大气环流形态的分支现象

本文用二层准地转截断谱模式,研究了大气环流形态的分支现象.结果指出:依赖于热力强迫的不同取值,模式大气将显示出等温静止或Hadley环流两类定常流型,Hadley流型并具有基本解的属性.在热力强迫达到Hadley流型的分支点以前,Hadley流型是稳定的;到达分支点后,Hadley流型不稳定,激发出新的流型,显现出分支现象.绝热无地形时,分支出瞬变斜压波;绝热有地形时,在不同的分支点分别激发出地形驻波与地形瞬变波;非绝热时,分支出非绝热驻波或非绝热驻波与瞬变斜压波的混合波型,非绝热驻波失稳激发出二级分支,     

大气环流多平衡态的突变

本文研究了低阶正压模式的多平衡态和平衡态的突变.在地形强迫下,随着外热力强迫参数的改变,在非线性的低阶正压系统中可以发生平衡态特征或稳定性质的变化,进而引起高低指数平衡态之间的突变.     

副热带高压季节性跳动的若干因子

本文采用特殊选择的基函数展开强迫耗散涡度方程,讨论了它的五分量低阶模式的平衡态,联系实际副高的季节变化,得到副高的两次季节性北跳分别对应于平衡态的两次突变,并且非绝热加热的纬向不均匀性是副高北跳的重要机制,而环流的多次缓变——突变组成了副高的季节变化。     

非绝热加热和地形共同强迫下斜压大气的环流突变

本文用低谱途径研究了非绝热加热和地形共同强迫下斜压大气流型的突变,结果与由夏至冬季节转换期间,对流层上层副热带高压从高原经度急速东移到大洋上空的观测事实相似.     

近海地形对热带气旋移动影响的数值试验

利用含地形、摩擦及非绝热加热外源强迫的准地转正压涡度方程模式,通过构造理想的坡地地形及椭圆型岛地形,首先分析了孤立地形的动力抬升作用及动力抬升、摩擦、非绝热加热３者共同作用下对热带气旋（ＴＣ）移动的影响。发现：地形的动力抬升、摩擦作用以及地形附近海域的非绝热加热对ＴＣ移动均有影响;然后,引入了我国东南近海的实际地形,通过数值试验分析了ＴＣ移经或登陆在近海不同位置时ＴＣ移向、移速的可能变化,并给出了     

周期性热力外强迫和地形强迫共同激发的六月和十月的流型突变

本文用二层准地转模式,经低谱途径,数值地研究了周期性热力外强迫源和地形强迫源共同作用下斜压大气的流型突变问题。在一定的参数范围,季节转换期间的流型突变清楚地显示出来了,该突变恰好发生在摸式大气的6月和10月。     

副热带流型多平衡态的转换与加热场变动的两重性

中高纬度高低指数环流多平衡态与副热带流型双稳态两者形成的原因不同。前者由地形强迫下基波与谐波及谐波之间的平流非线性所引起,后者归因于加热场分布与非线性平流之间的相互作用。 大范围加热场分布的变动可以激发副热带稳态流型的转换。但是,这种变动的持续时间,必须大于某个临界值;否则,该变动将被原稳态作为扰动所吸收,这就显示出加热变动的两重性。     

东亚副热带西风急流季节变化特征及其热力影响机制探讨

利用1961—2000年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料对东亚副热带西风急流强度和位置的季节变化进行了分析,指出急流位置季节变化不仅有明显的南北向移动,6—7月还存在东西方向的突变特征,同时急流轴在北进过程中具有东西向的不一致性,急流中心强度的变化超前于位置的南北移动。在此基础上,采用动态追随急流中心移动的方法,探讨东亚副热带西风急流季节变化的热力影响机制,发现东亚副热带西风急流强度变化及位置移动与对流层中上层气温南北差异的分布结构有很好的对应关系,这说明急流的季节演变是对辐射季节变化及由于东亚特殊的海陆分布和青藏高原大地形影响而造成纬向不均匀加热的响应。从各热量输送项与急流的关系来看,从冬半年到夏半年的增暖时段,急流中心南北温差减小,急流减弱北进;从夏半年到冬半年的降温时段,急流中心南北温差增大,急流加强南退。热量平流输送的经向差异是造成急流中心南北温差的主要原因,急流跟随热量平流输送最大经向梯度中心位置南北移动。非绝热加热对急流中心的东西移动有引导作用,青藏高原春夏季对对流层中上层强大的加热作用是导致6—7月急流中心位置西移突变的原因。     

