金红石微量元素电子探针分析

金红石电子探针微量元素分析一般以人工合成的氧化物来作为监测标样,尚较缺乏对金红石标样进行系统地测试分析。本文运用CAMECA SXFive电子探针对金红石标样R10进行微量元素分析,根据金红石中主要微量元素在地质学中的应用,本次共分析了Al、Si、Ti、Fe、Cr、Zr、V、Nb、Ta等9个元素,Ti、Si元素作为本次分析的监测元素。本文通过调整加速电压和电流、背景和峰值测试时长以及干扰谱峰处理等来提高微量元素分析精度和准确度。分析结果显示,其中,Zr(780±29×10~(-6))(1SD,n=25)、Nb(2799±66×10~(-6))、V(1276±33×10~(-6))、Fe(4309±34×10~(-6))、Cr(718±31×10~(-6))的分析结果与二次离子质谱(SIMS)和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)的推荐值在误差范围内一致。大部分元素数据波动范围在10%以内,V、Fe元素的数据波动范围仅在5%以内。V、Nb和Fe测试精度比前人电子探针分析结果有较大提高。金红石Zr测试误差传递给金红石Zr温度计给出的温度误差一般22℃。本文还对金红石Zr温度计应用、提高Ta元素分析精度和准确度、金红石Fe~(3+)分析等问题进行了探讨。     

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩中金红石微量元素地球化学特征

本文利用电子探针分析了中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔各种类型榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr和Zr含量。Zack等(2002)的金红石Nb-Cr图解表明榴辉岩的原岩均为镁铁质岩,但不同类型榴辉岩具有不同的地球化学特征,即:1金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石的Nb和Cr含量大致相同,主孔中上述榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量与区域上小焦金红石矿区金红石榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量基本相同。总体来讲,区域和主孔榴辉岩中金红石以低Nb为特征,反映它们的原岩为镁铁质岩石。2蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石具最高的Nb和Cr含量,其Nb和Cr均值分别为720×10-6和712×10-6,多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石比金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石富集Cr。利用Zack等(2004)提出的金红石地质温度计,计算得出金红石榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于608~746℃,石英榴辉岩的金红石温度介于629~680℃,钛铁矿榴辉岩金红石的形成温度介于629~704℃,蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩的金红石形成温度为600℃,角闪岩的金红石形成温度为629℃。一种可能的解释是,榴辉岩在折返过程中退变质作用明显,流体活动强烈,导致金红石中Zr扩散丢失,金红石中Zr含量不同程度地受到角闪岩相退变质过程中再平衡作用的影响,致使计算的温度偏低。     

俄罗斯白海地区太古代榴辉岩的金红石Zr温度计应用及其地质意义

金红石Zr温度计在研究高级变质岩的热演化过程中可以发挥重要的作用。而电子探针显微分析技术得益于其较小的分析束斑(直径1~2μm)和适中的轰击能量,通过合理的实验条件设定和仪器参数设置,是对薄片中金红石Zr含量进行原位分析的理想实验手段。本文中,我们对俄罗斯白海地区的太古代榴辉岩-退变榴辉岩中的金红石Zr含量进行了电子探针原位分析,并进行了金红石Zr温度计计算。结果表明,其中石榴子石包裹体类型(产状1)金红石的Zr含量比较稳定,主要集中在400×10~(-6)~500×10~(-6)范围,个别金红石颗粒中的Zr含量可以达到1000×10~(-6);而基质后成合晶中(产状2)金红石的Zr含量的波动范围则相对更广一些(200×10~(-6)~1000×10~(-6)),这可能与后期退变过程中的Zr重置和/或扩散有关。总体上,不同产状金红石的Zr温度计计算结果都给出了两个主要的温度区间:T1=700~750℃和T2=800~850℃。结合前人对白海榴辉岩变质温压条件的研究以及金红石Zr体系封闭温度的控制,我们认为金红石Zr温度计的计算结果区间T1更有可能代表的是榴辉岩的退变冷却温度,而温度区间T2则反映的是榴辉岩在抬升过程中受到高温麻粒岩相变质作用阶段的温度峰期条件。     

