GPS观测结果反映的尼泊尔M_w7.8地震孕震特征

针对2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.8地震的孕震特征,本文首先对覆盖尼泊尔及周边地区的5套GPS水平速度场结果进行了融合,得到了近似统一参考框架下的速度场结果;在此基础上通过对此次地震震源区及周边地区的速度场、应变率场、基线时间序列分析,识别了震前变形特征.GPS应变率场结果显示,喜马拉雅主边界断裂存在大范围挤压应变积累,震源区处于近南北向应变积累高值过渡区.跨喜马拉雅构造带的GPS基线时间序列结果表现为持续缩短现象,表明印度板块与欧亚板块之间的持续挤压变形特征,2012年以来的缩短增强现象反映了印度板块对青藏块体的推挤增强作用明显.距离震中较近的西藏南部GPS同震位移结果以南向运动为主且指向震中,反映了青藏高原存在逆冲应变释放现象.综合此次尼泊尔地震前变形和同震应变释放特征,认为此次地震的孕震区域和同震应变释放区域均较大,将会对青藏高原的地壳变形与强震孕育产生深远影响.     

基于GPS的精河M_S6.6地震前地壳变形动态特征研究

利用2013~2017年3期GPS观测资料,获得精河6.6级地震前震中附近区域水平运动速率、主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率,并结合区域构造背景分析该区域变形动态特征。结果表明:震前震中附近区域速度场速率逐渐增大,发震断裂两盘构造运动速率不均,震中附近区域GPS测点的速率和运动方向存在差异,反应了地壳应变能量积累。震中区域主压应变率变化反映出应力调整过程,沿断层走向的张压转换的形变高梯度带、最大剪应变梯度带可为地震预测提供参考。     

2019年夏河MS 5.7地震前应力应变变化特征研究

利用CMONOC的GPS观测资料和中小地震震源机制解资料,通过GPS速度场分析、两站间基线时序分析、震中区域的应变时序分析和震源机制一致性分析,研究了2019年夏河MS 5.7地震前的应力应变累积特征.结果表明,震中处于运动速率和方向差异性较为显著的应变能易积累地区;跨发震断裂的去趋势基线长度和基线方位角时序反映了震前发震断裂的左旋走滑速率有所减缓;多站组合的应变参数结果反映出,震前震源区NS向运动幅度增强,有助于此次地震的发生,且2016年后拉张和走滑运动有所减缓;同时,震中附近区域震源机制一致性较高,反映了震源区的高应力水平.综合分析认为夏河MS 5.7地震前,震源区存在应力应变累积增强的背景性异常变化特征.     

基于GPS技术的2016年呼图壁M_S6.2地震形变特征研究

利用2013~2017年3期GPS观测资料,通过结合区域构造背景分析呼图壁MS6.2地震震中及附近区域水平运动速率、主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率动态变化特征。结果表明,呼图壁地震前发震构造南部区域地壳速率高于北部区域运动速率,造成发震构造两盘运动速率不同,地壳能量积蓄。呼图壁地震释放了区域积蓄的应变能量,由于区域构造因素,影响范围较小。震前震中附近区域处于压缩环境,易于聚集应变能量;震时震中区出现面膨胀等值线密集高梯度带,是地壳应变能量交换和释放剧烈区域。震中区最大剪应变变化不大,反映呼图壁地震逆冲性质,最大剪应变高值区对地震危险性有预示作用。     

阿克陶M_S6.7地震前帕米尔东北缘地形变特征的GPS研究

利用2009～2015年4期GPS观测资料,获得阿克陶M_S6. 7地震前震中附近区域水平运动速率、主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率,结合区域构造背景分析该区域变形动态特征,结果表明:(1)本次地震震前研究区速度场由南向北逐渐减弱,研究区南部帕米尔区域整体运动速率高于北部的南天山区域,以发震构造为界南北部区域的速率大小和方向均有差异。(2)研究区现今应变率场与该区域长期的地质构造背景相一致,震前逐渐增强的压应变为本次地震提供发震背景。研究区剪应变变化趋势优于面膨胀变化趋势。     

