黑龙江省张广才岭南部早侏罗世花岗岩暗色微粒包体成因研究

黑龙江省张广才岭南部早侏罗世花岗岩具有明显的岩浆混合特征。岩体中暗色微粒包体发育,主要为细粒闪长质岩浆包体,包体形态多样,与寄主岩呈截然、过渡关系。包体的矿物组合明显不平衡,如矿物具有定向排列的特点,斜长石发育自形环带并存在新、老两个世代,发育针状磷灰石。由电子探针对斜长石、角闪石和黑云母等矿物分析结果可知,寄主花岗岩和包体中各主要矿物含量基本一致。岩石地球化学特征研究显示,包体与寄主花岗岩关系密切,两者在稀土元素和微量元素方面也表现为明显的地球化学亲缘关系。这表明张广才岭南部早侏罗世花岗质岩石具有壳幔混合成因特征,暗色微粒包体是由较基性的地幔岩浆进入寄主岩浆中淬火结晶而成,花岗质岩浆的源区主要为新生的地壳物质。     

浙江青田花岗岩中岩石包体特征及成因

浙江青田燕山晚期黑云母花岗岩中有许多石英闪长质岩石包体,它们大小不一,形态各异,以微细粒结构、具冷凝边构造、并发育针状磷灰石为特征。岩石包体与寄主花岗岩的主要氧化物、微量元素的变化趋势呈线性关系。岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学及地球化学等特征的研究表明,石英闪长质岩石包体属淬冷包体,由玄武质岩浆和花岗质岩浆通过不均匀的混合作用而形成。     

岩浆混合作用:来自岩石包体的证据

镁铁质岩浆与长英质岩浆之间的混合作用是导致壳幔混源花岗岩类形成的主要机制。暗色、细粒且具火成结构的岩石包体是指示岩浆混合作用存在的可靠证据。这些岩石包体具有下列特征:(1)包体常呈等轴状,表明包体岩浆曾以液态球滴状存在于寄主岩浆中;(2)由于基性岩浆温度恒高于酸性岩浆(温度超出约300℃),这类包体常具有淬冷边;(3)包体有时含有反向脉;(4)包体中能见到自寄主岩浆捕获的长石捕虏晶。进一步分析了三个典型的含暗色微粒包体的花岗质杂岩(平潭、普陀山、花山—姑婆山)研究实例,认为暗色微粒包体的形成,可用来自深部岩浆房的玄武质岩浆向浅部酸性岩浆房的注入作用来解释。     

花岗岩暗色微粒包体特征及其研究方向

通过调研近年来国内外学者对于花岗岩类中暗色微粒包体的研究成果,总结了其野外地质、岩相学、地球化学和同位素等特征以及成因研究中的主要问题。暗色微粒包体(MME)广泛分布于I型花岗岩中,一般呈随机分布,形态多样,但以塑性特征为主;一般认为是岩浆混合成因,其原始物源是玄武质岩浆,具典型的火成岩结构,发育针状磷灰石、环带结构和筛状结构的斜长石;相对于寄主岩石,暗色微粒包体富Fe,Mg,贫Si,Na,其锆石U-Pb年龄在误差范围内与寄主岩石年龄一致等,反映了壳幔源岩浆的混合事件。暗色微粒包体与岩浆动力学行为、矿化关系及区域地质演化等方面值得进一步研究、探索。     

四川南江光雾山H型花岗岩的地质地球化学特征

本文从地质学、岩石学、岩石化学，微量元素丰度等方面讨论了光雾山地区沙河坝超单元的地质地球化学特征，结果表明存在幔源基性岩浆与壳源花岗岩浆间的岩浆混合作用，这些岩体属于Ｈ型花岗岩。岩体中见有暗色微粒包体及熔体反应之残留矿物相，花岗质岩石及其中的暗色微粒包体，其化学成分在某些元素—元素图解和同分母双比值图上的投点均呈直线分布。经计算，沙河坝超单元中基性岩浆混合的比例为：Ｈｓ型花岗岩５．７％～３２．８％，Ｈｍ型花岗岩６８．０％～７３．６％，而暗色微粒包体则为７７．０％～８８．３％。     