苏北榴辉岩中金红石的微量元素地球化学特征

本文利用电子探针分析了苏北地区三类榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr和Zr含量，在Zaek et al．（2002）的金红石Nb-Cr图解中，三类榴辉岩的原岩均为镁铁质岩，但它们具有不同的地球化学特征，即（1）小焦G类金红石榴辉岩中金红石的Nb含量最低，平均值为68ppm，而其它两类榴辉岩中金红石的Nb含量较高，平均值介于192～255ppm；（2）蓝晶石榴辉岩具有极高Cr含量，均值6106ppm，而许沟P类榴辉岩中金红石的Cr含量也较高，均值1233ppm，金红石榴辉岩中金红石Cr含量最低，均值为183ppm。利用Zaek et al．（2004）提出的金红石地质温度计，计算得出许沟P类榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于600～751℃，平均温度689℃；演马厂M类榴辉岩的金红石温度介于507～641℃，平均温度557℃；小焦G类金红石榴辉岩金红石的形成温度介于541～673℃，平均温度613℃；新扬昌G类蓝晶石榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于541～655℃，平均温度603℃。一种可能的解释是，榴辉岩在拆返过程中退变质作用明显，流体活动强烈，导致金红石中Zr扩散丢失，金红石中Zr含量不同程度地受到角闪岩相退变质过程中再平衡作用的影响，致使计算的温度偏低。     

西藏朱诺斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床成矿斑岩金红石成因及找矿指示意义

西藏冈底斯成矿带南缘西段新发现的朱诺铜矿床是具有大型规模的斑岩铜钼矿床。金红石是斑岩铜矿床中最典型的副矿物之一,对其成分和结构特征的研究能反演成矿流体演化过程并确定斑岩铜矿的主矿体。在详细的野外地质观察的基础上,对钾化带成矿斑岩(黑云花岗闪长岩)中金红石的研究表明:金红石主要与磁铁矿(Ⅰ类)、赤铁矿共生(Ⅲ类),常形成固溶体分离结构并分布在黑云母裂隙及附近;其次呈板状(长10~80μm,宽3~10μm)、颗粒状(粒径10~40μm)、不规则状独立分布在石英硫化物脉中(Ⅱ类)。Ⅰ类金红石是由钛磁铁矿在富S条件下反应形成的;Ⅲ类金红石由钛铁矿在富氧条件下反应形成的;Ⅱ类金红石是由含Ti的热液结晶沉淀而来的。成矿斑岩全岩中TiO_2的含量为0.66%,为金红石的形成提供了丰富的物源。成矿斑岩金红石中的电子探针分析结果显示,其成分除含有约94%的TiO_2外,还含有V_2O_3,Nb_2O_5,FeO,WO_3,CaO,SiO_2,Al_2O_3,ZrO_2,几乎不含或很少含MgO和MgO。金红石中V_2O_3范围为0.20%~2.39%,平均为0.49%,Nb2O5的含量范围为0.20%~4.63%,平均1.25%,WO_3和FeO的平均含量分别为1.92%和1.81%,且有约0.05%的ZrO_2异常。利用金红石找矿方法开展朱诺矿床外围找矿时,首先必须考虑金红石中V_2O_3的含量(0.2%,Ⅱ类金红石0.5%),在此基础上考虑Nb的含量(0.2%,乙类金红石2.6%),同时考虑W,Fe偏高,Zr异常的特点。对Ⅱ类金红石还需要额外考虑其粒径大于10μm。     

