Upper cretaceous and paleogene sediments from the Northern Kerguelen Plateau

Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene pelagic sediments sampled from the Northern Kerguelen Plateau during cruise MD35 of theMarion Dufresne are described and correlated with the Late Paleogene sequence drilled at site ODP 737 (Leg 119). Taking into account geophysical data obtained by the cruise MD26, a Lower Cretaceous age is computed for the unsampled acoustic basement. A major tectonic/volcanic event in the Late Paleogene, related to rifting, gave rise to a marked unconformity and hiatus termed the “Acoustic Discordance.” Tertiary sediment facies changes were strongly influenced by the evolution of the Antarctic environment.     

Paleogeography of the Norwegian-Greenland and Northwestern European Sea Basins in the Paleogene

Published and original data on the lithology and fauna (mainly foraminifers) of the Paleogene Norwegian-Greenland and Northwestern European Sea Basins are generalized in this article. Their paleogeographic evolution and the character of development of connections with the North Atlantic, Mesotetis, and the Arctic Ocean are established from the moment of generation to their disappearance. It is shown that the paleogeographic conditions of the studied sedimentation basins depend to a great extent on the tectonic movements of lithospheric plates. Iceland Plume volcanism exerted a considerable influence on the paleoenvironment and sedimentogenesis. The paleotectonic and climatic conditions of sedimentation are reconstructed. The occurrence of bauxite-bearing continental residual soil and other data point to a tropical, humid climate in the Early Paleogene, which changed into a moderate humid climate by the end of the Late Paleogene. Terrigenous sediments, including oil-and-gas bearing ones, were formed in the sea basins; they contain products of eroded residual soil, placers of accessory minerals, pyroclastics of volcanoes of the Iceland Plume, and zeolite-bearing, amber-bearing, phosphorite-bearing, and glauconitic horizons that have practical interest.     

The tectonics of the Okhotsk Sea

The northern and central parts of the Okhotsk Sea form an epiMesozoic platform. The hetero-aged acoustic basement is represented by deformed geosynclinal rocks from Cretaceous to Precambrian in age. The slightly deformed sedimentary cover levelled the uneven surface of the acoustic basement, and this Upper Paleogene—Neogene cover filled up the system of the structural basins. The general NW—SE and W—E extensions of the taphrogenic horsts and grabens of the acoustic basement were formed due to extension and subsidence of the earth's crust during the late Paleogene—Neogene.     

歧口凹陷东北环天然气成藏条件与勘探领域

歧口凹陷是渤海湾盆地重要的生气凹陷,存在石炭-二叠系和古近系沙河街组两套生气层系,凹陷东北环紧邻歧口凹陷主洼,具备形成大型天然气田的物质基础。在古近纪沉积时期受三个方向物源的影响,储盖组合较发育,沙河街组的超压又较好的保存了储层物性。通过对构造特征、沉积体系和油气运移条件分析,认为凹陷东北环深层构造圈闭、沙垒田凸起西翼倾没端地层圈闭和深层岩性圈闭是该区天然气勘探的重要领域和方向。     

东海陆架盆地瓯江凹陷古近系沉积演化

根据钻井岩心、测井、地震和古生物等资料,对瓯江凹陷古近系地层的沉积相类型和沉积演化特征进行了系统分析.结果表明,瓯江凹陷古近系发育三角洲相、扇三角洲相、湖泊相、滨海相和浅海相5种沉积相类型.根据该区构造演化特征和沉积充填特征,可将瓯江凹陷古近系沉积演化分为3个阶段:早古新世断层开始活动,形成了凹陷雏形,总体发育三角洲—...     