皖南姚村花岗岩体环斑长石和暗色包体的成因机制

本文研究表明,姚村花岗岩体中的暗色包体是少量中基性岩浆与花岗质岩浆不完全混合的结果。包体中的环斑长石特别是其钾长石核是从花岗质岩浆中结晶后,机械地迁入包体中的。混合作用使花岗质岩浆微区成分不均一,一些微区钙的含量增高,导致钾长石停止生长,而斜长石围绕钾长石得以生长成为环边。尔后这种粥状岩浆进一步侵位,并快速结晶形成相对细粒的基质。     

包体研究对认识花岗岩浆起源和演化的意义

包体提供了花岗岩浆起源和演化的重要信息。花岗岩中富云母包体残留物的存在是大陆壳产生岩浆的极好证据。而暗色微粒包体的存在,表明有地幔物质的加入。在同一花岗岩中,两种包体的共存,表明其岩浆起源远不止一种。通过包体的研究就可以确定混合作用的条件。包体形状可提供混合作用位置与观察位置之间距离的信息。尽管发生过混合作用,但有时仍能识别山混合物基性组分的原始成分。对同一造山带中不同花岗岩的这种组分加以系统鉴定,有助于理解造山带中基性岩浆作用的时空变化。岩浆混合是引起花岗岩不均一性的原因之一,但当基性岩浆提供的热能产生新的混合组分,有时还导致新的侵入作用发生,岩浆混合又是使花岗岩均一化的重要因素。     

新疆尾亚地区岩浆混合作用的年代学证据

新疆东部尾亚矿区的钾长花岗岩及其包体岩相学、矿物化学和岩石地球化学特征及野外地质特征显示其为岩浆混合作用的结果。本文获得钾长花岗岩及其中暗色微粒包体闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(247.5±5.3)Ma和(244.8±1.8)Ma,与该区石英二长闪长岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄(244.7±3.3)Ma在误差范围内一致,这一结果从年代学角度为钾长花岗岩及其中暗色微粒包体的岩浆混合作用成因提供证据。     

东昆仑东段香加南山花岗岩基的岩浆混合成因:来自镁铁质微粒包体的证据

东昆仑造山带出露大量花岗质岩浆岩,岩石中广泛发育暗色微粒包体,是研究岩浆混合作用的天然场所。本文以东昆仑东段香加南山花岗岩基为研究对象,对暗色微粒包体的野外地质特征进行研究,探讨岩浆混合作用和岩浆动力过程。暗色微粒包体具细粒-中粗粒结构,含有斜长石、角闪石、石英、暗色环边石英和钾长石等斑晶,偶见斑晶横跨寄主岩和包体,常发育反向脉,包体与寄主岩接触关系呈截然型或过渡型,这些特征说明暗色微粒包体为岩浆混合作用的产物,混合过程存在着物质交换。包体从细粒-粗粒-弥散状-完全混合岩浆说明岩浆混合的比例越来越大,温差越来越小,两种岩浆温度差对包体的形成具有很大影响。对包体的形态研究显示,包体不同拉伸程度是岩浆黏度、温度、流动速度等因素共同作用的结果,拉伸程度越大塑性变形程度越大。包体的长轴方向主要分为两类:一类与包体的整体方向近似,代表岩浆的流动方向;另一类要么没有固定方向,要么同一露头有几种不同方向,为岩浆局部搅动、对流的结果。包体进入寄主岩自身的旋转、流动和岩浆的局部搅动,使少量包体边部矿物和寄主岩矿物具有定向性。暗色微粒包体相互包裹和同一露头不同类型的暗色微粒包体说明岩浆混合具有多期次性。香加南山花岗岩基暗色微粒包体的野外地质特征为岩浆混合作用以及岩浆动力学过程提供了重要佐证。     

暗色微粒包体是壳幔岩浆混合作用的证据吗?

