双孔结构非饱和压实土微观结构演化模型

在最优含水率干侧压实的黏土一般具有明显的双孔结构,其集聚体间孔隙（又称宏观孔隙）和集聚体内孔隙（又称微观孔隙）对土体宏观水力和力学特性影响差异显著,同时,水-力耦合作用下两种孔隙的演化规律也存在明显不同。双孔结构非饱和土对应的孔径分布函数为双峰孔径分布形式,该分布函数可通过叠加宏观孔隙和微观孔隙的单峰孔径分布曲线得到,并通过平移量、缩放量和分散度3个演化参数对双孔结构土的孔隙演化规律进行描述。通过构建在力学及水力加、卸载过程中演化参数与孔隙比之间的关系,提出了适用于描述变吸力下非饱和压实土的微观结构演化模型。分别基于所开展的桂林红黏土压汞试验数据和文献中的米尼亚卢博瓦膨胀土试验数据,对所建立的微观结构演化模型进行参数标定,并通过模型预测结果与试验结果的对比,验证了所建立模型的适用性。     

集成回填材料的土水特征曲线测定

以膨润土为基材,添加沸石、黄铁矿制备高压实集成回填材料,采用渗析法和汽相法分别测得其在不同温度及自由、侧限条件下的土水特征曲线( SWCC),并采用SWCC模型对实验数据进行拟合.结果表明:低吸力范围内,施加相同的初始吸力,最终测得50℃试样含水率＞20℃对应含水率,原因是温度影响渗析法所测吸力值及试样饱和后的微观结构;高吸力范围内,同一吸力值80℃对应的含水率最小,土水特征曲线斜率随温度升高而增大.应力状态对土水特征曲线的影响,在低吸力范围内显著,而高吸力范围内则影响不大.这与材料的微观结构有关.Van Genuehten模型对实测数据的拟合效果最佳.     

土体微观结构研究与土力学的发展方向——若干进展与思考

土体的结构性研究是土力学研究中的前沿课题之一.工程土体在宏观上所表现出来的非连续、不均匀、各向异性和非确定性等复杂性特征, 从根本上取决于土体微观结构的非连续性和非确定性.可以说土体的复杂性是其介质结构与组分非线性的直接体现.因而, 对土体结构及其模型的研究, 成为土力学的核心问题之一.科学建立土体演化的结构控制模型, 进而建立基于土体微观结构演化机制的土力学模型和本构关系是土力学理论发展的新方向.从土体微观结构研究的进展出发, 探讨了土体结构演化机制和结构模型的特点, 进而指出土力学理论建模的新思路.      

致密砂岩储层孔隙结构成因机理分析及定量评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长8油层组为例

利用普通薄片、铸体薄片、物性分析和压汞曲线等资料,对姬塬地区长8油层组储层的微观孔隙结构特征及其成因机理等进行了研究.结果表明沉积物在地质历史时期经历的压实、胶结、溶蚀和破裂等一系列成岩作用对储集岩孔喉特征影响显著,成岩作用的不均一性导致了储层宏观物性和微观孔隙结构的差异.通过视压实率、视胶结率、视溶蚀率和视微孔隙率等参数的计算阐明了压实、胶结、溶蚀等对排驱压力和分选系数等孔隙结构特征参数的定量控制.选取成岩综合系数作为成岩作用强度及其组合的定量表征参数,其与排驱压力、分选系数、储集层品质指数和分形维数等均具良好的统计相关关系,不同的孔隙结构类型具有不同的成岩作用组合特征以及成岩综合系数值,因此成岩综合系数可作为不同孔隙结构类型的定量表征参数.在对影响孔隙结构特征的成岩作用类型和强度组合深入剖析的基础上,通过成岩综合系数可实现储集岩孔隙结构的定性划分和定量评价.     