大别山超高压榴辉岩中金红石的微量结构水

对6个大别山超高压榴辉岩中的粒间金红石进行了显微傅立叶变换红外光谱(Micro-FTIR)观察和电子探针(EMP)分析。结果显示所有金红石颗粒都在3280cm-1和3295cm-1出现强的吸收峰,少数颗粒在约3360cm-1出现较弱且宽的峰,这3组峰都是由金红石中的结构OH引起的。与高温高压合成实验结果比较发现,3280cm-1峰主要是由Ti3 H Ti4 取代引起的,3295cm-1峰可能是由Fe3 H Ti4 造成的,而约3360cm-1的峰与Mg2 取代Ti4 的电荷补偿有关。由目前认为较可靠的两个金红石红外吸收系数获得结构水的含量(质量分数)分别为:161×10-6~854×10-6和202×10-6~1075×10-6,不同的IR吸收系数导致计算的水含量相差4~5倍,因此,前人所得到的金红石高水含量可能需要重新评估。与共存的石榴石和绿辉石相似,不同样品间的金红石水含量也表现出不均一分布,指示着超高压过程中有限的流体活动和快速的板块俯冲-折返过程。     

CCSD主孔揭示的东海超高压榴辉岩中的金红石：微量元素地球化学及其成矿意义

金红石是榴辉岩中的主要含钛副矿物。中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔100-2000m岩心样品中,金红石榴辉岩、多硅白云母榴辉岩和蓝晶石榴辉岩中都程度不等地含有金红石。金红石既可以与其它矿物一起包裹在主要变质矿物中,也可以呈粒间矿物,但在榴辉岩经受角闪岩相退变质作用过程中,金红石亦会退变为榍石。本文利用电子探针除了分析了金红石的主要元素外,还仔细测量了Nb、Cr、Zr含量。结果显示,Nb平均含量为147ppm,最高含量为670ppm,Cr的平均含量为614ppm,最高含量为3630ppm,低Nb特征(<1000ppm)显示榴辉岩原岩为镁铁质岩石;此外,三类榴辉岩也具有不同的金红石Nb、Cr地球化学特征,即金红石榴辉岩中的金红石表现为低Cr(<500ppm)、Nb变化大(0-670ppm)的特征,多硅白云母榴辉岩中的金红石以中等Cr含量(500-1200ppm)、Nb变化较大(0-480ppm)为特征,而蓝晶石榴辉岩中的金红石显著富Cr(2000-3630ppm),而Nb则非常贫乏(<140ppm)。在总共289个金红石Zr含量数据中,大部分Zr含量分布在150-240ppm之间,均值约为200ppm;利用Zacketal.(2004)提出的金红石温度计,计算得到金红石的形成温度介于690℃和7870℃之间。研究结果表明,金红石的微量元素分析是研究榴辉岩原岩特征及其钛成矿作用的实用方法之一。     

超高压榴辉岩金红石中高场强元素变化的控制因素及其地球动力学意义

利用LA-ICP-MS对CCSD-MH超高压榴辉岩中金红石进行了详细的原位微区微量元素组成分析.金红石中高场强元素Nb和Ta含量主要受全岩Nb、Ta和TiO₂含量控制, Zr、Hf含量比较稳定基本不受全岩含量影响.粒间金红石中, 同一颗粒金红石核部Zr含量系统高于边部, 而边部则出现了明显的Pb和Sr富集特征.CCSD-MH榴辉岩中金红石与全岩的Nb/Ta比值呈现明显的不一致性.全岩Nb/Ta比值明显低于金红石且与全岩TiO₂含量负相关, 而金红石的Nb/Ta比值与全岩Nb、Ta含量和Nb/Ta比值没有明显的相关关系.金红石和全岩之间非完全耦合的Nb/Ta组成表明, 金红石并非形成于原岩的结晶过程中而是在超高压变质作用过程中形成, 尽管金红石是榴辉岩中Nb、Ta含量的主要载体矿物, 但金红石的Nb/Ta比值并不一定能完全代表全岩的特征, 而与全岩Nb、Ta和TiO₂的含量有关.粒间金红石核部Zr含量所记录的温度与粒径之间具有明显的正相关性, 反映金红石中的Zr在其形成后没有封闭.粒间金红石所表现出的明显的边部富集Pb和Sr的特征, 反映了后期流体活动对金红石组成的影响.这些研究结果为金红石中Zr在高温下的扩散作用和后期流体活动的影响提供了重要证据, 这可能是利用金红石Zr含量地质温度计计算的苏鲁-大别榴辉岩变质温度(598~827℃) 偏低的主要原因.      