非绝热加热在南亚高压建立和振荡中所起的作用

通过运用在β平面上准地转两层斜压高截断谱模式，在不同的非绝热加热和基本气流下进行计算，结果表明:1.南亚高压的建立和振荡是在外热力强迫参数取适当值的时候产生，热力强迫参数太强就可能出现混沌现象。2.当海陆热力差异减弱到某数值时，南亚高压变化就趋向于某一平衡态。3.当外界热力强迫只有经向不均匀，而无纬向不均匀加热时，不能形成南亚高压。     

热力强迫对湿斜压大气中南亚高压平衡态的影响

本文基于Lorenz的湿模式,引入地形效应并进行适当简化,在低谱近似下得到了描述大气运动的非线性耗散系统。讨论了在热力强迫与大气环流的非线性相互作用下,湿、斜压大气在参数空间的平衡态与南亚高压的流型分布及其东西摆动。结果表明:南亚高压典型的平衡态流型是西部型、东部型和带状高压,而且东西部流型的转换并非高压中心的连续位移,而是表现为一个高压中心消失后经过流场上的调整重新建立新的高压中心的过程。     

ABRUPT CHANGE OF QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC FLOW FORCED BY OROGRAPHY AND DIABATIC HEATING

A low-order spectral model is used to study abrupt change of quasi-geostrophic current forced byboth orography and diabatic heating. In certain parametric combinations, along with the gradualchange of external thermal forcing, it is found that abrupt changes of both the spectral coefficient andthe locations of the westerly jet stream can be stimulated. Introducing the orography into the model results in a change of the parametric range in whichthe multiple equilibrium states in flow patterns exist and the shift of the parametric critical points atwhich the abrupt change of the locations of westerly jet streams is created, as well as increase of thewave components of the equilibrium flow patterns. The aspects of simulated "South Branch"jet streams are more similar to the observational fact in the presence of both the orography and thediabatic heating than those in the case of the heating forcing.     

对1991年全球越赤道气流的分析和数值模拟

利用1991年国家气象中心全年分析资料,对全球各层（50～1000 hPa）越赤道气流（CEF）进行了分析。指出:主要季风区和1979年的相同,但在南美北部为弱季风区,而1979年为信风区。除南美北部外,主要信风区与1979年相同。还比较了这两类地区的特点,特别是非绝热加热分布随季节变化的特点,还用T21L5模式进行了数值模拟。结果表明:考虑地形和加热的方案最优,除个别情况外,CEF与实况很接近; 单纯加热方案次之,能定性地模拟CEF沿赤道的分布,但强度相差较大; 单纯地形方案最差。为了进行解释,还作了简单情况的理论分析。分析显示:考虑加热和地形作用,并不等于单纯地形和单纯加热的叠加,其间有非线性作用; 而且,这种非线性作用对CEF的产生是直接的、重要的; 单纯加热只有通过其对地面气压场的影响才能产生CEF。     

A STUDY ON PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF LARGE-SCALE FLOW PATTERNS*

The thermal forcings of annual and interannual periodic variations are introduced into the barotropic vorticity equation,by using low order spectral model of the equation,more than 40 numerical experiments whose integration time is larger than 100 model years are performed in order to investigate variations of large-scale flow patterns arising from both external interannual thermal forcing and internal dynamical processes.In certain parametric range,when the frequency of the forcing term with interannual period equals to the frequency which is created by the internal dynamical processes alone,the amplitude of interannual variations of flow patterns increases obviously,and the period becomes double.In other parametric range,the amplitude of interannual variations of flow patterns shows abrupt changes and other nonlinear behavior,along with gradual changes of interannual forcing parameters.     

两层正压准平衡海洋模型的中纬度定常风场强迫解

建立了风场强迫下考虑瑞利摩擦的水平二维两层正压准平衡海洋模型,并在中纬度大尺度理想风场强迫的情况下,进行了解析求解。结果表明,在西风急流强迫下,在理想海洋的西海岸以东的上层流场上,在西风急流处会出现较强的东向流;在接近β通道侧壁处则有西向逆流出现;在近西海岸处,在上述东向流的两侧有气旋性曲率与反气旋性曲率的流动;而下层流场的强度与上层流场大致相同,但流向大体相反。由理想西风急流异常强迫出的流场异常的分布形式与以上结果类似。与实际风场异常强迫下的北太平洋上层流场异常进行比较后可知,模型得到上层海洋的结果与实际情况有相像之处。最终,该海洋模型的解趋于风场强迫特解。     