2016年青海门源MS6.4地震震前应变积累及同震变形特征

2016年1月21日青海省门源县发生了M_S6.4地震, 发震断裂为冷龙岭北侧断裂, 震中位置与1986年门源6.4级地震相同。 本文收集了本次地震震中及其周边区域1999—2015年GPS观测资料, 解算了GPS速度场、 跨断裂连续观测站基线时间序列和应变率场。 结果显示, 祁连山断裂带为一条宽度约60 km的连续变形带。 在断裂带南侧地壳运动以顺时针旋转为主, 运动量值没有显著差异; 跨过断裂带到达其北部之后, 地壳运动量值明显减小, 显示出该断裂带的强烈活动特征。 冷龙岭断裂左旋走滑速率为6.17±0.41 mm/a, 挤压速率为1.83±0.38 mm/a, 断层闭锁深度为22.1±3.1 km。 利用GPS连续观测站数据解算的地震同震位移显示, 震中西南侧26.8 km处的青海门源(QHME)测站记录到了明显同震位移, 其水平运动方向为北东向, 与逆冲为主的震源机制解一致。     

2013年甘肃岷县漳县M_s6.6地震前地壳形变特征研究

基于2013年岷县漳县M6.6地震震源区及其邻区1999年以来的GPS观测资料,通过应变率动态特征分析、多期次GPS剖面分析和基线变形速率的分析讨论了地震的震前变形特征.GPS速度场和块体应变率表明,汶川地震的发生导致了柴达木地块运动与变形状态发生明显调整,但由于西秦岭北缘等深大断裂的存在,岷-秦地块对其响应不明显;GPS连续应变率显示,在汶川地震引起的区域地壳变形调整过程中岷县漳县地震震源区附近的应变积累速率有减缓的迹象;GPS剖面显示,平行于岷县漳县主破裂带的运动分量对汶川地震响应显著,汶川震后表现为剪切变形速率的增强,而垂直于主破裂带的运动分量则对汶川地震响应不明显;震中周边GPS基线变形速率表明,基线伸缩变化率总体呈现NW向拉张、NE向压缩状态,且拉张量明显小于压缩量.上述地壳变形动态特征表明西秦岭北缘断裂及其附近地区的应变积累水平和断层闭锁程度可能处于较高水平,在岷县漳县地震前该区表现出局部“硬化”迹象.     

基于GNSS资料分析漾濞MS6.4地震前应变时空演变特征

基于云南省内及邻区2009—2020年GNSS观测数据解算结果,在各个测点时间序列和速度场的基础上,采用克里金插值方法估计区域应变率场;以连续基准站时间序列为约束,获取漾濞M_S6.4地震近场区域的块体应变时间序列。分析发现:漾濞地震发生在前期最大剪应变高值区以及面应变高梯度带的张压转换区,发震的时间处于区域应变积累速率逐渐降低的过程之后。震中近场区域均以NW向断层的右旋走滑应变积累为主,且大多呈现持续增强趋势,与漾濞地震的发震断层走向及其破裂特征一致。震前震区东部块体出现了短期应变趋势转折及反向加速的异常现象,反映了应力-应变积累在接近临界破裂状态时的非线性调整。     

