京津高铁列车运行引起的地表振动观测与分析

在京津城际高铁的廊坊段,使用了1000多个数字地震检波器进行连续长时间观测.位于高铁高架桥轨道下方的检波器记录了列车通过时引起的地表振动.数据分析显示,列车经过轨道不同位置处引起的地表振动信号差异较大,而同一位置处不同列车引起的振动则具有很好的相似性,表明影响振动波形的主要因素是高架桥梁及轨道,可以利用长期观测数据来作为轨道及高架结构失稳的预警.对振动信号频率分析的结果表明,列车经过时以及经过后的十几秒时间内存在着能量较强的简谐波振动,可能和轨道及桥梁结构有关.使用轨道下方的采集信号与2~4 km外的另外一条观测测线信号进行互相关处理,可以得到信噪比很高的虚震源记录,表明列车振动信号可以沿地表传播几公里甚至更远.     

可作为新震源的列车振动及实验研究

利用地震仪器对火车通过大同—秦岭铁路线产生的振动进行了观测. 观测中使用了两套宽频带地震仪和一套短周期地震仪,共获得距铁路0～2.15km的9个观测点的38次列车振动观测数据,全部记录均可分辨出清晰的地震波形. 研究表明：运动列车会在铁路沿线2～3km范围内产生明显的地面振动,接收到的振动频谱在0.05～20Hz范围内平坦,信号频带较宽,观测重复性好. 列车振动为利用地震勘探方法探测地下浅层结构提供了一种重复性很好的新震源.     

国外钻孔应变观测的发展现状

简要论述了钻孔应变观测在人类对地壳运动的研究中扮演的越来越重要的角色. 这种观测已经被美国、日本、秘鲁、澳大利亚、南非、冰岛、意大利等国家用于对板块运动、地震、火山、水库、油田等众多方面的观测研究. 指出这种观测日益成熟，迅速向多分量和综合探头发展. 介绍了根据这种观测结果，地震应变阶、慢地震、地震前兆以及火山喷发预测等方面的研究取得的重要进展.      

多年冻土区青藏铁路列车荷载作用下路基振动响应研究

针对多年冻土区青藏铁路列车荷载振动作用下的动稳定性,通过对北麓河和二道沟三个典型铁路路基横断面振动响应的二分量加速度观测,对比分析客运列车和货运列车引起的路基振动特性和衰减规律,研究不同防护形式路基的列车振动响应。结果表明,路基上的振动作用主要集中在40～80Hz频率范围内;防护形式对路基的列车动力响应有明显影响,热棒加碎石路基动力响应最小,其次为碎石防护路基,未采取任何防护的路基铁轨上的动力响应最大,建议对未采取防护的路基进行防护。分析结论为青藏铁路列车作用下的路基动稳定性评估提供实测依据,对多年冻土区的路基稳定性研究提供参考。     

地震震源的研究:/

简述了1999~2002年中国学者在地震震源的观测、实验和理论方面所取得的一系列成果. 他们对精确定位、地震矩张量反演和震源参数反演等方法进行了改进和发展，并利用这些方法，研究了许多重要地震事件的破裂过程，并结合地面形变测量，研究了地震破裂与区域应力场、地质构造运动的关系. 总之, 在实验和理论研究领域中，中国学者在地震成因、地震发生的应力与构造条件、地震破裂动力学、岩石断裂力学、地震破裂成核等方面取得了一系列进展.      

伊朗Sarcheshmeh铜矿爆破振动研究di

地面振动是爆破产生的副效应之一，爆破中，相当一部分能量通过其产生的地面振动而被消耗，从而导致矿山产量大降，甚至影响矿山的发展．本文处理并分析了在伊朗Kerman 省Sarcheshmeh铜矿11次爆破记录到的57个三分向地震图．这些数据通过数字化地震仪PDAS-100记录得到，并使用DADISP软件加以分析．最后，重新考察了影响地面振动的爆破参数，比如炸药的重量和种类、结构物与爆破点的距离、爆破延时等，并研究了它们对峰值质点速度（vPP）的影响．在此基础上，确定了合适的爆破延时及炸药种类．通过研究这些数据，为Sarcheshmeh铜矿作出了vPP与换算距离之间的关系图．有了这样的关系图，就能够确定结构物的安全距离及相应的炸药数量．      