大气非绝热加热作用的研究进展与展望

大气非绝热加热与天气系统的发生发展有密切联系,与降水等天气过程密不可分,非绝热加热在大气运动中有着至关重要的作用。对非绝热加热的研究和理解,有助于改进数值预报模式,增强数值天气预报模式的预报能力。本文系统梳理了大气非绝热加热的基本内容,近几十年非绝热加热及其作用的研究成果,主要包括非绝热加热的概念及其表征、非绝热加热的时空分布特征、非绝热加热与季风、天气系统(如西太平洋副热带高压、热带气旋、温带气旋和急流)和降水之间的关系,以及非绝热加热在数值模式中的表征,进而指出有待于进一步研究的方面。     

LBM模式中中纬度大气对热源和涡度强迫的响应(英文)

Based on diagnostic analysis of reanalysis data for 58-year,the distribution characteristics of decadal variability in diabatic heating,transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing related to the sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies over the North Pacific,as well as their relationship with anomalous atmospheric circulation have been investigated in this paper.A linear baroclinic model(LBM)was used to investigate atmospheric responses to idealized and realistic heat and vorticity forcing anomalies,and then to compare relative roles of different kinds of forcing in terms of geopotential height responses.The results illustrate that the responses of atmospheric height fields to the mid-latitude heating can be either baroclinic or barotropic.The response structure is sensitive to the relative horizontal location of heating with respect to the background jet flow,as well as to the vertical profile of heating.The response to the idealized deep heating over the eastern North Pacific,mimicking the observed heating anomaly,is baroclinic.The atmospheric response to the mid-latitude vorticity forcing is always barotropic,resulting in a geopotential low that is in phase with the forcing.The atmospheric responses to the realistic heat and vorticity forcing show the similar results,suggesting that diabatic heating,transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing can all cause atmospheric anomalies and that the vorticity forcing plays a relatively more important role in maintaining the equivalent-barotropic structure of geopotential height anomalies.     

Mid-latitude atmospheric responses to heat and vorticity forcing using a linear baroclinic model

Based on diagnostic analysis of reanalysis data for 58-year, the distribution characteristics of decadal variability in diabatic heating, transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing related to the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Pacific, as well as their relationship with anomalous atmospheric circulation have been investigated in this paper. A linear baroclinic model(LBM) was used to investigate atmospheric responses to idealized and realistic heat and vorticity forcing anomalies, and then to compare relative roles of different kinds of forcing in terms of geopotential height responses. The results illustrate that the responses of atmospheric height fields to the mid-latitude heating can be either baroclinic or barotropic. The response structure is sensitive to the relative horizontal location of heating with respect to the background jet flow, as well as to the vertical profile of heating. The response to the idealized deep heating over the eastern North Pacific, mimicking the observed heating anomaly, is baroclinic. The atmospheric response to the mid-latitude vorticity forcing is always barotropic, resulting in a geopotential low that is in phase with the forcing. The atmospheric responses to the realistic heat and vorticity forcing show the similar results, suggesting that diabatic heating, transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing can all cause atmospheric anomalies and that the vorticity forcing plays a relatively more important role in maintaining the equivalent-barotropic structure of geopotential height anomalies.     

大尺度流型年际变化可能机制的研究

本文将年变周期和非年变周期热力强迫项引进正压涡度方程,用方程的截谱形式实施了几十组时间长度为100年的数值积分,研究了非年变周期热力强迫和大气内部动力过程共同激发的大尺度流型的年际变化问题。在一定的参数集合,当非年变外源强迫的振荡周期与大气内部动力过程单独激发出来的振荡的周期相同时,流型年际振动的振幅明显加大,振动的周期则为倍化。在另外的参数集合,随着非年变强迫参数的渐变,流型年际变化的幅度显示出清楚的突变以及其它富有非线性特色的行为。     

Abrupt change of flow pattern in baroclinic atmosphere forced by joint effects of diabatic heating and orography

Based on the catastrophic theory, the possible causes of abrupt change in the atmospheric circulation over the Northern Hemisphere during June and October have been explored by Li and Luo (1983) and Miao and Ding (1933). However these studies are confined to the baroiropic atmosphere without consideration of orography. The purpose of this paper is to further study the physical mechanism of the abrupt change of flow pattern within the baroclinic atmosphere in the presence of orography. Results show that the abrupt change of flow pattern can be stimulated by the gradual variation of a diabaticaily heating parameter, which is similar to the observed fact about the rapid shift of position of the subtropical high center in the upper troposphere along the zonal direction during seasonal transition from the summer half year to the winter one.