GPS观测揭示的芦山M_S7.0地震前龙门山断裂带南段变形演化特征

横跨龙门山断裂带南段的连续GPS测网记录到了2013年4月20日芦山MS7.0地震孕育过程相关的地壳变形信息,为研究此次地震前孕震区地壳变形动态演化过程提供重要的基础资料.研究表明,汶川地震的发生导致茂县-汶川断裂南段及以东地区挤压应变和左旋剪切应变加载.GPS跨单条断裂的基线平均缩短速率约为1~2 mm/a,跨越整个断裂带的基线平均缩短速率约为8~10 mm/a,且均表现出随芦山地震临近年均缩短速率逐渐减小的特征;多站组合的应变参数时序结果显示,龙门山断裂带南段主压应变率自西向东逐渐减小,主压应变方向为N30°~45°W近似垂直于断裂带;北川-映秀断裂以东地区以挤压变形为主兼有明显的左旋剪切变形,且面应变和第一剪应变随着芦山地震的临近应变率逐渐减小;北川-映秀断裂以西则表现为在时间进程上逐渐增强的右旋剪切变形.区域GPS变形场结果显示汶川震后龙门山断裂带南段挤压应变积累速率显著大于震前,且茂县-汶川断裂以东地区表现出左旋剪切应变积累特征.综合分析认为,汶川地震后巴颜喀拉块体东向运动加速,运动速度自西向东递减,致使在汶川地震中未破裂的龙门山断裂带南段的挤压应变积累水平进一步增强.     

2001年昆仑山口西M_S 8.1地震前背景形变场的模拟研究

文中以东昆仑断裂带周围分布的27个GPS站点的地壳运动速率矢量为约束,利用半无限弹性空间三维断裂位错模型,反演了东昆仑断裂、柴达木盆地北缘断裂、玛尼-玉树断裂和玛尔盖茶卡断裂带在2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震之前的运动速率,并认为这些断裂带以反演出的运动速率错动所形成的形变场可以作为震前的背景地壳形变场。基于这一具有构造意义的背景速度场资料,计算了区域地壳应变率场和地震矩累积率场。结果表明,昆仑山口西地震前,东昆仑断裂的东西大滩段和玛尼-玉树断裂西段为该区域2个最显著的地震矩累积率高值区,其中东昆仑断裂的东西大滩段高值区为后来的昆仑山口西MS8.1地震的发震段     

Analysis of Anomalous Characteristics of Regional Crustal Deformation before the September 16th, 2019 Zhangye MS5.0 Earthquake, Gansu, China

To study the crustal movement in the vicinity of the epicenter before the Zhangye M_S5.0 earthquake in 2019, the characteristics of crustal deformation before the earthquake are discussed through the GPS velocity field analysis based on the CMONOC data observed from GPS. The baseline time series between two continuous GPS stations and the strain time series of an area among several stations are analyzed in the epicenter area. The resulting time series of baseline azimuth around the epicenter reflects that the energy of the fault in the northern margin of Qilian Mountain is accumulated continuously before 2017. Besides, the movement trend of azimuth slows down after 2017, indicating the stress accumulation on both sides of the seismogenic fault zone has reached a certain degree. The first shear strain and EW-direction linear strain in the epicentral area of the Zhangye M_S5.0 earthquake remain steady after 2017, and the surface strain rate decreases gradually after 2016. It is illustrated that there is an obvious deformation loss at the epicentral region three years before the earthquake, indicating that a certain degree of strain energy is accumulated in this area before the earthquake.     

昆仑山口西MＳ＝8．1级地震的形变应变场研究

根据昆仑山口西8．1级地震前后GPS测点的位移速率，用弹性模型公式计算了地壳应变参数．应变参量的变化表明，震前在地震区附近以压应变为主，应变速率较大．位移速率矢量显示出震前的震中地区相对周围为活动性较弱的“稳定”地区．地壳的形变和应变揭示出孕震体在挤压状态下积累了较高的应变势能．8．1级地震的同时期由于地壳释放了巨大的应变能而应变速率变化显著．计算结果表明，地震所产生的应变达到4．5×10-6以上．发震断裂带的平均左旋走滑量是3．31m（89°E～96°E）．     

Crustal deformation before the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake studied using GPS data