干湿循环对填埋场压实黏土盖层渗透系数影响研究

针对干湿循环作用下填埋场封场覆盖系统压实黏土防渗失效等问题,系统开展了干湿循环作用下（室内模拟填埋场气候环境）压实黏土渗透特性及微观结构特征试验研究,探讨了干湿循环次数、压实度、试样尺寸对压实黏土渗透系数影响并从微观层次揭示其防渗失效内在本质。研究结果表明：干湿循环前,相同压实度的大、小两种尺寸渗透试样所测渗透系数基本相同,经3次干湿循环后,不同尺寸、不同压实度黏土渗透系数增加量却存在明显差异。干湿循环作用下,小尺寸高、低两压实黏土试样均只收缩不开裂,并且高压实黏土微观结构损伤大于低压缩黏土,其渗透系数的增加量也大于小尺寸低压实黏土。而大尺寸试样裂隙发育与现场压实黏土裂隙发育相似,高压实黏土内部裂隙体积小于低压实黏土,其渗透系数的增加量也小于低压实黏土。同时,大尺寸试样内部大量未闭合宏观裂隙致使其渗透系数增加量大于同等压实度条件下小尺寸试样渗透系数增加量。室内小尺寸试样无法体现干湿循环作用下压实黏土层内部干缩裂隙对其渗透性能的影响,因此,其渗透试验结果不宜作为评价压实黏土长期防渗性能的评价指标。     

基于MIP的压实作用对"微膨胀性"重塑泥岩微观结构影响分析

泥岩的物理力学特性在很大程度上取决于土体内部微观孔隙结构特征及其变化规律,进而影响其工程特性,为探讨压实作用对高速铁路微膨胀性泥岩微观孔隙的影响,制备6种不同干密度的重塑泥岩试样,采用冷冻干燥机对饱和后的试样进行干燥,进而通过压汞试验对不同压实状态下的重塑泥岩微孔隙形状、孔隙体积、孔隙面积进行分析研究。结果表明,重塑泥岩中除了存在圆柱形孔外,还含有大量瓶颈孔;参照shear提出的孔隙划分方法对孔径不同的孔隙进行了分类,发现重塑泥岩中的孔隙多分布于颗粒间及团粒内,压实作用在微观上表现为对大孔隙的压缩引起的大孔隙向小孔隙的转化;压实度不同的泥岩孔隙总面积几近相同且孔隙面积多存在于颗粒内,压实作用越大,团粒内孔隙面积越小;对压汞法实测孔隙率小于理论计算孔隙率这一现象进行了合理的分析及说明,应用线性回归分析了实测孔隙率与计算孔隙率的关系;确定了通过压汞法测定泥岩微孔隙结构的科学性及合理性。研究成果可为膨胀泥岩地区高速铁路修建提供参考依据,对同类工程建设具有借鉴意义。     

压实黄土变形影响因素与计算模型研究

为研究压实黄土的压缩特性和沉降计算模型,开展了不同压实度、不同含水量下的压实黄土侧限压缩试验,分析了压力、含水量、压实度以及结构性对压实黄土压缩变形量及变形过程的影响,提出了结构性的表示方法及结构强度的计算方式,引入割线模量表达法并推导出了压实黄土加压过程的结构性本构模型及增湿本构模型。结果表明:压实黄土的压缩性随着压实度的增大而减小且压力越大减小越明显;压缩性随着初始含水量的增大而增大且塑限前后差别明显;压实黄土具有增湿变形性质,增湿变形系数随压实度的增大而减小、随增湿含水量的增大而增大;高压实度下的黄土具有结构性且结构强度随着含水量的增大而减小、随着压实度的增大而增大,据此推导出的加压结构性本构模型和增湿本构模型精度更高、物理意义更加明确。     

压实黏土的脆性断裂模型及有限元算法

利用弥散裂缝理论,提出了压实黏土拉伸状态下的脆性断裂模型.当压实黏土达到其极限抗拉强度后,通过建立单元的各向异性刚度矩阵,将土体裂缝弥散于实体单元,构造了平面应变条件下考虑压实黏土脆性开裂的有限元计算模式.通过对某压实黏土单轴拉伸试验成果的模拟计算,验证了构建的脆性断裂模型和有限元算法对土体拉伸破坏特性和裂缝发展过程的适用性.本文还进行了模拟软弱面水压“楔劈效应”的简单数值试验,表明压实黏土脆性开裂模型和算法可较好地模拟裂缝扩展行为.     

压实黄土强度特性与微观结构变化关系研究

利用Quanta环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)对延安某填方场地的压实黄土(Q_3和Q_2黄土混合)进行微观结构测试,得到最优含水量下不同干密度黄土微观结构图片。采用Image-Pro Plus图像处理软件对压实黄土孔隙微观结构进行了定量评价,并运用多元线性回归分析法建立了孔隙微观结构量化参数与压实黄土侧限压缩、直剪强度的关系。研究结果表明:随着干密度的增大,孔隙面积比、平均孔径、平均平面形状系数、平均分形维数逐渐减小,概率熵逐渐增大,孔隙分布越趋于均匀,整体力学性质越稳定;tanφ主要受孔隙的平面形状系数影响,黏聚力、压缩模量(E_(s0.05-0.1)、E_(s 0.1-0.2)、E_(s 0.2-0.4))和压缩系数主要与孔隙面积比有关,而E_(s 0.4-0.8)则与孔隙的概率熵密切相关。通过关联性分析,可知400 k Pa是孔隙面积比变化幅度明显减小时的特征压力值,而孔隙面积比变化直接关系沉降变形,400 k Pa也是压实黄土在最优含水量下沉降变形幅度明显减小时的特征压力值。     