缅甸睡宝盆地A井区古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

首次分析睡宝盆地A井区古近系成岩演化序列并提出其储层处于中成岩A1-A2期,此成岩阶段有利于次生孔隙的保护。研究区古近系储层成岩演化序列具有特殊性：第一期胶结作用为硅质胶结,早于机械压实作用或者同时进行,强烈的机械压实作用使得孔隙度减小15%,此后第二期碳酸盐胶结作用占主导,镜下统计两期胶结作用的减孔量为4%~6%;渐新世受到挤压构造运动和表生成岩作用的双重影响,紧临渐新统不整合面以下的储层由于碳酸盐胶结物溶解而形成次生孔隙。2009年中海油新钻井地处冲起构造,后期的这种构造变形对始新统及其以下的核部地层产生侧向挤压形成构造压实效应,原始孔隙遭到更多的破坏,而对渐新统起到构造托举的作用,可以减缓上覆沉积物的静岩压实效应。成岩演化序列的特殊性和多期构造运动使得古近系储层物性出现差异,总结储集性好的储层并分析其成因机制,对睡宝盆地下一步勘探具有重要指导意义。     

低勘探程度盆地模拟研究——以南黄海盆地北部坳陷为例

盆地模拟已成为当前沉积盆地研究的重要工具。南黄海盆地北部坳陷自裂陷期演化以来沉积了巨厚的中-新生代碎屑沉积,近年来的地质调查获取的数据为其盆地模拟研究提供了条件,本次研究在收集相关基础数据的基础上,首先对盆地构造热演化史进行了模拟,重建了盆地热史,模拟结果显示其古热流在中-晚侏罗世平均值约为61mW/m²,在约145-74Ma间不断上升至约80 mW/m²,随后缓慢下降至65 mW/m²,并持续到渐新世末期,据此将盆地演化阶段划分为裂前期、裂陷期及裂后期。盆地模拟结果显示北部坳陷在白垩纪逐步进入强裂陷演化阶段并经历快速沉积过程,至晚白垩纪裂陷发育程度中等,在此基础上,对研究区进行了三维盆地模拟,结果显示北部坳陷生烃门限深度大致位于古近系阜宁组顶部,下伏的侏罗系及白垩系烃源岩基本完成生排烃过程,其中侏罗系烃源岩生排烃主要发生在盆地发育的裂陷期及裂后期,而白垩系及古近系烃源岩生排烃主要发生在裂后期。尽管研究区尚处在低勘探程度阶段,但盆地模拟结果已能为研究区下一步的勘探提供重要的信息,此外,本次研究对模拟过程中的主要不确定性也进行了分析。     

东海陆架盆地西部坳陷带的中生界和古新统油气远景

以往对东海陆架盆地的油气勘探主要集中在东部坳陷带的西湖凹陷，目的层主要为下第三系。西部坳陷带虽然第三系厚度薄，但中生界和古新统厚度大，分布广，具有良好的油气生、储、盖、圈、运、保条件，可能成为下一步的勘探目标。     

东海陆架盆地瓯江凹陷古近系层序地层学与沉积特征研究

应用层序地层学方法,通过钻井、测井、地震反射等标志,识别出层序界面和最大海泛面,将东海陆架盆地瓯江凹陷古近系划分为3个层序,层序界面分别为T20、T40、T42、T50,并以地层叠置样式、岩性、岩相的变化为依据在单井上将每个三级层序细分为低位、湖侵和高位3个体系域;在层序格架内利用钻井和古生物资料分析了沉积体系在瓯江凹陷的平面展布：月桂峰组主要是三角洲相和湖泊相沉积,灵峰组和明月峰组是三角洲相和滨海相沉积,瓯江组和温州组为三角洲相和滨海相沉积,其中瓯江凹陷东次凹为浅海相沉积;沉积物源主要以西向东注入和西北方向向东南注入,同时揭示了古近系两次大规模海侵分别是古新世中期灵峰组沉积时期和始新世中期瓯江组沉积时期。     

渤海湾及沿岸盆地的构造格局

渤海湾及沿岸盆地面积约20万平方公里,包括河北省,山东省北部和西部、辽宁省南部、河南省北部、天津市和北京市等陆地面积约12万7千平方公里,渤海海域面积为7万多平方公里。陆地面积大部被第四纪冲积层所覆盖。渤海最大深度为70米,平均深度为18米。这是一个大型的第三纪断陷-坳陷沉积盆地,是继大庆油田开发之后,在我国东部地区所开发的另一个重要的含油气盆地(图1)。     

