非均匀下垫面局地气候效应的数值模拟

使用美国NCAR非静力平衡模式MM 5V3,模拟了黑河地区非均匀下垫面局地小气候效应 ,再现了山谷风环流及夏季“绿洲效应”、沙漠上的“逆湿”和由于地表热力分布不均匀引起的绿洲—沙漠垂直环流等绿洲—沙漠相互作用的典型特征 ,较全面地揭示了非均匀地表大气边界层内的风、温、湿度场与陆面相互作用的物理机理 ,验证了野外实验的结果     

金塔绿洲大气边界层特征的数值模拟研究

利用美国NCAR中心的天气研究与预报模式WRF(weather Research and Forecast Model),对金塔绿洲的环流场、温度场及湿度场结构及其日变化进行了较为全面细致的模拟研究,WRF模式很好地模拟出了绿洲一沙漠环流的日变化特征和这种局地热力环流的空间结构,模拟再现了绿洲“冷岛效应”和邻近绿洲的沙漠“逆湿”等边界层特征．模拟还发州了白天绿洲湿度场“凹型槽,,式分布的特征。     

黑河地区绿洲一沙漠环流的数值模拟研究

地气相互作用现象的研究对预测未来气候变化意义重大。黑河地区绿洲和沙漠戈壁地表间水热特性的强烈差异所引发的绿洲—沙漠中尺度环流 ,能够影响该区绿洲生态系统的维持和发展。利用中尺度数值模式RAMS成功地再现了黑河地区绿洲—沙漠环流 ,同时对环流出现时温、湿场的模拟分析表明 ,绿洲—沙漠环流的发生和发展直接依赖于非均匀下垫面热力场的差异 ,白天发展强盛 ,夜间作用小。环流作用能够保证绿洲—沙漠系统的物质和能量平衡 ,对沙漠戈壁环境中绿洲的维持十分重要     

半干旱区植被覆盖度对边界层气候热力影响的数值模拟

在陆－气相互作用的中小尺度系统研究中，水平非均匀下垫面的强迫作用是主要的物理过程。本文利用能量闭合二维陆面过程与大气边界层耦合模式，研究了我国西北半干旱地区（３８°Ｎ，１０５°Ｅ）夏季下垫面物理特征的变化对区域边界层气候的影响。结果表明：土壤湿度、植被覆盖度对局地环流和区域边界层气候的形成起着决定性的作用。模拟结果揭示了在半干旱地区大面积植树造林、提高植被覆盖度，可涵养土壤水分，改善局地生态环境，是人工持续改造干旱、半干旱荒漠地区局地气候的重要途径。     

沙漠-绿洲大气边界层结构的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR新版中尺度MM5V3．6非静力平衡模式,采用三重嵌套的模拟方法,模拟研究了沙漠绿洲的环流及边界层特征。结果表明：在没有西风气流背景的影响下,绿洲沙漠环流和大气边界层结构是对称的。沙漠绿洲改变了原有沙漠地区环流结构及温、湿场的分布,绿洲上空大气下沉,沙漠上空大气上升,从而产生了绿洲上空大气冷干,沙漠上空大气暖湿的边界层特征。绿洲边缘形成了由干到湿的强湿度梯度带围绕着绿洲,起到了保护绿洲的作用。在有西风背景气流的影响下,绿洲沙漠环流和大气边界层结构是非对称的。但是,西风背景气流的存在可以破坏绿洲系统对称的环流结构,不利于绿洲系统的稳定发展。     

青岛地区边界层结构的数值模拟

本文建立了一个非静力的三维细网格边界层模式，对青岛地区复杂下垫面条件下的边界层结构和湍流特征作了数值模拟，模式采用能量闭合方案，舍弃了静力近似，以提高空间分辨率和模式精度。模拟以实测资料为初始输入，对该地区风场和湍流场作了较细致的模拟分析，与观测资料相比，结果合理地一致。结果表明了陡峭地形和不规则海岸线对局地风场和湍流场影响很大。     

局地环流与大气边界层湍流相互作用的数值研究

本文建立了一个二维定常大气中尺度数值模式，并用该模式讨论了由下垫面粗糙分布非均匀（局地动力强迫）和温度分布非均匀（局地热力强迫）而产生的局地大气环流与大气边界层湍流的相互作用。结果指出：下垫面存在温度分布非均匀时运动方程中的湍流交换项与水平气压梯项一样可促使局地热力环境的形成，由粗糙度分布非均匀强迫产生的局地环流与由下垫面温度分布非均匀强迫产和的局地热力环流间的非线笥相互作用是通过湍流交换实现的。     

金塔绿洲小气候效应的数值模拟

使用美国NCAR新版MM5V3．6非静力平衡模式,采用三重嵌套的降尺度方法,模拟研究了夏季金塔绿洲小气候效应特征。绿洲的存在改变了沙漠地区原有的环流结构和湿度分布;绿洲边界层低,沙漠边界层较高,绿洲较低的边界层结构实际上是一个保护层,使得绿洲大气中水分保存在较低边界层中,对绿洲生态系统的发展起到了保护作用;绿洲地区感热通量小,潜热通量大;沙漠地区感热通量大,潜热通量小。通过能量和水分的非均匀分布驱动了绿洲环流,使沙漠区域产生上升气流,绿洲区域产生下沉气流。     