We used GPS velocities from approximately 700 stations in western China to study the crustal deformation before the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake. The processing methods included analyses of the strain rate field, inversion of fault locking and the GPS velocity profiles. The GPS strain rate in the E-W direction in the Qinghai-Tibet block shows that extensional deformation was dominant in the western region of the block (west of 92.5° E), while compressive deformation predominated in the eastern region of the block (from 92.5° E to 100° E). On a regional scale, the hypocentral region of the Wenchuan earthquake was located at the edge of an intense compression deformation zone of about 1.9 × 10⁻⁸/a in an east-west direction. The characteristic deformation in the seismogenic fault was compressive with a dextral component. The compression deformation rate was greater in the fault's western region than in its eastern region, and the strain accumulation was very slow on the fault scale. The results of a fault locking inversion show that the locking fraction and slip deficit was greater in the middle-northern section of the seismogenic fault than in the southern section. The GPS velocity profile before the Wenchuan earthquake shows that the compression deformation was smaller than the dextral deformation, which is asymmetrical with respect to the distribution of co-seismic displacement. These deformation characteristics should provide some clues to the Wenchuan earthquake which occurred in the later period of the earthquake cycle.     

2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震前 地壳变形特征研究

利用1999—2007年和2009—2013年两期GPS速度场资料, 采用最小二乘配置方法分别计算了2008年和2014年新疆两次于田M_S7.3地震前新疆及周边地区的主应变率、 面应变率及最大剪应变率, 分析了该区域的变形动态特征, 并结合速度剖面分析方法给出了震源区的构造变形特征. 速度场及应变率场动态结果表明: 新疆天山地区的地壳变形特征整体表现为由南向北缩短, 相对运动速率表现为由南向北、 由西向东逐渐减小; 震源区东侧的左旋剪切变形明显大于西侧; 2008年与2014年两次于田M_S7.3地震的震源区均处于拉张与挤压变形的过渡地带, 易于强地震的发生; 2008年于田M_S7.3地震的张性兼有少量剪性破裂的发生使得阿尔金断裂的左旋剪切变形增强. GPS速度场剖面分析结果表明, 2014年于田M_S7.3地震前震源区西侧的变形宽度大于东侧, 剪切应变积累程度西侧高于东侧. 综合分析认为, 震源周边构造区应变积累的差异性有利于强震的孕育, 2008年于田M_S7.3地震对2014年于田M_S7.3地震可能有促进作用.      

汶川8.0级地震前GPS与跨断层资料反映的运动与变形演化特征

为了研究与总结2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前GPS与跨断层资料反映的龙门山断裂带及其周边地区的运动、构造变形、应变积累演化过程,以及汶川地震临震阶段可能的物理机制,本文综合1999~2007期GPS速度场、1999~2008年大尺度GPS基线时间序列、1985~2008年跨断层短水准等资料进行了相关分析与讨论。结果表明:(1)GPS速度剖面结果显示,宽达500km的川西高原在震前有明显的连续变形,而四川盆地一侧和跨龙门山断裂带基本没有变形趋势,表明震前川西高原在持续不断地为已经处于闭锁状态的龙门山断裂带提供能量积累。(2)GPS应变率结果显示,震前龙门山断裂带中北段的NW侧EW向挤压变形明显,变形幅度从远离断裂带较大到靠近断裂带逐渐减小,而断裂带变形微弱;龙门山断裂带西南段周边形成了显著的EW向挤压应变集中区,应变积累速率明显大于中北段。(3)断层闭锁程度反演结果显示,除了汶川地震的震源位置闭锁相对较弱,且西南段有大概20km宽度断层在12~22.5km深度为蠕滑状态以外,震前整条龙门山断裂基本处于强闭锁状态。(4)大尺度GPS基线结果显示,跨南北地震带区域的NE向基线从2005年开始普遍出现压缩转折,反映NE向地壳缩短的相对运动增强。(5)跨断层短水准场地结果显示,震前年均垂直变化速率和形变累积率很低,表明断层近场垂向活动很弱、闭锁较强。通过以上分析认为,在相对小尺度的地壳变形中,震前龙门山断裂带深浅部均处于强闭锁状态,断裂带水平与垂直变形都很微弱,这可能经历了一个缓慢的过程,而且越是临近地震的发生,微弱变形的范围可能越大;在相对大尺度的地壳变形中,震前龙门山断裂带西侧的巴颜喀拉块体东部地区经历了地壳缓慢且持续的缩短挤压变形,为龙门山断裂带应变积累持续提供了动力支持。     