Hydrocarbon Potential of Pre-cenozoic Strata in the North Yellow Sea Basin

The North Yellow Sea Basin ( NYSB ), which was developed on the basement of North China (Huabei) continental block, is a typical continental Mesozoic Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the sea area. Its Mesozoic basin is a residual basin, below which there is probably a larger Paleozoic sedimentary basin. The North Yellow Sea Basin comprises four sags and three uplifts. Of them, the eastern sag is a Mesozoic Cenozoic sedimentary sag in NYSB and has the biggest sediment thickness; the current Korean drilling wells are concentrated in the eastern sag. This sag is comparatively rich in oil and gas resources and thus has a relatively good petroleum prospect in the sea. The central sag has also accommodated thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments. The latest research results show that there are three series of hydrocarbon source rocks in the North Yellow Sea Basin, namely, black shales of the Paleogene, Jurassic and Cretaceous. The principal hydrocarbon source rocks in NYSB are the Mesozoic black shale. According to the drilling data of Korea, the black shales of the Paleogene, Jurassic and Cretaceous have all come up to the standards of good and mature source rocks. The NYSB owns an intact system of oil generation, reservoir and capping rocks that can help hydrocarbon to form in the basin and thus it has the great potential of oil and gas. The vertical distribution of the hydrocarbon resources is mainly considered to be in the Cretaceous and then in the Jurassic.     

Facies evolution and stratigraphic correlation in the early Oligocene Tard Clay of Hungary as revealed by maceral,biomarker and stable isotope composition

Hydrocarbon source rocks (i.e. Tard Clay Formation), containing type-II organic matter, were deposited in the Hungarian Paleogene Basin during Lower Oligocene. A major contribution of aquatic organisms (green algae, dinoflagellates, Chrysophyte algae) and minor inputs from macrophytes and land plants to organic matter accumulation is indicated by n-alkane distribution patterns, composition of steroids, and δ¹³C of hydrocarbon biomarkers. Microbial communities included heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, chemoautotrophic bacteria, as well as green sulphur bacteria. The presence of methanotrophic bacteria is indicated by ¹³C-depleted hop-17(21)-ene. Higher inputs of terrestrial organic matter occurred during deposition of the lower and uppermost units of the Tard Clay Formation. The terpenoid hydrocarbon composition argues for angiosperm-dominated vegetation in the area of the Hungarian Paleogene Basin. Diterpenoid hydrocarbons, derived from the resins of conifers, are about 2–3‰ enriched in ¹³C compared to the angiosperm biomarkers.Environmental conditions changed from marine to brackish, accompanied by oxygen-depletion in the lower parts of the water column. Organic carbon accumulation during this period was a consequence of stagnant bottom water conditions in the Hungarian Paleogene Basin due to salinity stratification. This is indicated by low pristane/phytane ratios (varying from 0.27 to 1.44), enhanced ratios of dimethylated versus trimethylated MTTCs (0.14–0.59), and the presence of aryl isoprenoids (from 0.4 to 14.1 μg/g TOC). A major marine incursion is evidenced by stable isotope ratios of organic matter and carbonates. In the uppermost member of the Tard Clay, a transition from brackish towards normal marine conditions is proposed.Up to 3 anoxic cycles are recognized in the drill core sections, separated by minima in pristane/phytane ratios and maxima in the depth trends of di-/tri-methylated MTTCs and aryl isoprenoid concentrations. In combination with the position of maxima of δ¹³C of carbonate and organic matter and an abrupt decrease in perylene concentrations, the cycles can be used for intra-formational correlation of the Tard Clay.     

