斯里兰卡南部西向沿岸流在西南季风期间的动力学研究

北半球夏季,北印度洋环流主要受到西南季风流控制,将热带印度洋水体从西向东进行跨海盆输运,然而在斯里兰卡南部沿岸存在一支与西南季风流方向相反的西向沿岸流,即南斯里兰卡沿岸流（SSLCC）.本文主要利用ECCO2资料进行南斯里兰卡沿岸流的动力学特征研究.结果表明,SSLCC的形成和孟加拉湾局地环流密切相关.当斯里兰卡穹顶区（SLD）环流偏强时,斯里兰卡南部形成局地气旋式涡旋,斯里兰卡东部沿岸流在SLD西部向南流动,随着气旋式涡旋北部转向西流形成强的SSLCC.相比之下,SLD较弱时,沿岸流仅存在斯里兰卡东部沿岸,斯里兰卡东部沿岸流无法向西转向,SSLCC和西南季风流一起向东流动,其可能的主要原因是局地风应力对SLD产生的强度影响.研究还表明,SLD强度对SSLCC流向和强度有着重要影响.     

孟加拉湾的叶绿素a,海表温度和风速的趋势

孟加拉湾（BoB）是一个高能量活跃的地区,其短期内的动态变化将对浮游环境产生巨大影响."风泵"能够在BoB海域导致垂直的混合从而影响海表温度和叶绿素浓度.本文对2006——2016年的月平均Aqua-MODIS叶绿素a （chl-a）浓度数据和Sea WiFS月度气候态数据进行了分析,研究了叶绿素浓度的时间/季节变化和温度以及风速的关系.基于季风期间的chl-a变异与海表温度（SST）,评估了在BoB海域它们之间的关系和变化.chl-a浓度值的趋势分析表明,该区域的垂直混合非常低,冬季最高,夏季最低.冬季最大chl-a浓度值为0.50 mg/m³,并且从2月开始下降到夏季季风期间.与冬季季风相比,夏季季风期间叶绿素表现出较低的浓度.在夏季季风期间,特别是在7月和8月,由于云层密集,卫星传感器无法准确捕获chl-a浓度值.chl-a浓度和SST之间相关系数R²值为0.218 1.     

南海风生冷暖涡的数值模拟

利用美国普林斯顿大学海洋模式(POM)对风应力和海岸线共同作用下的南海冷暖涡生成机制进行了数值模拟.结果表明,风应力的作用总可在其下方的海洋中激发出与风应力旋转方向相同的直接涡旋.当地球自转参数f≠0时,通过埃克曼(Ekman)抽吸作用可在南海分别产生与反气旋性和气旋性海面风应力强迫相对应的暖涡和冷涡.如果f=0,风应力激发出的直接涡旋流更强,但均为冷性涡旋.β效应使激发出的海洋涡旋东西方向的非对称性增大,并且诱生出一个与直接涡旋反向的间接涡旋,两涡间的海流和海洋西边界流均增强.文中还对上述现象的机理进行了简要讨论.     

UV-B辐射增强对不同品种花生结荚期生理特性日变化的影响

以3个花生品种（开农49号、64号和69号）为材料,通过大田模拟试验,研究UV-B辐射增强对花生结荚期叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和水分利用效率（E_wu）日变化的影响,为筛选高产、抗旱、抗UV-B辐射花生品种提供依据.UV-B辐射设2个水平即自然光（CK,1.5 kJ·m^-2）和UV-B增强20%（T,1.8 kJ·m^-2）.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制花生的光合作用和蒸腾作用,与对照相比,UV-B增强条件下,开农49号、64号和69号P_n日均值分别降低19.4%、27.8%、24.7%;G_s日均值降低26.7%、42.9%、28.6%;C_i日均值降低27.2%、20.4%、23.1%;T_r日均值降低17.8%、23.3%、25.1%;E_wu日均值降低16.6%、23.2%、23.9%.UV-B辐射增强对3个品种生长都具有抑制效应,但品种间存在一定的敏感性差异,其中开农49号最不敏感,因此,开农49号在抗UV-B辐射方面比其他2个品种具有更大的优势.     