Deformation Evolution Characteristics Revealed by GPS and Cross-fault Leveling Data before the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Based on GPS velocity during 1999-2007, GPS baseline time series on large scale during 1999-2008 and cross-fault leveling data during 1985-2008, the paper makes some analysis and discussion to study and summarize the movement, tectonic deformation and strain accumulation evolution characteristics of the Longmenshan fault and the surrounding area before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, as well as the possible physical mechanism late in the seismic cycle of the Wenchuan earthquake. Multiple results indicate that:GPS velocity profiles show that obvious continuous deformation across the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake was distributed across a zone at least 500km wide, while there was little deformation in Sichuan Basin and Longmenshan fault zone, which means that the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides energy accumulation for locked Longmenshan fault zone continuously. GPS strain rates show that the east-west compression deformation was larger in the northwest of the mid-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and deformation amplitude decreased gradually from far field to near fault zone, and there was little deformation in fault zone. The east-west compression deformation was significant surrounding the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and strain accumulation rate was larger than that of mid-northern segment. Fault locking indicates nearly whole Longmenshan fault was locked before the earthquake except the source of the earthquake which was weakly locked, and a 20km width patch in southwestern segment between 12km to 22.5km depth was in creeping state. GPS baseline time series in northeast direction on large scale became compressive generally from 2005 in the North-South Seismic Belt, which reflects that relative compression deformation enhances. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate and deformation trend accumulation rate in the Longmenshan fault zone were little, which indicates that vertical activity near the fault was very weak and the fault was tightly locked. According to analyses of GPS and cross-fault leveling data before the Wenchuan earthquake, we consider that the Longmenshan fault is tightly locked from the surface to the deep, and the horizontal and vertical deformation are weak surrounding the fault in relatively small-scale crustal deformation. The process of weak deformation may be slow, and weak deformation area may be larger when large earthquake is coming. Continuous and slow compression deformation across eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake provides dynamic support for strain accumulation in the Longmenshan fault zone in relative large-scale crustal deformation.     

Analysis of Abnormal Characteristics of Regional Crustal Deformation before the Menyuan MS6.4 Earthquake by GPS Continuous Data

In order to study the characteristics of crustal deformation around the epicenter before the 2016 M_S6.4 Menyuan earthquake, the GPS continuous stations of the period from 2010 to 2016 were selected according to the observation data of the tectonic environment monitoring network in Chinese Mainland. The deformation characteristics of the crust before the earthquake were discussed through inter-station baseline time series analysis and the strain time series analysis in the epicentral region. The results show that a trend turn of the baseline movement state around the epicenter region occurred after 2014, and the movement after 2014 reflects an obvious decreasing trend of compressional deformation. During this period, the stress field energy was in a certain accumulation state. Since the beginning of 2014, the EW-component linear strain and surface strain rate weakened gradually before the earthquake. It shows that there was an obvious deformation deficit at the epicentral area in the past two years, which indicates that the region accumulated a high degree of strain energy before the earthquake. Therefore, there was a significant background change in the area before the earthquake. The results of the study can provide basic research data for understanding the seismogenic process and mechanism of this earthquake.     

青海门源6.9级地震同震及震前GNSS变形特征分析

北京时间2022年1月8日1点45分,在我国青海省门源县发生了6.9级地震.通过震中附近陆态网络GNSS连续观测数据得到的同震位移场显示,距离震中最近的QHME站同震位移最大,EW向达到20.31 mm,SW向达到-35.45 mm,震中附近五个站的同震位移反映出此次地震的左旋同震破裂特征;GNSS站间基线时间序列结果...