基岩地震动的一个相干函数模型-走滑断层情形h

目前研究地震动空间变化的主要方法是利用密集台阵（如SMART1台阵等）的强震观测记录进行统计分析，由于地震动观测资料的不足，因而缺少基岩及不同场地类别地震动相干函数模型. 本文利用数值方法了模拟理论地震图，进而研究采用震源位错模型的基岩随机地震动的空间变化规律，并考虑震源破裂速度、子源个数、震源深度和介质传播速度等因素的影响. 其具体思路为:首先对应于每个样本，用有限差分数值模拟方法计算弹性半空间近场地震动场，而后对所有样本的计算结果进行统计，给出了一个走滑断层情形下的近场基岩表面及沿基岩竖直方向水平分量地震动的相干函数模型.      

崇明与南京台震前地电场变化异常分析

2001年11月3日和12月25日江苏南通地区分别发生了ML3.8和ML4.1的地震群事件. 本文以上海崇明地电场台和南京地电场台ZD9A大地电场仪的观测资料为研究对象，在阐述了多极距地电场观测去噪音原理的基础上, 研究了这两个台站地电场多极距观测系统的资料在震前的异常变化特征. 结果表明: ① 多极距观测去噪音方法是一种很好的识别地电场噪音的方法；② 在震前20天、2天及42天离震中较近的崇明台NS和NE方向上分别接收到了地震电信号, 其持续时间最长的为9天，而较远的南京台出现的异常信号都是噪音信号而非地震电信号；③ 地电场多极距观测系统中公用电极的布极方式是不可取的.      

小波分析在地壳形变资料处理中的应用

小波变换的时频分析和奇异性检测特性,使得其在非稳态信号处理中有不可抵挡的优势，本文用已知的合成信号对这两个特性进行了分析和说明. 对几次地震前的形变时间序列资料（定点潮汐形变观测、GPS观测）作了小波变换. 结果发现:地震前约4个月左右，震中周围的几个定点形变台站都接收到周期为几天到十几天的异常信号；而地震前震中周围的几个GPS观测站均同时接收到周期为3个月到半年左右的异常信号，不同的地震异常出现的时间不一样. 这些同时出现在多个台站或观测站的同频段的异常信号是可能的地震前兆.      

列车振动及其引起场地效应研究进展

列车已经成为交通运输的首选工具和主力,特别是高速列车对经济和社会的发展有着重要作用。由于高速列车和传统列车相比较最大的特点是速度高,因此所产生的环境振动越厉害,使得列车运输系统与人们的生产生活的矛盾越发激烈。因此,高速列车运行产生的环境振动问题成为国际研究热点和前沿课题。文中总结国内外研究现状和进展,重点从列车振动的理论研究、数值计算研究、现场测试研究与分析和不同场地列车振动效应研究四方面进行详细阐述,同时对列车运行产生振动的传播特点、场地效应、振动预测以及振动控制进行总结及展望。     

Seismic features of vibration induced by train

Introduction Collisions can be generated continuously by the passage of trains due to the surface irregu-larities of wheels and rails. When a fully loaded train or freight with weight of thousands tons runson deformed rails, it may induce strong vibrations. Such vibrations may transmit several kilome-ters to result in building damage. For instance, the famous Longmen Grottoes near the Luoyangcity in China has been seriously damaged by the ground trembling by trains pasting near it(http:…     

Building vibrations and dynamic pavement loads induced by transit buses

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bus suspension systems on building vibrations and dynamic pavement loads. Building vibrations and pavement loads induced by two instrumented buses having different characteristics were measured simultaneously under controlled field conditions. Field tests were performed at several vehicle speeds, normal and reduced tire pressures, and with roads having good surface condition as well as abrupt surface irregularities. Tests were carried out at two vibration complaint sites in Montréal. The level and frequency content of vibrations and loads induced by the two buses were evaluated and compared. The results show that the dynamic component of pavement loads induced by the two buses were significantly different but the difference in building vibration levels was not as significant.     