暗色微粒包体常见于钙碱性花岗岩中,已普遍被认为是幔源基性岩浆与壳源酸性岩浆在地壳深部发生混合作用的产物。本文通过大量资料的分析研究,发现暗色微粒包体可以具有很大负值的全岩ε_Nd(t)值和锆石ε_Hf(t)值,及大于0.710的全岩[n(⁸⁷Sr)/n(⁸⁶Sr)]_i值,不存在幔源岩浆混合的痕迹;而且,大多数暗色微粒包体与寄主花岗岩在晶体化学、形成年龄、全岩和锆石同位素成分等方面显示出完全相似的特征,反映出两者在时空与物质上都具有紧密的成因联系。笔者认为,暗色微粒包体不应该是壳幔岩浆混合作用的产物。基于包体岩浆极小的体量和稍晚的侵位(相对于寄主花岗岩),笔者提出一种新的暗色微粒包体的形成方式：同造山花岗岩浆的主动上侵造成岩浆房内的“负压力”而导致岩浆房下部呈晶粥状态的闪长质层发生等温减压熔融作用,从而形成体量极小的包体岩浆;并即时“注入”地壳上部尚未固结的寄主花岗岩中,快速冷凝形成暗色微粒包体。因此,暗色微粒包体不能被视作为“壳幔岩浆混合作用”的证据。     

花岗岩结晶分离作用问题——关于花岗岩研究的思考之二

岩浆结晶分离作用是一个古老的话题,很早就有学者指出,地球内部生成的岩浆大多是玄武质岩浆,大多数花岗岩是由玄武岩结晶分离形成的。本文在考察了岩浆结晶分离作用的制约因素、比较了不同性质岩浆结晶分离作用的特征之后指出:玄武质岩浆可以发生结晶分离作用,因为有与其相关的堆晶岩产出;安山质岩浆也可以发生结晶分离作用,因为也有与其相关的堆晶岩产出。但是,花岗质岩浆似乎不大可能发生结晶分离作用,因为,很少见到有与(富硅的)花岗质岩浆相伴的堆晶岩产出。花岗质岩浆之所以不大可能发生结晶分离作用的原因在于:(1)岩浆的黏性大,它不仅阻滞了矿物的结晶作用(使斜长石不能发育为自形晶),而且阻止了密度大的矿物(例如角闪石)下沉;(2)主要造岩矿物(例如斜长石)的密度与花岗质岩浆的密度相差无几,使结晶分离作用难以进行。本文详细考察了花岗质岩浆中斜长石的行为,指出在花岗质岩浆中斜长石结晶分离几乎是不可能的。那么,文献中大量充斥的花岗岩结晶分离作用的说法是依据什么呢?作者认为,文献中的许多说法可能主要是根据哈克图解得出的,而不是根据实际观察和理论研究得出的。作者认为,玄武岩和花岗岩不仅来源不同,成分不同,而且解释也不同。哈克图解中许多适合玄武岩的解释未必适合花岗岩。由于鲍文反应原理是结晶分离作用的理论基础,因此,文中也对鲍文反应原理进行了评述,并指出文献中存在的一些需要认真对待的问题,例如,从玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩的连续演化序列是不可能的;单元-超单元填图方法是不科学的;中国东部中生代大规模花岗岩不可能是玄武质岩浆结晶分离形成的等等。本文还以 Ajaji el ai.(1998)报道的摩洛哥 Tanncherfi 花岗岩为例,指出结晶分离作用的解释是不可能的。作者认为,花岗岩类的成分变化大,主要可能与源区组成、温度、压力、挥发分、部分熔融程度和过程、混合作用、岩浆分异及结晶分离作用有关。其中,源区组成可能是花岗岩多样性的最重要的原因,而结晶分离作用的影响可能是微乎其微的。本文认为,花岗岩结晶分离作用对于花岗岩成因的意义已经被大大地夸大了,我们应当重新思考结晶分离作用对于花岗质岩浆的意义。由于花岗岩的极端复杂性,许多问题还得不到比较合理的解释,本文的认识只是初步的。     

Isotopic evidence for multiple contributions to felsic magma chambers: Gouldsboro Granite, Coastal Maine