压实黏质砂土脱湿过程影响机制的核磁共振分析

通过对具有不同初始含水率和干密度的两种压实黏质砂土的脱湿曲线进行测试、分析和对比,并结合核磁共振技术,探讨了干密度、初始含水率和土样组分对压实黏质砂土脱湿过程的影响规律。利用核磁共振测得了试样在各级吸力下的T2时间（横向弛豫时间）分布曲线,定性地探讨了不同吸力下试样中的水分分布特征,揭示了干密度、初始含水率和土样组分对试样脱湿过程的微观机制影响。试验结果表明：干密度仅在低基质吸力条件下对试样脱湿过程产生重要影响,而在高吸力条件下初始含水率和试样组分起主导作用;核磁共振结果证实在压实黏质砂土中,小孔隙结构主要由初始含水率和试样组分控制,而大孔隙的结构主要取决于干密度;试样组分对压实土的内部结构和孔隙大小分布的影响比初始含水率大。     

Insights into the water retention behaviour of GMZ bentonite pellet mixture

Bentonite pellets are recognized as good buffer/backfill materials for sealing technological voids in high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository. Compared to that of a traditional compacted bentonite block, one of the most important particularities of this material is the initially discrete pellets and the inevitable heterogeneous porosity formed, leading to a distinctive water retention behaviour. In this paper, water retention and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were conducted on pellet mixture (constant volume), single pellet (free swelling) and compacted block (constant volume) of GMZ bentonite, water retention properties and pore structure evolutions of the specimens were comparatively investigated. Results show that the water retention properties of the three specimens are almost similar to each other in the high suction range (>?10 MPa), while the water retention capacity of pellet mixture is lower than those of the compacted block and single pellet in the low suction range (<?10 MPa). Based on the capillary water retention theory (the Young–Laplace equation), a new concept ‘saturated void ratio’ that was positively related to water content and dependent on pore size distribution of the specimen was defined. Then, according to the product of saturated void ratio and water density in saturated void, differences of water retention properties for the three specimens at low suctions were explained. Meanwhile, MIP tests indicate that as suction decreases, the micro- and macrovoid ratios of pellet mixture and compacted block decrease as the mesovoid ratio increases, while all the void ratios of single pellets increase. This could be explained that upon wetting, water is successively adsorbed into the inter-layer, inter-particle and inter-pellet voids, leading to the subdivision of particles and swelling of aggregates and pellets. Under constant volume condition, aggregates and pellets tend to swell and fill into the inter-aggregates or inter-pellets voids. While under free swelling condition, the particles and aggregates in a single pellet tend to swell outward rather than squeezing into the inter-aggregate voids, leading to the expansion of the pores and even formation of cracks. Results including the effects of initial conditions (initial dry density and fabric) and constraint conditions (constant volume or free swelling) on the water retention capacity and pore structure evolution reached in this work are of great importance in designing of engineering barrier systems for the HLW repository.

     

Continuous determination of drying-path SWRC of fine-grained soils

Establishing the soil water retention curve, SWRC or the soil water characteristic curve, SWCC, is very useful for determination of unsaturated properties of soils. However, it has been observed that SWRC of a soil is not unique and depends on various factors such as the initial moisture content, density of soil, method of compaction, soil fabric and the path (drying or wetting) adopted for establishing it. In this context, many techniques and instruments have been employed by earlier researchers for determination of the SWRC of soils. However, these techniques entail weighing of the samples during prolonged testing, manually, and hence yield discrete data points. In this situation, AquaSorp® Isotherm Generator (manufactured by Decagon Devices Inc., USA) has been found to be quite useful for continuous determination of the drying-path SWRC of fine-grained soils. This device has been primarily employed for food products, powders and amorphous materials. Hence, demonstration of the utility and limitations of this device for SWRC determination of fine-grained soils becomes essential. With this in mind, extensive studies were conducted on commercially available soils (Kaolinite and Bentonite) by employing this device. In order to understand the influence of specimen specific parameters on the obtained SWRCs, the molding water content and thickness of the specimens were varied and the results have been evaluated critically. Details of the methodology adopted for these investigations, and the findings of the study are presented in this technical note. Based on a critical comparison of the results obtained from this device with those obtained from the dewpoint potentiameter, WP4®, the utility of this device for continuous determination of drying-path SWRC of the soils has also been demonstrated.     

