of the uplift pressure on the slip surface and the softening of soils at the slip surface. Another important observation is the effect on the slope movement which was caused by the water level (H _w) in the transverse tension trough developed at the rear edge of the landslide. Significant negative correlation was found for H _w and the slope stability factor (F _s), in particular for the last two heavy rainfall events, of which the drastic increase of water level caused significant deterioration in the slope stability. The rapid drop (Δ?=?22.5 kPa) of pore-water pressure in the deep bedrock within 1 h and the large increase (Δ?=?87.3 mm) of surficial displacement were both monitored in the same period. In the end, a four-level early warning system is established through utilizing H _w and the displacement rate D _r as the warning indicators. When the large deformation occurred in flood season, the habitants at the leading edge of the landslide can be evacuated in time.     

工程措施影响滑坡地下水动态的数值模拟研究

大多数滑坡的发生与地下水活动有关 ,地下水的动态变化直接关系到滑坡的稳定性状况。因此 ,在滑坡治理工程中 ,首先需要研究各种影响因素和工程治理措施对坡体地下水位的影响方式 ,从而正确分析滑坡成因机制和制定合理的滑坡治理方案。基于工程滑坡实例研究 ,利用数值模拟 ,揭示了滑坡治理工程中地下排水洞的排水效果 ,分析了地表水集中入渗和设置抗滑桩后地下水渗流场的变化特征。表明数值模拟研究 ,可以有效地揭示工程措施及主要影响因素对滑坡地下水动态的影响方式 ,为滑坡治理奠定必要的基础     

应变软化边坡渐进破坏模式及稳定性可靠度

针对现有考虑应变软化效应的边坡渐进破坏分析模型中计算假定条件不符合实际情况的不足,以三峡库区赵树岭滑坡为研究对象,考虑地下水位波动和地震力的影响,提出用于分析多场耦合条件下应变软化边坡渐进破坏模式及稳定性可靠度的方法.结果表明,地下水位波动和地震力会不同程度地影响滑坡的渐进破坏模式和破坏概率.滑坡在145 m、175 m水位和库水位从175 m陡降为145 m三种工况下整体稳定,但分别有14.119%、20.266%和21.797%的概率发生局部渐进破坏;在烈度为Ⅶ的地震力作用下同时考虑3种蓄水工况,该滑坡分别有34.067%、38.061%和38.405%的概率发生整体渐进破坏;根据滑坡渐进破坏模式指出最佳加固位置应在沿江大道前沿.该分析方法具备可靠性,可为边坡的渐进破坏模式及稳定性评价研究提供参考.      

冲洪积卵石土层分布区滑坡形成机理分析HT4H——以安溪县某安置区边坡为例

地下水渗流是冲洪积卵石土层分布区发生滑坡的主控因素。安溪县某安置区的北侧边坡就是处于这种地质环境并受此影响,自2010年6月以来变形持续加剧、范围逐年扩展。目前,滑坡后缘整体下错达1.5 m,坡体纵横裂缝密布,前缘挡墙鼓出,坡体正处于强变形阶段。文章以此为例,着重讨论冲洪积卵石土层分布区形成滑坡的工程地质条件、水文地质条件及变形破坏特征,分析变形破坏的控制因素和滑坡形成机理,预测滑坡的稳定性。结果表明:冲洪积卵石土层形成的渗流系统,在充沛、多源的地下水补给等因素作用下,也会导致高差小、坡度缓的边坡发生严重地质灾害;基于现状水位,采取工程措施后,将坡体地下水位再降低4 m,稳定性系数将由原先的0.987~1.048提高至1.298~1.388,边坡可达到稳定状态。针对致灾成灾的主控因素和稳定性验算结果,提出采用“盲沟盲管排水+定向敷管导水+竖井”为治水止滑的主措施。本文研究是对地下水渗流控制型滑坡治理方法的有益探索和挑战,可为类似滑坡机理研究提供有益的参考借鉴。     

新疆伊犁某移民新区黄土滑坡成因分析及防治对策

移民新区东坡滑坡发育于小吉尔格朗河东岸二级残留阶地,坡面中部,坡体平均坡度35°,均为小型土质滑坡。因滑坡剪出口位置较高,滑动后,多为快速滑动,极易成灾,对沙尕村移民新区构成较大威胁。通过研究发现,滑坡主要受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造等原生地质条件控制,受大气降水、地下水、地震、人类工程活动等外界条件影响,其中大气降水和地下水为滑坡成因的主要影响因素。结合滑坡成因及影响因素,提出抗滑桩板墙和挡土墙相结合并辅以排水措施的防治方案,对该地区的滑坡防治具有较好的指导意义。     