The Gouldsboro Granite forms part of the Coastal Maine Magmatic Province, a region characterized by granitic plutons that are intimately linked temporally and petrogenetically with abundant co-existing mafic magmas. The pluton is complex and preserves a felsic magma chamber underlain by contemporaneous mafic magmas; the transition between the two now preserved as a zone of chilled mafic sheets and pillows in granite. Mafic components have highly variably isotopic compositions as a result of contamination either at depth or following injection into the magma chamber. Intermediate dikes with identical isotopic compositions to more mafic dikes suggest that closed system fractionation may be occurring in deeper level chambers prior to injection to shallower levels. The granitic portion of the pluton has the highest Nd isotopic composition (ε_Nd = + 3.0) of plutons in the region whereas the mafic lithologies have Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Nd = + 3.5) that are the lowest in the region and similar to the granite and suggestive of prolonged interactions and homogenization of the two components. Sr and Nd isotopic data for felsic enclaves are inconsistent with previously suggested models of diffusional exchange between the contemporaneous mafic magmas and the host granite to explain highly variable alkali contents. The felsic enclaves have relatively low Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Nd = + 2 – + 1) indicative of the involvement of a third, lower ε_Nd melt during granite petrogenesis, perhaps represented by pristine granitic dikes contemporaneous with the nearby Pleasant Bay Layered Intrusion. The dikes at Pleasant Bay and the felsic enclaves at Gouldsboro likely represent remnants of the silicic magmas that originally fed and replenished the overlying granitic magma chambers. The large isotopic (and chemical) contrasts between the enclaves and granitic dikes and granitic magmas may be in part a consequence of extended interactions between the granitic magmas and co-existing mafic magmas by mixing, mingling and diffusion. Alternatively, the granitic magmas may represent an additional crustal source. Using granitic rocks such as these with abundant evidence for interactions with mafic magmas complicate their use in constraining crustal sources and tectonic settings. Fine-grained dike rocks may provide more meaningful information, but must be used with caution as these may also have experienced compositional changes during mafic–felsic interactions.     

Timing of granitic magma mixing in the southeastern Gyeongsang Basin,Korea: SHRIMP-RG zircon data

Late Cretaceous calc-alkaline granites in the Gyeongsang Basin evolved through the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. The host granites contain numerous mafic magmatic/microgranular enclaves of various shapes and sizes. New SHRIMP-RG zircon U–Pb ages of both granite and mafic magmatic/microgranular enclaves are 75.0?±?0.5 Ma and 74.9?±?0.6 Ma, respectively, suggesting that they crystallized contemporaneously after magma mixing. The time of injection of mafic melt into the felsic magma chamber can be recognized as approximately 75 Ma by field relations, petrographic features, geochemical evolution, and SHRIMP-RG zircon dating. This Late Cretaceous magma mixing event in the Korean Peninsula was probably related to the onset of subduction of the Izanagi (Kula)–Pacific ridge.     

The Topsails igneous terrane,Western Newfoundland: evidence for magma mixing

The Topsails igneous terrane of Western Newfoundland contains a diverse suite of igneous rocks, but consists mainly of Silurian alkaline to peralkaline granites and rhyolites. The terrane exhibits evidence for the coexistence of mafic and salic magmas in the form of composite dykes and flows, sinuous, boudined mafic dykes cutting granites and net vein complexes. Field data and major and trace element chemical data suggest that these magmas mixed to produce limited volumes of more or less homogeneous hydrids.Magma mixing, a process which has received recent prominence in petrogenetic models for calc-alkaline volcanic suites, has elicited less attention than restite separation and fractional crystallization as a cause of chemical dispersion in granites. Evidence from the Topsails igneous terrane suggests the possible importance of magma mixing to granite petrogenesis and a major role for transcurrent faulting in the origin and evolution of peralkaline magmas.     