Osmotic suction of highly plastic clays

This paper presents a study on osmotic suction of compacted highly plastic clays. Two different types of bentonite (i.e. Calcigel and a bentonite from India called herein as Indian bentonite) were used. Squeezing technique was utilized to obtain soil pore-water of the specimen. Using relationship between electric conductivity and osmotic pressure of salt solution, osmotic suction of soil pore-water was obtained. Additional tests (i.e. total and matric suction using filter paper method and swelling pressure using constant volume swelling pressure test) were performed. The results show that osmotic pressure of soil pore-water obtained decreases by increasing squeezing pressure. Based on experimental result, osmotic suction of the specimen is osmotic pressure of the first drop of extracted soil pore-water. An empirical method was suggested to determine the squeezing pressure in squeezing technique. In addition, roles of osmotic suction in thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of highly plastic clays were presented and discussed in the paper.     

土壤水分特征曲线模型模拟性能评价

土壤水分特征曲线模型作为实验测定土壤水分特征数据的一种替代方法,因其具有计算方便快捷和便于嵌入数值模拟程序的优点,开始受到越来越广泛的关注。虽然文献中存在众多的土壤水分特征曲线模型,但是这些模型的适用范围及拟合性能尚不明确。为了获得更加准确适用的土壤水分特征曲线,在实际应用中通常需要花费大量时间和精力去测试各种模型。为了解决上述问题,在国内外研究成果的基础上收集整理了12种典型的土壤水分特征曲线模型,并利用包含不同质地、有机质含量及容重的8种土壤的实测土壤水分特征数据来评估比较这些模型的模拟性能。模型性能通过均方根误差（RMSE）、平均偏差（AD）、AIC准则（Akaike Information Criterion）和纳什效率系数（NSE）4个指标评估。研究结果表明：大部分的模型能够提供比较接近于实际的拟合结果,评价指标值也比较相近。其中,KCGS2006（包含3个参数）和K1999模型（包含2个参数）拟合效果最好,而Gregson1987（包含1个参数）的拟合效果最差。该研究可以深入了解各种土壤水分特征曲线模型的适用性与局限性,更好地为生态环境建设和农业可持续发展研究中土壤水力参数的选取提供依据和参考。     

压实膨润土在盐溶液中的膨胀变形特性

采用蒸馏水以及浓度不同的NaCl溶液作为浸泡溶液,对商用膨润土进行了膨胀变形试验。结果表明在相同的荷载作用下,膨胀变形随浸泡溶液浓度的增加而减小。这是因为浸泡溶液的浓度越大,溶液的渗透吸力也越大,渗透吸力的增加将引起施加在黏土颗粒上有效应力的增加,使得在外部施加荷载相同时膨润土的膨胀变形随溶液浓度的增加而减小。当压实膨润土在盐溶液中膨胀时,其有效应力pe可分为两部分,即施加荷载部分p和渗透吸力部分p。对于浸泡于蒸馏水和NaCl溶液中的膨润土试样,其膨胀后的蒙脱石孔隙比em与有效应力pe之间的关系可采用同一关系曲线表示,此时施加于黏土颗粒上的有效应力的渗透吸力部分p=(p/)0.66。     

NaCl溶液对土体持水特性影响的试验研究

分别采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液对低塑性黏土进行饱和,然后进行压力板和蒸汽平衡法试验,获得整个吸力范围内的土-水特征曲线（SWCC）。分析不同浓度的孔隙溶液对SWCC的影响规律,结果表明：盐分对基质吸力的影响较小,对总吸力影响较大,这主要是因为盐溶液引起的渗透吸力所致。在蒸汽平衡法试验中,随着含水率的降低,孔隙浓度增大,渗透吸力增大。然而,基质吸力随着含水率的减小迅速增大,使得渗透吸力所占的比例逐渐减小。在非饱和土中,总吸力包括基质吸力和渗透吸力;基质吸力包括毛细部分和吸附部分,当土体中含水率较低时,主要是吸附效应在起作用;渗透吸力与溶液浓度有关。根据试验结果深入分析了吸附水膜和土颗粒之间的相互作用,得出由于溶质的存在对分子间吸附力的影响规律。根据表面化学原理,建立了分子间作用力和吸附水膜厚度之间的关系,以描述处于吸附状态的土-水特征曲线。     