二阶奇异动力系统的非平凡周期解

应用Leray-Schauder非线性二择一原理研究二阶动力系统x+k²x=f(t,x)+e(t)非平凡周期解的存在性,其中0<k<π/T,f∈C((R/TZ)×R^N\{0},R^N)在原点具有排斥的奇性.不需要任何的强制性条件,既可以处理强奇性,也可以处理弱奇性.     

QINGHAI-XIZANG SURFACE LONG-WAVE RADIATION PARAMETERIZATION WITH ITS CLIMATIC CALCULATION*

In the context of August 1982- July 1983 radiation balance data of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, detailed study is made of the relation between the active-surface temperature and surface temperature, proposing two parameterization schemes on surface long-wave radiation(SLWR)of the form U=kδσ(T₀+273)⁴ and U=δσ[(T₀+273)⁴+△T)]⁴, where k and △T are indicated by parameterization equations, separately, others being in conventional notation. Retrieved verification shows the two formulae to be of the same fitting accuracy with the mean relative error of 3.6% and suitable for computing instantaneous and mean flux density, alongside analyzed daily and annual variations of k and △T. Eventually. SLWR in the target area is investigated and its climatic characteristics examined.     

利用雷达作台风0～3h雨量等级预报

通过对1989～1992年台风影响浙江期间,杭州数字化雷达回波及对应的地面58个气象站和156个水文站自记1h雨量资料,进行了统计分析,得到在浙江仅有台风单一系统引起降水时,杭州数字化雷达回波强度Z与雨强I.根据Z=A·I^b关系得出A、b系数在不同探测范围的值,以得到Z与I关系,并结合雷达回波的移动情况,制作了浙江省台风0～3h雨量等级预报。     

广西人工增雨天气形势及水汽分析

利用常规气象观测资料、气象自动站观测资料、欧洲中心ERA Interim再分析资料对2006—2015年广西飞机增雨作业期的288次小到中雨天气过程进行分析,结果表明：主要影响系统为高压后部回流、切变线、南支槽、西南涡东移、台风、西南季风影响型,其中前3类影响型占92.8%;中低层水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾、南海、东海,其中700 hPa水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,850 hPa水汽来源于南海、孟加拉湾,925 hPa水汽来源于东海、南海;925 hPa、850 hPa出现急流的次数较少,低空水汽和能量向广西输送的强度较弱。对3种主要影响天气类型的典型个例进行分析,发现广西境内大部地区垂直累积云液态水含量≥0.05 kg/m²,说明云水含量充足,有利于飞机增雨作业的开展。     

一类非线性Volterra积分不等式

本文简要讨论Gronwall不等式的研究进展,并给出关于如下的一类非线性Volterra积分不等式的一个结果：w(u(t))≤g(t))+∑_i=1ⁿ∫_αi(t0)^α_i(t)f_i(t,s)∏_j=1^mH_ij(u(s))G_ij(max_s-h≤ξ≤s u (ξ))ds.     

Relationship between Net Radiation and Broadband Solar Radiation in the Tibetan Plateau

The characteristics of net radiation (R_n)(0.3--10 μm) in Lhasa and Haibei in the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed based on long-term in-situ measurements of surface radiation data. The monthly average of daily R_n reached a minimum during the winter period followed by an increase until May and then a decline until January. This variation is consistent with solar activity. The annual mean daily total R_n values were 0.92 MJ m^-2 d^-1 and 0.66 MJ m^-2d^-1 in Lhasa and Haibei, respectively. A relationship between R_n and broadband solar radiation (R_s) was demonstrated by a good linear correlation at the two sites. R_n can be an accurate estimate from R_s. The estimated R_n values were similar to the observed values, and the relative deviations between the estimates and measurements of R_n were 2.8% and 3.8% in Lhasa and Haibei, respectively. The application of the R_n estimating model to other locations showed that it could provide acceptable estimated R_n values from the R_s data. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of clouds on R_n by different clear index (K_s), defined as the ratio of R_s to the extraterrestrial solar irradiance on a horizontal surface. The results indicate that more accurate results are associated with increased cloudy conditions. The influence of the albedo was also considered, but its inclusion in the model resulted in only a slight improvement. Because surface albedo is not usually measured, an expression based solely on global solar radiation could be of more extensive use.     