Response of oceanic organisms to abiotic events in the Paleogene

Climate fluctuations with the optimum in the Early Eocene and subsequent cooling were the main abiotic factor that controlled the development of the oceanic biota in the Paleogene. The Paleogene represented the transitional stage from the greenhouse climate of the Mesozoic to the partly glacial Neogene and was characterized by changes in the distribution of the temperatures in the ocean with the replacement of the dominant latitudinal thermal circulation by the largely meridional thermohaline one. The climate changes were also determined by other factors: the opening and closure of seaways between basins, the position of major currents, volcanic activity, the sea-level fluctuations, the composition of the hydro- and atmosphere, and others. These changes were, in turn, determined by factors of higher order, primarily, by tectonic movements: vertical and horizontal (motions of lithospheric plates). The contribution of impact events to this process is also highly probable. All these factors influenced, via the hydrological and hydrochemical parameters of the water column, the evolution of the oceanic biota: their distribution areas, the sizes of the organisms, the diversity of the communities, the bioproductivity, and the mass extinction (for example, the extinction of 30–50% of the benthic foraminifers at the Paleocene-Eocene transition in response to the abrupt temperature increase). The Eocene-Oligocene transition (38 Ma ago) was marked by a global biotic crisis, the most significant one in the Cenozoic, when the abyssal part of the ocean was filled with cold water to form the psychrosphere. At least five major impact events, which preceded the Oligocene mass extinction of the biota, occurred in the terminal Eocene (36–35 Ma ago).     

Lower cretaceous basalt and sediments from the Kerguelen Plateau

Geological samples from the southern Kerguelen Plateau include Lower Cretaceous basalt and lava breccia, probable Lower Cretaceous conglomerate and shelf limestone, Upper Cretaceous chert with dolomite, Upper Cretaceous-Eocene ooze, and Tertiary conglomerate. Neogene sediments are only a few hundred m thick, and include foraminiferal and diatomaceous ooze, and ice-rafted debris. In conjunction with seismic reflection profiles, the samples indicate Early Cretaceous near-shore volcanism, followed by erosion, sedimentation, and subsidence through Cretaceous; arching of the plateau at the end of Cretaceous; subsidence through Paleogene; widespread emergence in mid-Tertiary; and slow subsidence through Neogene.     

Cenozoic tectonics on the Galicia margin,northwest Spain

Neogene tectonic activity (Betic Orogeny) along the southern plate boundary of Iberia, as it converged with Africa and the Alboran Plate was inserted between them, propagated along Iberia's west side as far north as Galicia, northwest Spain. As the activity propagated northward, it reactivated structures formed during the Paleozoic (Hercynian), the Early Cretaceous opening of the northern North Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay, and the Paleogene Pyrenean Orogeny when Iberia collided with Eurasia. Recent earthquakes indicate that this tectonism is still active today as far north as northwest Spain.     

Regional setting and structure of the western Solomon Sea

The western Solomon Sea is bounded by the Paleogene collision complex of the Papuan Peninsula to the south, and land masses constructed by Cainozoic volcanism to the north and cast. Oblique collision of two trenches in the western Solomon Sea, and concomitant collision of upper plates, have produced structural complexities that may include the local doubling of crustal thickness, coincident with a strong negative gravity anomaly west of 149°E. Lateral flexing of the subducted plate in the New Britain Trench may have caused flexure of the upper plate; this flexure is expressed in the gravity field, faults, dip-slopes, exposure of basement, and alignment of volcanoes.     

Stratigraphy and inversion tectonics in the St. Georges Channel area off SW Wales,U.K.

Transgressive Upper Cretaceous Chalk terminates (between SW Wales and SE Ireland) at approximately latitude 52°N as thinly bedded marginal facies; while the Tertiary sequences, previously considered to extend uninterrupted into both the South Celtic Sea area and the Nymphe Bank basin are preserved as isolated subcrops separated by Jurassic. The distinct subsidence history of St. Georges Channel basin, as compared to the Nymphe Bank basin which both belong to the North Celtic Sea graben, is attributed to inversion activity with the final phase occurring during the Paleogene.     