土−水特征曲线测量过程中孔隙分布的演化规律探讨

测量了在宽广吸力范围内原状样和压实样的脱湿持水曲线,对比分析了单双峰结构持水性能的差异;并利用压汞试验测试两种土样在脱湿过程的孔隙分布,分析了两者的差异并探讨了脱湿过程孔隙的演化规律;在考虑收缩变形的基础上,基于孔隙分布曲线确定了土?水特征曲线的基本参数。试验结果表明：原状样在宽广吸力范围内基本上呈单峰孔隙结构;饱和压实样具有单峰孔隙结构,随着吸力的增加,双峰结构越来越明显,当吸力达到很大时,演化成完全双峰孔隙结构。原状样的持水曲线为经典的S形,而压实样的持水曲线在过渡段出现了水平台阶状;低吸力段,压实样的持水曲线低于原状样,而高吸力段,两者的持水曲线基本重合。基于孔隙分布曲线确定了控制持水曲线进气值和残余值的孔径,并计算出对应的吸力值,其值更符合实际物理意义。     

干湿循环下高庙子钙基膨润土持水和变形特性

膨润土因具有湿胀、干缩特性,其水力-力学性质易受干湿循环的影响。采用饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法研究了干湿循环对压实高庙子钙基膨润土持水特性的影响。对相同条件下制作的试样进行0～6次干湿循环,选取其中的原试样（0次）、循环3次和6次试样,进行蒸汽平衡法试验,测定其土-水特征曲线。同时,在0～6次干湿循环过程中,对每一次脱湿后试样表面采集图像,用数字图像处理技术提取了收缩及裂隙开展区域,分析得到收缩率与裂隙率。试验结果表明：随着干湿循环次数的增加（0→3次时）,土-水特征曲线向下平移、持水性下降、孔隙比增大、平均骨架应力减小,试样烘干时收缩率和裂隙率增加明显;但随着循环次数的继续增加（3→6次时）,持水性、收缩率和裂隙率趋于稳定。     

Experimental Set-up for Determining Soil Water Retention Curves for Granular Soils During Drying

Abstract: Soil water retention curves (SWRCs) provide an important means of describing the response of unsaturated soils during drying / wetting processes in terms of variations of degree of saturation, water content or void ratio with suction. A key consideration in generating these curves is how to measure the suction. Frequently the filter paper technique is adopted, especially when high suctions are developed, e.g. with plastic clays. As each measurement takes at least a week with this technique, it can take months or years to generate a full SWRC in drying and wetting. Developments in laboratory tensiometers now allow matrix suctions up to about 1.5 MPa to be measured. With such a device it is possible to develop SWRCs for granular soils such as silts and clays in hours or days by continuous measurement. This paper describes an experimental set-up that was developed to measure changes in volume, water content and matrix suction during drying of three granular soils. Limitations of the apparatus and usefulness of the curves are discussed.     

Osmotic Swelling and Osmotic Consolidation Behaviour of Compacted Expansive Clay

Compacted clay soils are used as barriers in geoenvironmental engineering applications and are likely to be exposed to salinization and desalinization cycles during life of the facility. Changes in pore fluid composition from salinization and desalinization cycles induce osmotic suction gradients between soil–water and reservoir (example, landfill/brine pond) solution. Dissipation of osmotic suction gradients may induce osmotic swelling and consolidation strains. This paper examines the osmotic swelling and consolidation behaviour of compacted clays exposed to salinization and desalinization cycles at consolidation pressure of 200 kPa in oedometer assemblies. During salinization cycle, sodium ions of reservoir fluid replaced the divalent exchangeable cations. The osmotic swelling strain developed during first desalinization cycle was 29-fold higher than matric suction induced swelling strain of the compacted specimen. Further, the diffusion controlled osmotic swelling strain was 100-fold slower than matric suction-driven swelling process. After establishment of ion-exchange equilibrium, saturated saline specimens develop reversible osmotic swelling strains on exposure to desalinization cycles. Likewise the saturated desalinated specimen develops reversible osmotic consolidation strains on exposure to cycles of salinization. Variations in compaction dry density has a bearing on the osmotic swelling and consolidation strains, while, compaction water content had no bearing on the osmotic volumetric strains.