A study on the variability of atmospheric and oceanic processes over the Arabian Sea during contrasting monsoons

Summary The atmospheric and oceanic conditions associated with the southwest monsoon during the contrasting monsoon years of 2002 and 2003 over the Arabian Sea have been analyzed in the present study. Early onset of southwesterlies and reduced net heat gain due to low solar radiation were responsible for low sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) over the Arabian Sea during 2002 pre-monsoon (particularly in May). Conversely, light winds and an increased net heat gain set up the pre-monsoon warming in 2003. The development and intensification of deep convection over a large area of the Arabian Sea prior to the onset of the monsoon was observed during 2003, but was absent in 2002. Weak cross equatorial flow and a weak low level jet over the Arabian Sea reduced moisture transport towards the Indian subcontinent in July 2002. This scenario helped to contribute to a prolonged break in monsoon conditions during July. However, no such break in conditions occurred during July 2003. In 2002, the summer monsoon cooling of the Arabian Sea occurred well before July, whereas in 2003 cooling occurred during July. Estimates of wind driven Ekman (horizontal) and vertical transports showed maximum values in the month of June (July) in 2002 (2003). These estimates clearly show the importance of horizontal and vertical advection in the summer cooling of the Arabian Sea. During the southwest monsoon period, the Arabian Sea was warmer in 2003 than in 2002. Late onset of the southwesterlies in June, late cooling of the Arabian Sea in July, and downwelling Rossby wave propagation were responsible for the warm SSTs in 2003. Weak wind stress curl in July dampened the westward propagating sea surface height anomaly signals (Rossby waves) before they reached the western Arabian Sea in 2002, whereas, in 2003 strong wind stress curl enhanced Rossby wave propagation. During the summer monsoon period, subsurface temperatures in the south central Arabian Sea were warmer in 2003 than in 2002, particularly in July and August. Strong Ekman convergence, solar penetration, and downwelling (downward velocities) are responsible for the enhanced subsurface warming in 2003.     

Dynamic Mechanism of Interannual Sea Surface Height Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

In this study, the dynamic mechanisms of interannual sea surface height (SSH) variability are investigated based on the first-mode baroclinic Rossby wave model, with a focus on the effects of different levels of wind stress curl (WSC). Maximum covariance analysis (MCA) of WSC and SSH anomalies displays a mode with significant WSC anomalies located primarily in the mid-latitude eastern North Pacific and central tropical Pacific with corresponding SSH anomalies located to the west. This leading mode can be attributed to Ekman pumping induced by local wind stress and the westward-propagating Rossby wave driven by large- scale wind stress. It is further found that in the middle latitudes, the SSH anomalies are largely determined by WSC variations associated with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), rather than the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The sensitivity of the predictive skill of the linear first-mode baroclinic model to different wind products is also examined.     

华北地区“16·7”极端强降水事件之环流及扰动能量变化特征

2016年7月18—22日在华北地区发生了一次极端强降水事件，其中19—20日降水较为集中，20日降水最强。本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日风场资料和国家级地面气象站基本气象要素日值数据集，研究了本次事件的Rossby波活动及能量变化，结果表明：本次极端强降水事件持续时间约5 d，雨带呈西南—东北走向。华北地区受对流层中低层的气旋性异常环流和对流层上层反气旋性异常环流的控制，水汽则主要源于孟加拉湾和中国南海地区。发生极端降水期间，波扰动能量在对流层低层主要呈经向传播而在对流层上层呈纬向传播，对流层低层的波扰动能量对华北地区的影响比上层更为明显。涡动动能在华北地区的增强和维持主要是涡动非地转位势通量散度项、涡动有效位能和涡动动能的斜压转换项以及其他剩余部分与摩擦耗散引起的能量损耗之和的共同作用，涡动动能在19日增强、20日维持，随后减弱。涡动热量通量变化显示低层有暖湿空气向北输送，高层有干冷空气向南输送，支持了正压和斜压转换，而华北地区上空涡动动量通量的变化则使得基本气流中的涡动动能增强，这些变化影响到极端降水事件的发生发展。     