印度洋大地构造背景及其构造演化——印度洋底大地构造图研究进展

印度洋底大地构造图(1∶1 500万)基于最新地球物理数据,结合中国大洋调查航次积累的地貌、地质、地球物理和矿产资源资料编制,综合反映印度洋底及周缘地质、地貌、地球物理和资源分布等特征,将为理解和推进印度洋盆构造演化和资源分布研究提供理论支撑。本文介绍了该图编制的思路和方法、数据来源、图面内容和大地构造单元划分,认为印度洋盆具有多微陆块、多期扩张、多洋底高原、无震海岭和"入"字形洋中脊等特征。在前人研究基础上,将印度洋盆地构造演化归纳为3个阶段:(1)冈瓦纳大陆裂解与洋盆初始张开(侏罗纪-白垩纪中期);(2)洋盆持续张开与扩张中心跃迁(白垩纪中期-古近纪初期);(3)印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞及非洲板块裂解(新生代)。在扩张中心跃迁式的发育形式下,现今印度洋盆多微陆块、多期扩张中心和"入"字形的洋中脊基本构造格局在古近纪早期便已形成。     

Geology and hydrocarbon accumulations in the deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea——with focus on natural gas

The deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea is located in the central to southern parts of the Qiongdongnan Basin(QDN Basin),which is a key site for hydrocarbon exploration in recent years.In this study,the authors did a comprehensive analysis of gravity-magnetic data,extensive 3D seismic survey,cores and cuttings,paleontology and geochemical indexes,proposed the mechanism of natural gas origin,identified different oil and gas systems,and established the model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the deep-water region.Our basin tectonic simulation indicates that the evolution of QDN Basin was controlled by multiple-phased tectonic movements,such as Indochina-Eurasian Plate collision,Tibetan Uplift,Red River faulting and the expansion of the South China Sea which is characterized by Paleogene rifting,Neogene depression,and Eocene intensive faulting and lacustrine deposits.The drilling results show that this region is dominated by marineterrestrial transitional and neritic-bathyal facies from the early Oligocene.The Yacheng Formation of the early Oligocene is rich in organic matter and a main gas-source rock.According to the geological-geochemical data from the latest drilling wells,Lingshui,Baodao,Changchang Sags have good hydrocarbon-generating potentials,where two plays from the Paleogene and Neogene reservoirs were developed.Those reservoirs occur in central canyon structural-lithologic trap zone,Changchang marginal trap zone and southern fault terrace of Baodao Sag.Among them,the central canyon trap zone has a great potential for exploration because the various reservoirforming elements are well developed,i.e.,good coal-measure source rocks,sufficient reservoirs from the Neogene turbidity sandstone and submarine fan,faults connecting source rock and reservoirs,effective vertical migration,late stage aggregation and favorable structural–lithological composite trapping.These study results provide an important scientific basis for hydrocarbon exploration in this region,evidenced by the recent discovery of the significant commercial LS-A gas field in the central canyon of the Lingshui Sag.     

青东凹陷断裂特征及其对沉积的控制作用

通过对青东凹陷古近纪的断裂体系和主要同沉积断裂的活动和特征分析,表明区内主要发育NNE、EW、NW向三组断裂体系,NNE向的凹陷边界断裂青东1号断层和EW向的主要二级同沉积断层f1、f2控制了凹陷内次级构造单元的划分,凹陷由北向南依次划分为北部深洼、北部凸起、中部次洼、南部凸起、南部次洼、西南缘缓坡带以及东部陡坡带等7个次级构造单元。研究表明,凹陷内各洼陷的沉降中心在古近纪发生了明显的分异和迁移,这些变化受控于区内主要同沉积断裂的差异活动和演化,青东1号断裂和f3断裂在古近纪的持续活动共同控制了北部深洼的沉积充填,f1和f4断裂分别控制了中部次洼和南部次洼的发育;主要断裂的活动及其组合样式控制着湖底扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲等粗碎屑沉积体系的发育。与生油洼陷相邻的主要同沉积断裂形成的断裂带具备形成砂岩油气藏的各种有利条件,其中东部盆缘断裂带是区内砂岩油气藏勘探最有利的区带。