边界层参数化方案对南海秋季台风“莎莉嘉”(2016)模拟的影响

利用美国中尺度数值模式WRF,选取两个局地(QNSE、MYJ)闭合和两个非局地(YSU、ACM2)闭合的边界层参数化方案对台风“莎莉嘉”(2016)进行了4组模拟试验,结果表明,不同边界层方案对台风路径影响较小,但对台风强度和结构有明显的影响,就本个例研究而言,非局地闭合边界层方案明显优于局地闭合边界层方案。台风强度的差异是热力和动力共同作用的影响。局地闭合方案模拟的地表焓通量、水汽通量和动量通量更大,台风偏强;局地闭合方案模拟的边界层高度更高、边界层顶的夹卷过程更强、垂直混合更强、台风暖心结构更强,从而台风也更强。台风强度的差异和台风结构的变化密切相关。      

敦煌绿洲夏季边界层特征的数值模拟

使用美国NCAR新版MM5V3．6非静力平衡模式,采用三重嵌套方法,模拟研究了沙漠绿洲的环流及边界层特征。并且与无绿洲试验进行了比较。结果表明：沙漠中的绿洲在夏季是一个冷源,地面感热通量和潜热通量与周围的沙漠地区存在较大差异。在绿洲区,感热通量小,潜热通量大;在沙漠区,感热通量大,潜热通量小。绿洲边界层顶低,沙漠边界层顶高。绿洲可以改变沙漠地区的大气稳定度,使得原来大气层结不稳定的沙漠地区出现较稳定的大气层结。沙漠绿洲改变了原有沙漠地区的环流结构及温、湿场的分布,使得在绿洲上空大气下沉,沙漠上空大气上升,从而产生了绿洲上空大气干冷,沙漠上空大气暖湿的边界特征。绿洲边缘的沙漠形成的较大的湿气柱围绕着绿洲,起到了保护绿洲的作用。沙漠绿洲低空呈现辐散气流,使得绿洲上风方的沙漠地区风速减小,绿洲下风方的沙漠地区风速增大。     

非均匀网格的过渡湍流理论及其在大气边界层数值模拟中的应用

本文将Stull提出的均匀网格下的过渡湍流理论推广到非均匀网格情形，推广的非均匀网格的过渡湍流理论满足Stull提出的对过渡矩阵系数的要求并具有清晰的物理意义。然后，将非均匀网格的过渡湍流理论应用于一维大气边界层数值模式中，对Wangara资料进行了模拟，并与均匀网格情形进行了对比。计算表明，非均匀网格的过渡湍流模式能很好地模拟Wangara大气边界层平均量与湍流量的变化；本文非均匀网格的过渡湍流理论的推广是可行的，它可能会在大气边界层数值模拟及其他方面（如：中尺度模式）得到应用。     

Dynamical Initialization of Boundary-Layer Data

A procedure for the dynamic initialization of wind and temperature fields within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is presented. The procedure uses transilient turbulence theory to assess the turbulent fluxes from observed wind and temperature data, which are used to estimate the eddy transfer coefficients, so enabling a local closure ABL model to be integrated forward in time to a new steady state. The method has been applied to initialize kytoon data taken at Kharagpur (22.3° N, 87.2° E) during the MONTBLEX field programme. Results of a case study for 17 June 1990 are discussed.     

Using a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme （MSPAS） to Simulate the Interaction between Land Surface Processes and Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Semi-Arid Regions

This paper uses a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to study the interaction betweenland surface and atmospheric boundary layer processes. The scheme is composed of two main parts:atmospheric boundary layer processes and land surface processes. Compared with SiB and BATS, which arefamous for their detailed parameterizations of physical variables, this simplified model is more convenientand saves much more computation time. Though simple, the feasibility of the model is well proved inthis paper. The numerical simulation results from MSPAS show good agreement with reality. The schemeis used to obtain reasonable simulations for diurnal variations of heat balance, potential temperature ofboundary layer, and wind field, and spatial distributions of temperature, specific humidity, vertical velocity,turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence exchange coefficient over desert and oasis. In addition, MSPAS isused to simulate the interaction between desert and oasis at night, and again it obtains reasonable results.This indicates that MSPAS can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and theatmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surfaces and can be extended for regional climate andnumerical weather prediction study.     