阿尔金造山带南缘岩浆混合作用:玉苏普阿勒克塔格岩体岩石学和地球化学证据

阿尔金造山带南缘玉苏普阿勒克塔格岩体中的似斑状中粗粒黑云钾长花岗岩发育有岩浆成因的暗色包体,并且该花岗岩被花岗细晶岩呈脉状侵入。该岩体含有丰富的岩浆混合作用特征: 如暗色包体中的碱性长石斑晶、针状磷灰石、长石的环斑结构、石英/斜长石主晶和榍石眼斑等。暗色包体、寄主花岗岩和花岗细晶岩代表了岩浆混合演化过程中不同端元比例混合的产物。地球化学特征上,钾长花岗岩和暗色包体的主要氧化物含量在Harker图解中多呈线性变化。暗色包体主要为闪长质,MgO、K₂O含量高,为钾玄岩系列,总体上高场强元素不亏损,显示了岩浆混合中的基性端元信息,可能为幔源熔体结晶分异或壳幔物质的混合产物。寄主花岗岩均为准铝质,富碱,为高钾钙碱性系列,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素,高K₂O/Na₂O,富集高不相容元素,Ga含量高,显示了A型花岗岩的特征,Th/U 和Nb/Ta比值分别介于为6.67~10.96、8.99~11.94,代表了下地壳源区。花岗细晶岩均为钠质、过铝质,TiO₂、MgO含量低, Na₂O和CaO含量高,具有混合岩浆侵位后分异的特征。岩相学和地球化学特征说明岩浆混合作用对于环斑结构花岗岩的形成起到重要作用。花岗细晶岩中环斑长石的斜长石外环与钾长石内核的厚度比大于钾长花岗岩中的环斑长石,指示混合岩浆在一定的减压条件下更有利于环斑结构的形成。玉苏普阿勒克塔格岩体中的钾玄质暗色包体、高钾钙碱性花岗岩和中钾钙碱性花岗细晶岩代表了岩浆演化不同阶段的产物,反映了一个幔源岩浆和下地壳不断相互作用,引起地壳连续伸展减薄的过程,指示阿尔金南缘在早古生代末期存在造山后伸展背景下的幔源岩浆底侵作用。同一岩体中两种不同时代岩性的环斑结构显示了该岩体形成历史中的一定时空演化关系,代表了伸展过程中不同阶段的产物。     

Concentric zoning in the Tunk Lake pluton,coastal Maine

The Tunk Lake pluton of coastal Maine, USA is a concentrically zoned granitic body that grades from an outer hypersolvus granite into subsolvus rapakivi granite, and then into subsolvus non-rapakivi granite, with gradational contacts between these zones. The pluton is partially surrounded by a zone of basaltic and gabbroic enclaves, interpreted as quenched magmatic droplets and mushes, respectively, as well as gabbroic xenoliths, all hosted by high-silica granite. The granite is zoned in terms of mineral assemblage, mineral composition, zircon crystallization temperature, and major and trace element concentration, from the present-day rim (interpreted as being closer to the base of the chamber) to the core (interpreted as being closer to the upper portions of the chamber). The ferromagnesian mineral assemblage systematically changes from augite and hornblende with augite cores in the outermost hypersolvus granite to hornblende, to hornblende and biotite, and finally, to biotite only in the subsolvus granite core of the pluton. Sparse fine-grained basaltic enclaves that are most common in the outermost zone of the pluton suggest that basaltic magma was present in the lower portions of the magma chamber at the same time that the upper portions of the magma chamber were occupied by a granitic crystal mush. However, the slight variations in initial Nd isotopic ratio in granites from different zones of the pluton suggest that contamination of the granitic melt by basaltic melt played little role in generating the compositional gradation of the pluton. The zone of basaltic and gabbroic chilled magmatic enclaves, and gabbroic xenoliths, hosted by high-silica granite, that partially surround the pluton is interpreted as mafic layers at the base of the pluton that were disrupted by invading late-stage high-silica magma. These mafic layers are likely to have consisted of basaltic lava layers and basalt that chilled against granitic magma to produce coarse-grained gabbroic mush. Basaltic and gabbroic magmatic enclaves and gabbroic xenoliths are hornblende-bearing, suggesting that their parent melts were relatively hydrous. The water-rich nature of the underplating mafic magmas may have prevented extensive invasion of the granitic magma by these magmas, owing to the much greater viscosity of the granitic magma than the mafic magmas in the temperature range over which magma interaction could have occurred.     