Local amplification of deep mining induced vibrations part.2: Simulation of ground motion in a coal basin

This work investigates the impact of deep coal mining induced vibrations on surface constructions using numerical tools. An experimental study of the geological site amplification and of its influence on mining induced vibrations has already been published in the previous paper (Part 1: Experimental evidence for site effects in a coal basin). Measurements have shown the existence of an amplification area in the southern part of the basin where drilling data have shown the presence of particularly fractured and soft stratigraphic units. The present study, using the boundary element method (BEM) in the frequency domain, first investigates canonical geological structures in order to get general results for various sites. The amplification level at the surface is given as a function of the shape of the basin and of the velocity contrast with the bedrock. Next, the particular coal basin previously studied experimentally (Driad-Lebeau et al. [1]) is modeled numerically by BEM. The amplification phenomena characterized numerically for the induced vibrations are found to be compatible with the experimental findings such as: amplification level, frequency range and location. Finally, the whole work was necessary to fully assess the propagation and amplification of mine induced vibrations. The numerical results quantifying amplification can also be used to study other coal basins or various types of alluvial sites.     

Influence of local geological pattern on values of vibrations induced by road traffic

Buildings in the proximity of roads can be affected by vibrations induced by traffic. Local geological pattern is necessary to be taken into account because it has significant influence on values of vibrations and their characteristics. This paper summarizes results of experimental measurements. Four different types of buildings in different types of local geology were used for this purpose. The obtained results document that the generation of significant vibrations is mostly due to heavy vehicles. Some maximum velocity values exceed acceptable limits according to the Czech Technical Standard 73 0040 for evaluation of technical seismicity effect on buildings. Cosmetic damage, meaning the cracking of plaster, might occur due to traffic vibrations.     

Continuous monitoring of dynamic parameters of the DGFSM building (Zagreb,Croatia)

Continuous broad-band measurements of vibrations on the 3rd floor of the building of the Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics (DGFSM) in Zagreb provided high quality data that enabled monitoring of fluctuations of the building’s basic dynamic parameters (fundamental frequencies and the corresponding damping). It was found that nonlinear behaviour is present even for the small strains induced by ambient vibrations, which was manifested in measurable reduction of fundamental frequency and increase of damping for larger excitation levels. Notable correspondence of the long-term wander of the fundamental frequency with the relative air humidity and the annual precipitation cycle indicate that variation of soil saturation may have caused variability in the soil-structure interaction. The damping was found to vary synchronously with the air temperature. The results point to the importance of considering all aspects of nonlinearity of building response even for small strains.     

Centrifuge modelling of ground-borne vibrations induced by railway traffic in underground tunnels

Increased attention has been given to ground-borne vibrations induced by railway vehicles and to the effects of these vibrations as they propagate through the g...     

Propagation and attenuation characteristics of various ground vibrations

In order to effectively control vibration related problems, the development of a reliable vibration monitoring system and the proper assessment of attenuation characteristics of various vibrations are essential. Various ground vibrations caused by train loading, blasting, friction pile driving and hydraulic hammer compaction were measured using 3D geophones inside of the borehole as well as on the ground surface, and the propagation and attenuation characteristics of various source generated vibrations were investigated by analyzing particle motions. For the geometric modeling of various vibrations, the types of various sources and their induced waves were characterized and the geometric damping coefficients were determined. The measured attenuation data matched well with the predicted data when using the suggested geometric damping coefficient, and the estimated soil damping ratios were quite reasonable taking soil type of the site and experiencing strain level into consideration.     

Delay time optimization in blasting operations for mitigating the vibration-effects on final pit walls' stability

Blasting induced vibration is one of the fundamental problems in the open-pit mines and intense vibration can cause critical damage to structures and plants nearby the open-pit mines, especially to the final pit wall's stability. It is very important to study how to control vibration induced by blasting in the mitigation of negative effects of blasting in open-pit mines. This study aims to examine the propagation of blasting induced ground vibrations and find the feasible approaches to reduce the harmful effects of vibrations induced by blasting on the final pit wall's stability. For this purpose, a series of field experiments were conducted in XinQiao Mining Co. Ltd. Sixty-six events and the blasting parameters of these shots were carefully recorded. During the statistical analysis of the collected data, the predictor equation proposed by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) was used to establish a relationship between the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) and the Scaled Distance (SD) factor. The relationship between PPV and SD was determined and proposed to be used in this open-pit mine. Control of maximum charge amount per delay and the selection optimum interval time to reduce the intensity of vibration by waveform interference were applied in practice. Based on the field experiments, we can determine the maximum charge amount per delay and 15 ms delay were proposed to be used in this site, and a decrease in vibration of 24.5% was obtained.