胶东黄铁矿显微构造变形与金富集关系：黄铁矿EBSD组构和地球化学约束

载金黄铁矿显微构造变形与金富集关系可以从显微-超显微尺度揭示金成矿作用和地质过程,探讨金的再活化或再聚集作用。在胶东焦家金矿带成矿期识别出4种类型的黄铁矿,文章应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和电子探针(EMPA)等技术方法,探讨黄铁矿显微构造特征、超微观结构与金的富集关系。结果显示:载金黄铁矿均不发育环带,其中w(Fe)为45.70%～46.85%,w(S)为52.57%～53.37%;显微构造变形既有脆性变形又有塑性变形;黄铁矿晶体优选方位(CPO)主要表现为平行于晶轴极密和复杂极密;黄铁矿晶格间距为0.58 nm,主要发育刃位错。焦家金矿带在金成矿作用过程中,可见金集合体经历了从复杂的纳米尺度到宏观尺度矿物载体富集的过程,包括成矿流体中金络合物、金-铋-硫族化合物富集等化学结构变化过程和纳米金、载金黄铁矿纳米颗粒、岩矿石显微-超显微构造微环境变化过程。因此,不同类型载金黄铁矿CPO受到化学结构变化和显微-超显微变形微环境变化的联合制约,间接反映出载金黄铁矿中金的富集与黄铁矿内部变形、表面形貌和结构缺陷有密切关系。     

麻粒岩相金红石微量元素体系

麻粒岩是研究地壳演化最重要的变质岩类,金红石作为麻粒岩中常见的副矿物之一,深入探究其微量元素体系特点,可为大陆地壳演化研究提供新的视角.根据麻粒岩金红石的基础数据（显微结构、微量元素、离子替换方式）以及地壳常见造岩矿物的微量元素特点,初步探讨了麻粒岩变质过程中微量元素行为和扩散效应.麻粒岩金红石Zr含量可记录不同阶段的变质温度,但次生锆石和钛铁矿可对其Zr含量有较大影响,作为孤立体系（不与锆石和石英平衡）的金红石不能用于温度计算;金红石Nb、Ta、Cr和V不仅受全岩成分控制,还与变质过程中黑云母、钛铁矿、蓝晶石等矿物的形成和分解紧密相关;金红石与富Fe矿物之间有强烈的Fe扩散效应.深入理解麻粒岩变质过程中金红石微量元素行为,可为限定大陆地壳变质演化和动力学过程提供重要的矿物学信息.      

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。     

日本北海道音调津的球状石墨

本文利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜等手段对日本北海道音调津球状石墨的成因、结构等进行研究,认为日本北海道音调津球状石墨中除了石墨外,还存在镍黄铁矿﹑黄铜矿﹑磁黄铁矿等金属硫化物矿物。通过透射电子显微镜观察发现音调津石墨中大部分是椭圆状石墨颗粒,高分辨晶格条纹主要是非晶态结构,但是同时也发现了结晶良好的石墨。高结晶度石墨的存在可能是在硫化物Fe-Ni-Cu的触媒作用下形成的。天然球状石墨的微结构和性状研究对天然石墨的形成和开发应用有重要意义,对新型碳材料的制备技术有重要科学意义。     