Hydrography and Circulation in the Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean during April-May 2011

The distribution of hydrography and circulation in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean(ETIO) during April-May 2011 were analyzed using cruise observations,satellite observations,and historic hydrographic data.It was observed that warm water(28℃) occupies the upper 50-m layer in the ETIO.Low-salinity surface water was observed at the mouth of the Bay of Bengal(BOB),which further extends to the Arabian Sea and off Sumatra via the Sri Lanka coast and the eastern bay mouth.Arabian Sea high-salinity water(ASHSW) is carried eastward along the equator to around 90°E by the equatorial undercurrent(EUC).It also runs south of Sri Lanka(north to 3°N) and in the western bay mouth(west to 87°E) but is much shallower than its counterpart at the equator.It is suggested to be the residual of the ASHSW,which intrudes into the BOB during the preceding southwest monsoon.Our results also show that,in the south of Sri Lanka,just below this subsurface high-salinity water,very-low-salinity water(about 34.8) occurs at depths of 100-200 m.Further analysis suggests that this low-salinity water comes from the BOB.     

Characteristic Study of the Boundary Layer Parameters over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal Using the QuikSCAT Dataset

The marine atmospheric boundary layer （MABL） plays a vital role in the transport of momentum and heat from the surface of the ocean into the atmosphere. A detailed study on the MABL characteristics was carried out using high-resolution surface-wind data as measured by the QuikSCAT （Quick scatterometer） satellite. Spatial variations in the surface wind, frictional velocity, roughness parameter and drag coefficient for the different seasons were studied. The surface wind was strong during the southwest monsoon season due to the modulation induced by the Low Level Jetstream. The drag coefficient was larger during this season, due to the strong winds and was lower during the winter months. The spatial variations in the frictional velocity over the seas was small during the post-monsoon season （-0.2 m s^-1）. The maximum spatial variation in the frictional velocity was found over the south Arabian Sea （0.3 to 0.5 m s^-1） during the southwest monsoon period, followed by the pre-monsoon over the Bay of Bengal （0.1 to 0.25 m s^-1）. The mean wind-stress curl during the winter was positive over the equatorial region, with a maximum value of 1.5×10^-7 N m^-3, but on either side of the equatorial belt, a negative wind-stress curl dominated. The area average of the frictional velocity and drag coefficient over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal were also studied. The values of frictional velocity shows a variability that is similar to the intraseasonal oscillation （ISO） and this was confirmed via wavelet analysis. In the case of the drag coefficient, the prominent oscillations were ISO and quasi-biweekly mode （QBM）. The interrelationship between the drag coefficient and the frictional velocity with wind speed in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal was also studied.     

冬半年南支西风中Rossby波传播及其与南支槽形成的关系

利用1948—2005年的10月—次年5月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对西风急流中Rossby波的传播及其与冬半年副热带南支西风槽形成的关系进行研究, 结果表明:冬半年亚洲副热带西风急流下方存在3个南支波动, 分别位于阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和我国华南地区, 其中孟加拉湾南支槽变率最小, 是半永久性低压槽; 从北非、阿拉伯海到孟加拉湾的“-+-”遥相关波列表明南支槽与北非槽呈正相关, 与阿拉伯海槽呈反相关。在西风波动从北非东传到孟加拉湾的过程中, 往往会在阿拉伯海有所停顿, 这种由西向东的传播过程约20 d一次, 具有明显的低频振荡特征; 源自北非的定常Rossby波能量沿着急流波导传播到孟加拉湾, 可能是南支槽明显增幅的一个主要机制; 另外, 从青藏高原东西两侧南下的冷空气活动也是南支槽加深发展的一个重要因素。     

Decadal and long-term sea level variability in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean

In this study, we analysed decadal and long-term steric sea level variations over 1966–2007 period in the Indo-Pacific sector, using an ocean general circulation model forced by reanalysis winds. The simulated steric sea level compares favourably with sea level from satellite altimetry and tide gauges at interannual and decadal timescales. The amplitude of decadal sea level variability (up to ~5 cm standard deviation) is typically nearly half of the interannual variations (up to ~10 cm) and two to three times larger than long-term sea level variations (up to 2 cm). Zonal wind stress varies at decadal timescales in the western Pacific and in the southern Indian Ocean, with coherent signals in ERA-40 (from which the model forcing is derived), NCEP, twentieth century and WASWind products. Contrary to the variability at interannual timescale, for which there is a tendency of El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole events to co-occur, decadal wind stress variations are relatively independent in the two basins. In the Pacific, those wind stress variations drive Ekman pumping on either side of the equator, and induce low frequency sea level variations in the western Pacific through planetary wave propagation. The equatorial signal from the western Pacific travels southward to the west Australian coast through equatorial and coastal wave guides. In the Indian Ocean, decadal zonal wind stress variations induce sea level fluctuations in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, through equatorial and coastal wave-guides. Wind stress curl in the southern Indian Ocean drives decadal variability in the south-western Indian Ocean through planetary waves. Decadal sea level variations in the south–western Indian Ocean, in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and in the Bay of Bengal are weakly correlated to variability in the Pacific Ocean. Even though the wind variability is coherent among various wind products at decadal timescales, they show a large contrast in long-term wind stress changes, suggesting that long-term sea level changes from forced ocean models need to be interpreted with caution.     

2019年广东前汛期连续暴雨与大气季节内振荡的联系

为了做好连续回流暴雨的中期与延伸期预报,采用小波分析、Lanczos时间滤波器等方法研究了2019年广东前汛期降水与大气季节内振荡的关系,分析了4～5月发生在西南部的两次连续回流暴雨的平均环流场及其低频传播特征的差异,并与6月广东北部锋面型连续暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明,4～5月两次以阳江为中心的西南部连续暴雨及前汛期降水均具有准23 d振荡,它们分别为有、无明显冷空气影响的连续回流暴雨且对应的大气环流场及低频传播特征具有明显的不同:4月12～14日连续回流暴雨期间,500 hPa中高纬度具有稳定的“西阻”和“东阻”,使冷空气不断地从东海入海高压的南部东移南下,925 hPa形成以阳江为中心相对干冷的强东南风与来自南海中南部从中南半岛转向的暖湿偏南风的辐合渐近线;而5月23～26日连续回流暴雨期间,500 hPa华东—东海—黄海为稳定高压坝,广东长时间处于高原槽前西南气流中,地面上处于东海出海变性高压脊西南部及北部湾西南低槽前,925 hPa形成以阳江为中心来自孟加拉湾的强偏南风与珠江口以东东南风的辐合渐近线。来自我国中部（东海以东）低频反气旋南侧（西南侧）逐渐加强南传的低频东北风（东南风）与从140°E附近的西太平洋西传（孟加拉湾东传）到广东并加强的低频北风（南风）汇合在广东西南部,并有（无）与从南海中北部北传的低频气旋北侧低频东风相遇,导致4月12～14日（5月23～26日）有（无）明显冷空气影响的连续回流暴雨发生。而6月广东北部为东亚深槽引导的冷空气与来自孟加拉强盛西南风交汇所产生的锋面型连续暴雨,来自我国中部、孟加拉湾分别逐渐加强向南、向东传播到达广东的低频西南风,与来自中纬度低频反气旋外围的干冷东北风交汇在江南或南海北部,导致广东北部6月9～13日连续暴雨的发生。     

Recent changes of Mixed Layer Depth in the East/Japan Sea: 1994–2007

Recent changes of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) in the East/Japan Sea (EJS) is investigated by using ocean reanalysis data. There is a significant shoaling of MLD in the southern EJS for 1994-2007, showing the change rate of - 1.24 m yr^?1. The present study demonstrates that the wind stress curl mostly attributes to the MLD changes. The long-term variation of wind stress curl with a positive trend in the southern EJS is generally well consistent with the MLD variation. In addition, upward displacement estimated from the wind stress curl reaches 14.6 m during 14 years, which is comparable to the shoaling of MLD (i.e., 17.4 m). Thus, the wind stress curl with positive trend would induce the increase of upward Ekman pumping which in turn lead to the shoaling of MLD. The change of temperature structure in the subsurface layer, that is shrinking and upward displacement of thermal layer from the reanalysis and observational data, also supports this conclusion.