Application of transilient turbulent theory to study interactions between the atmospheric boundary layer and forest canopies

The new Forest-Land-Atmosphere ModEl called FLAME is presented. The first-order, nonlocal turbulence closure called transilient turbulence theory (Stull, 1993) is applied to study the interactions between a forested land-surface and the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The transilient scheme is used for unequal vertical grid spacing and includes the effects of drag, wake turbulence, and interference to vertical mixing by plant elements. Radiation transfer within the vegetation and the equations for the energy balance at the leaf surface have been taken from Norman (1979). Among others, the model predicts profiles of air temperature, humidity and wind velocity within the ABL, sensible and latent heat fluxes from the soil and the vegetation, the stomata and aerodynamic resistances, as well as profiles of temperature and water content in the soil. Preliminary studies carried out for a cloud free day and idealized initial conditions are presented. The canopy height is 30 m within a vertical domain of 3 km. The model is able to capture some of the effects usually observed within and above forested areas, including the relative wind speed maximum in the trunk space and the counter gradient-fluxes in the lower part of the plant stand. Of special interest is the determination of the location and magnitude of the turbulent mixing between model layers, which permits one to identify the effects of large eddies transporting momentum and scalar quantities into the canopy. A comparison between model simulations and field measurements will be presented in a future paper.     

A comparison of local and non-local turbulence closure methods for the case of a cold air outbreak

Numerical experiments have shown that large-eddy-simulation models (LES) are able to reproduce the common features of convective boundary layers (CBL) quite well. Models which cannot resolve the convective motions due to their grid structure (1D-models or models with coarse horizontal and/or vertical resolution) have to take into account the effects of large eddies within their subgrid diffusion terms. Turbulent fluxes are frequently parameterized through first-order-closure methods (K-theory). Recently, non-local closure schemes have also been developed. In this paper we compare 1D-and 2D-models using different local and non-local first-order closure methods. The analysis is carried out for the case of an idealized cold air outbreak (CAO). One of the non-local closures is based on the so-called transilient turbulence theory. The reference states are given by a bulk-model and a 2D-model which resolves the large eddies explicitly. A comparison of the results is presented for characteristic quantities such as evolution of boundary-layer height and surface heat flux as well as mean wind and temperature profiles. It is found that simple local first-order closure does not give good agreement with the reference models. The results of the transilient turbulence model shows that a non-local closure is able to parameterize the effects of the large eddies. Comparable results are produced by a local closure where eddy diffusivities are parameterized by dimensionless gradient-functions.     

The Adaptation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer to a Change in Surface Roughness

The adaptation of the atmospheric boundary layer to a change in the underlying surface roughness is an interesting problem and hence much research, theoretical, experimental, and numerical, has been undertaken. Within the atmospheric boundary layer an accurate numerical model for the turbulent properties of the atmospheric boundary layer needs to be implemented if physically realistic results are to be obtained. Here, the adaptation of the atmospheric boundary layer to a change in surface roughness is investigated using a first-order turbulence closure model, a one-and-a-half-order turbulence closure model and a second-order turbulence closure model. Perturbations to the geostrophic wind and the pressure gradients are included and it is shown that the second-order turbulence closure model, namely the standard k - model, is inferior to a lower-order closure model if a modification to limit the turbulent eddy size within the atmospheric boundary layer is not included within the model.     

大气边界层热量输送的非局地多尺度湍流理论及试验研究

该文在大气边界层多尺度湍流理论和湍流穿越理论的基础上，建立了大气边界层感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法，并选用1998年5～8月份第二次青藏高原大气科学试验（TIPEX）的大气边界层综合观测基地昌都站观测资料，分别用感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法和经典相似理论计算感热通量。对计算结果的对比分析表明，用感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法能计算出感热通量的逆梯度输送，也能计算出青藏高原近中性层结条件下明显的感热通量。此外，多尺度湍流理论还有待进一步发展完善，提高感热通量的计算精度。     

一维地气耦合模式及其在内蒙草原的应用

本文以内蒙草原大气边界层观测资料为基础，利用一个一维土壤一植被一大气模式对大气和地表进行耦合模拟。其中，地面过程采用ＮＰ８９模式进行模拟，大气湍流参数化采用二阶闭合。运用观测与前人的研究成果对模拟结果的合理性进行验证，对比表明模式较好地解决了地表与大气的耦合，成功地对地表平坦的草原下垫面大气边界层进行模拟。分析表明，在半干旱内蒙草原草的生长季后期雨季８月，潜热通量占主导地位，最大可超过感热２５０Ｗ／ｍ２；在内蒙高原云的作用比较明显，影响不可忽略，模式对云的作用比较敏感。     

A STUDY OF 1.5-ORDER CLOSURE TURBULENCE MODEL

Based on turbulence theory,a 1.5-order closure turbulence model is established.The model incorporating with theground surface energy budget equation is constructed by means of a vertical one-dimensional(1-D)40-levelgrid-mesh.The numerical results reveal the 24-h evolution of the clear planetary boundary layer comparing with theWangara boundary layer data of days 33—34.The model also takes into account some physical processes of radiativetransfer and baroclinicity,revealing some important characteristics observed in the boundary layer,especially for theevolution of the mixed layer and low-level jet.The calculated results are in good agreement with the observational data.On the other hand,we also run the high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer in the Mesoscale Model Ver-sion 4(MM4)with the same physical processes and initial conditions.The results show that the high-resolution modelcan not reveal those important characteristics as the 1.5-order closure model did.In general,it is shown that the 1.5-or-der closure turbulence model based on turbulence theory is better in rationality and reality.