Pre-eruptive magma mixing in ash-flow deposits of the Tertiary Rum Igneous Centre,Scotland

The Northern Marginal Zone of the Rum Igneous Centre is a remnant of an early caldera and its infill. It is composed of intra-caldera breccias and various small-volume pyroclastic deposits, overlain by prominent rhyodacite ash-flow sheets of up to 100 m thickness. The ash-flows were fed from a feeder system near the caldera ring-fault, and intrusive rhyodacite can locally be seen grading into extrusive deposits. A variety of features suggest that the ash-flows were erupted from a magma chamber that contemporaneously hosted felsic and mafic magmas: (i) chilled basaltic inclusions in rhyodacite; (ii) formerly glassy basaltic to andesitic enclaves with fluid-fluid relationships; (iii) feldspars with thick reaction rims enclosed in the basaltic to andesitic inclusions, yet with cores chemically resembling those of the rhyodacite: (iv) trace element compositions of the rhyodacite and the mafic enclaves form a mixing line between the end-member rhyodacite and basalt compositions. Additionally, textural and chemical features in the rhyodacite feldspar phenocrysts are consistent with magma mixing; (v) feldspars with resorption embayments cutting through internal zonation of the crystals; (vi) complexly zoned crystals with sieve-textured zones that are overgrown with euhedral zones; (vii) oscillatory zonation of feldspar phenocrysts in the rhyodacite, showing sharp increases in anorthite (An 10%) followed by gradual decrease in An-content (An 4%). This evidence points to eruption of ash-flows from a felsic magma chamber that was periodically replenished by injection of mafic magma. Diffusional mixing between the two magmas was permitted by temperature and compositional differences, but was slow due to the contrast in viscosities and densities. The Fe–Ti–P-enriched basic magma that replenished the chamber was degassing on entering the lower temperature environment and soon equilibrated thermally, followed by chemical exchange between the two end-member magmas. This process formed hybrid andesite enclaves enriched in trace elements beyond that caused by simple mixing, implying trace element diffusion in addition to bulk mixing. Eruption was caused by replenishment with, and degassing of, the basic magma and the chamber partially evacuated while the process of hybridisation was underway. The erupted products record magma mixing by chamber replenishment, blending of two magmas and elemental exchange in the magma chamber, and also physical mingling in the eruptive conduit.     

Evidence for hybridisation in the Tynong Province granitoids,Lachlan Fold Belt,eastern Australia

The role of mafic–felsic magma mixing in the formation of granites is controversial. Field evidence in many granite plutons undoubtedly implies interaction of mafic (basaltic–intermediate) magma with (usually) much more abundant granitic magma, but the extent of such mixing and its effect on overall chemical features of the host intrusion are unclear. Late Devonian I-type granitoids of the Tynong Province in the western Lachlan Fold Belt, southeast Australia, show typical evidence for magma mingling and mixing, such as small dioritic stocks, hybrid zones with local host granite and ubiquitous microgranitoid enclaves. The latter commonly have irregular boundaries and show textural features characteristic of hybridisation, e.g. xenocrysts of granitic quartz and K-feldspars, rapakivi and antirapakivi textures, quartz and feldspar ocelli, and acicular apatite. Linear (well defined to diffuse) compositional trends for granites, hybrid zones and enclaves have been attributed to magma mixing but could also be explained by other mechanisms. Magmatic zircons of the Tynong and Toorongo granodiorites yield U–Pb zircon ages consistent with the known ca 370 Ma age of the province and preserve relatively unevolved ?_Hf (averages for three samples are +6.9, +4.3 and +3.9). The range in zircon ?_Hf in two of the three analysed samples (8.8 and 10.1 ?_Hf units) exceeds that expected from a single homogeneous population (～4 units) and suggests considerable Hf isotopic heterogeneity in the melt from which the zircon formed, consistent with syn-intrusion magma mixing. Correlated whole-rock Sr–Nd isotope data for the Tynong Province granitoids show a considerable range (0.7049–0.7074, ?_Nd +1.2 to –4.7), which may map the hybridisation between a mafic magma and possibly multiple crustal magmas. Major-element variations for host granite, hybrid zones and enclaves in the large Tynong granodiorite show correlations with major-element compositions of the type expected from mixing of contrasting mafic and felsic magmas. However, chemical–isotopic correlations are poorly developed for the province as a whole, especially for ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. In a magma mixing model, such complexities could be explained in terms of a dynamic mixing/mingling environment, with multiple mixing events and subsequent interactions between hybrids and superimposed fractional crystallisation. The results indicate that features plausibly attributed to mafic–felsic magma mixing exist at all scales within this granite province and suggest a major role for magma mixing/mingling in the formation of I-type granites.     