滑坡充气截排水有效性数值模拟

为验证充气截排水在实际滑坡中能有效控制坡体地下水位和坡体稳定性,本文以小旦滑坡为例,在滑坡变形破坏发展特征分析和形成机制研究的基础上,采用数值模拟方法研究了充气截排水技术应用在此类滑坡治理中应用的有效性。通过二维有限元数值模拟,分析了不同充气压力下坡体稳定性的变化规律。结果表明：在滑坡后缘适当位置进行充气能够形成稳定的非饱和截水帷幕,达到降低潜在滑坡区地下水位的目的;小旦滑坡的最佳充气压力值为125 kPa,在最佳充气压力作用下,小旦滑坡坡脚未开挖状态下稳定性系数由1.144增大到1.209,开挖状态下的稳定性系数由1.106增大到1.139;雨季边坡后缘入渗量增大的情况下,充气截排水对滑坡稳定性的提高作用更为显著。     

Method for prediction of landslide movements based on random forests

Prediction of landslide movements with practical application for landslide risk mitigation is a challenge for scientists. This study presents a methodology for prediction of landslide movements using random forests, a machine learning algorithm based on regression trees. The prediction method was established based on a time series consisting of 2 years of data on landslide movement, groundwater level, and precipitation gathered from the Kostanjek landslide monitoring system and nearby meteorological stations in Zagreb (Croatia). Because of complex relations between precipitations and groundwater levels, the process of landslide movement prediction is divided into two separate models: (1) model for prediction of groundwater levels from precipitation data and (2) model for prediction of landslide movements from groundwater level data. In a groundwater level prediction model, 75 parameters were used as predictors, calculated from precipitation and evapotranspiration data. In the landslide movement prediction model, 10 parameters calculated from groundwater level data were used as predictors. Model validation was performed through the prediction of groundwater levels and prediction of landslide movements for the periods from 10 to 90 days. The validation results show the capability of the model to predict the evolution of daily displacements, from predicted variations of groundwater levels, for the period up to 30 days. Practical contributions of the developed method include the possibility of automated predictions, updated and improved on a daily basis, which would be an important source of information for decisions related to crisis management in the case of risky landslide movements.     

充气位置及压力对边坡截排水效果的影响

充气截排水主要依据非饱和渗流理论,通过向坡体后缘压入气体驱除部分地下水,形成非饱和帷幕带,降低土体的渗透性,截排斜坡后缘地下水的入渗,降低潜在滑坡体内地下水位。多孔介质的多相渗流问题相当复杂,模拟技术往往是有效的研究方法。笔者以试验得到的地下水位及渗流量为基础进行数值反演分析,得到土质参数,构建数值计算模型,研究不同充气位置对边坡潜在滑坡区地下水位的影响。结果表明:在坡体后缘压入气体能够降低潜在滑坡区的地下水位线;在坡体后缘充气时,充气点放置在距离潜在滑坡区较近的位置时,截排水效果更好;充气点充气压力越大,潜在滑坡区的地下水位线下降得越多;选择充气点深度时,宜选择较深的充气深度,这样能够选择较大的充气压力。     

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的特征与成因

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡是黄土沿下伏泥岩等接触面滑动的黄土滑坡, 是黄土高原广泛分布的主要黄土滑坡类型之一. 黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡发育的黄土斜坡一般为坡度10°～20°的地势低洼部位. 上部黄土、下部泥质岩的“双层异质”斜坡结构, 倾向坡外的接触面构成的软弱结构面, 是黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡发育的地质基础. 地下水作用是黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的重要引发因素. 斜坡上部黄土的渗透性较好, 且垂直节理和落水洞发育, 有利于降水入渗, 而下部泥质岩的渗透性差, 地下水易在接触面及其低洼部位汇集, 使黄土底部接触面一带岩土长期处于过湿软塑-饱和状态, 成为滑坡发育的软弱结构面. 黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡具有滑动速度低、滑动距离短, 滑体稳定性差、易复活滑动等活动特征. 受斜坡地质结构和水文地质条件的控制, 黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡变形破坏的地质力学模式为滑移-拉裂型或塑流-拉裂型.