夏季长江河口潮间带反硝化作用和N2O的排放与吸收

采用培养箱乙炔抑制和现场静态箱法,于夏季(7月)在长江河口潮滩潮间带进行了采样,研究表明,长江河口潮滩水体自身N2O产生速率很低,在潮汐淹没期沉积物是上覆水体N2O的来源,其来自沉积物中反硝化、硝化等氮素循环的多个反应过程,沉积物中N2O自然产生速率在0.10～8.50μmol/(m2·h)之间,反硝化速率在21.91～35.87μmol/(m2·h)之间。退潮出露期中潮滩是大气N2O的排放源犤交换速率在-11.03～13.17μmol/(m2·h)之间犦,5～10cm地温是影响N2O排放速率的显著性因素;低潮滩-大气界面N2O排放、吸收速率在-5.75～0.49μmol/(m2·h)之间。总体上看,中潮滩是大气N2O的排放源;而低潮滩对大气N2O有明显的吸收作用。潮滩植被(海三棱草和底栖藻类)的光合作用明显抑制了N2O的排放并可能导致吸收,而其呼吸作用则增加了N2O的排放,潮间带-大气界面N2O的排放和吸收与CO2的排放、吸收有显著的正相关关系。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

冀北张家口地区汉诺坝玄武岩中麻粒岩捕虏体的硫化物相

捕虏体麻粒岩是了解下地壳形成和演化的重要样品。汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中的二辉麻粒岩捕虏体样品中富含各种硫化物相,主要类型有:①孤立产出的球状出溶硫化物;②矿物颗粒之间或颗粒内的粗晶硫化物;③次生硫化物包裹体群;④裂隙充填硫化物。电子探针分析表明,硫化物的矿物成分均为贫镍磁黄铁矿,(Ni+Co+Cu)/Fe(原子比)远小于0.2;(Fe+Cu+Co+Ni)/S(原子比)比地幔岩的磁黄铁矿小,多小于0.875,反映了一种S过饱和环境。各种产状的磁黄铁矿中Au、Ag都有一定的含量,其平均值分别为0.19%～0.22%(Au)、0.01%～0.02%(Ag),反映下地壳的麻粒岩化与金矿化的成因联系。磁黄铁矿的Ni、Co、Cu含量与S正相关,说明微量重金属元素与S具有同源的关系,由于地幔去气伴随S而进入下地壳。     

Compositional evolution in Ca-amphibole in the Karmutsen metabasites, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

Abstract The 6-km-thick Karmutsen metabasites, exposed over much of Vancouver Island, were thermally metamorphosed by intrusions of Jurassic granodiorite and granite. Observations of about 800 thin sections from the Campbell River and Buttle Lake area show that the metabasites provide a complete succession of mineral assemblages ranging from the zeolite to pyroxene hornfels facies around the intrusion. The most important observations are as follows. (1) The compositional change of Ca-amphiboles with increasing metamorphic grade is not straightforward. The tremolite component decreases from the prehnite–actinolite facies to the greenschist facies with a compensating tschermak component increase, but the tendency is not clear thereafter. Instead, the edenite component increases from the amphibolite facies to the pyroxene hornfels facies. (2) The most pargasitic Ca-amphibole occurs in high-Fe²⁺/Mg metabasite from the greenschist/amphibolite transition zone. (3) The reasons for such irregular compositional trends, even in the rather uniform MORB-like composition of the Karmutsen metabasites, are non-ideal solid solutions of Ca-amphibole at low temperature and the effective control by bulk rock composition in the amphibolite facies. (4) The data from this study support, but do not prove, a transition loop for the actinolite–hornblende compositional gap rather than a solvus. If the gap is a solvus, its shape is asymmetric, and is highly dependent on the other compositional parameters such as Fe³⁺/Al and Fe²⁺/Mg. (5) The X_NaA/X_A±X_Ab) ratios between Ca-amphibole and plagioclase are most useful as an indicator of metamorphic grade even within the amphibolite facies, and these change systematically from 0.2 to 0.5 from the greenschist to pyroxene hornfels facies. (6) The compositional trend of Ca-amphibole from the Karmutsen metabasites indicates a typical low-P/T metamorphic facies series on a Rbk–Gln–Tr–Ts diagram.