冈底斯曲水岩基岩浆混合:来自暗色岩浆包体角闪石显微结构的证据

冈底斯岩浆带位于拉萨地体南缘,其形成过程主要受中生代新特提斯洋板片俯冲和新生代印度-亚洲陆-陆碰撞控制,是揭示青藏高原形成过程和深化大陆动力学研究的天然实验室。曲水岩基位于冈底斯岩浆带中段,介于拉萨和曲水之间,主要由花岗闪长岩、花岗岩、闪长岩和辉长岩组成。岩基花岗质岩体中包含大量暗色岩浆包体,包体产出状态有同侵位岩墙、包体墙、包体群等,表明岩浆混杂与混合现象。前人关于曲水岩基做了大量研究工作,取得很多进展,比如,发现这些暗色岩浆包体与寄主岩具有相同的结晶时代,主要集中在55~45Ma。但是,关于曲水岩基形成在俯冲背景还是碰撞背景还存在着争论。这些广泛分布的暗色岩浆包体和寄主岩的关系,及其所代表的岩浆混合过程还需要精细的矿物学工作。因此,本文在综合分析野外岩性分布、暗色岩浆包体出露形态的基础上,重点选择花岗闪长质寄主岩和其中的暗色岩浆包体中的角闪石进行矿物显微结构和构造的分析,并结合电子探针数据,以探求曲水岩基的岩浆混合过程。我们初步认为曲水岩基的形成经历两期混合过程：早期的基性岩浆和酸性岩浆端元在深部的混合;晚期基性、酸性岩浆混合后的中性岩浆爆破、上升,并继续与酸性岩浆混合。此外,曲水岩基形成于俯冲到碰撞的转换过程,受控于俯冲板片作用所产生的弧型岩浆和板片回旋及稍后的断离所产生的地幔岩浆双重作用。     

Petrochemical evidence of magma mingling and mixing in the Tertiary monzogabbroic stocks around the Bafra (Samsun) area in Turkey: implications of coeval mafic and felsic magma interactions

Miocene aged calc-alkaline mafic host stocks (monzogabbro) and felsic microgranular enclaves (monzosyenite) around the Bafra (Samsun) area within Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary units of the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey are described for the first time in this paper. The felsic enclaves are medium to fine grained, and occur in various shapes such as, elongated, spherical to ellipsoidal, flame and/or rounded. Most enclaves show sharp and gradational contacts with the host monzogabbro, and also show distinct chilled margins in the small enclaves, indicating rapid cooling. In the host rocks, disequilibrium textures indicating mingling or mixing of coeval mafic and felsic magmas are common, such as, poikilitic and antirapakivi textures in feldspar phenocrysts, sieve textured-patchy-rounded and corroded plagioclases, clinopyroxene megacrysts mantled by bladed biotites, clinopyroxene rimmed by green hornblendes, dissolution in clinopyroxene, bladed biotite, and acicular apatite. The petrographical and geochemical contrasts between the felsic enclaves and host monzogabbros may partly be due to a consequence of extended interaction between coeval felsic and mafic magmas by mixing/mingling and diffusion. Whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotopic data suggests that the mafic host rocks and felsic enclaves are products of modified mantle-derived magmas. Moreover, the felsic magma was at near liquidus conditions when injected into the mafic host magma, and that the mafic intrusion reflects a hybrid product formed due to the mingling and partial (incomplete) mixing of these two magmas.