逆断层错动对隧道工程影响的数值模拟

由于断层错动导致的围岩永久变形会对隧道结构产生危害,为研究隧道在逆断层错动下的变形与受力特征,本文以成兰铁路穿越北川—映秀断裂的跃龙门隧道工程为研究对象,利用Abaqus软件建立穿越逆断层隧道结构的数值模型,选择参数和设定边界条件,模拟分析在逆断层错动作用下隧道衬砌结构的受力与变形情况.结果表明:逆断层错动引起隧道衬砌...     

天山胜利隧道穿越博-阿断裂段抗错断性能研究

目前针对超挖、铰接与减震层组合设计对走滑断层隧道抗错断损伤特征的研究尚不明确,为此以天山胜利隧道穿越博罗科努-阿其克库都克断裂为实际工程背景,采用可表征泡沫混凝土力学行为的塑性本构模型模拟减震层泡沫混凝土受压行为,建立精细化三维数值模型,评估隧道在超挖、铰接与减震层组合设计工况下的纵向位移、衬砌断面损伤和应力分布特征,得出采用超挖、铰接与减震层组合设计时的走滑断层隧道力学响应及破坏特征。研究结果表明,隧道受断层活动影响呈现S形变形,在断层滑动面附近隧道变形较大;走滑断层作用下衬砌损伤集中在拱腰及45°共轭方向,衬砌内力随着断层错动量的增加而增大;通过超挖、铰接与减震层的组合设计,能够较好地减轻隧道二次衬砌破坏。     

山岭隧道断层错动及地震响应模型试验研究

东非大裂谷处于持续扩张运动中,断层错动和地震作用活跃.对此依托内马铁路2号隧道工程,设计断层错动和地震作用下山岭隧道振动台试验.综合确定长度相似比0.05、密度相似比0.8、弹性模量相似比0.03,设计了一种新型的断层错动装置和隧道震动裂缝声发射监测方法.试验结果表明:断层错动装置较好的模拟了岩层错动,声发射监测技术较好的监测了断层和地震作用下隧道衬砌微裂隙产生.断层错动和地震共同作用下,Y方向的地震波引起隧道衬砌侧壁产生较大响应,Z方向地震波引起隧道衬砌拱顶产生较大响应,隧道衬砌加速度响应值受断层错动量影响较小.断层错动和地震共同作用下,Y方向输入的地震波引起的隧道断层段衬砌侧壁受拉应变较大,且随断层滑移量增加而增加,其他位置拉应变较小.断层错动和地震共同作用下,Z方向的地震波引起的隧道断层段衬砌拱顶和拱底外壁受拉应变较大,且随断层滑移量增加而增加,其他位置拉应变较小.该试验结果对类似隧道工程研究具有参考价值.     

地震动和断层错动联合作用下隧道纵向响应解析解

隧道穿越地震活动断层带时可能遭受严重破坏,以内马铁路一期三标段工程为依托,对地震动和断层错动联合作用下隧道结构纵向响应进行研究。针对穿越断层破碎带的隧道结构,基于地下结构抗震拟静力法,将其简化为弹性地基梁,并将地震动和断层错动位移简化为作用在隧道上的静荷载,建立地震动和断层错动联合作用下隧道纵向响应理论模型并进行求解,利用有限元数值模拟方法验证解析解的正确性。通过解析解进行参数敏感性分析,揭示断层错动位移、两侧围岩地基系数与断层破碎带地基系数比及围岩与隧道结构刚度比对隧道结构纵向响应的影响规律。研究结果表明,断层错动位移增加使隧道结构截面弯矩、剪力峰值接近线性增加,隧道内力沿隧道纵向分布的影响范围不变,且断层破碎带界面出现了截面剪力突变;两侧围岩地基系数与断层破碎带地基系数比对隧道结构截面剪力的影响较大,在地震动和断层错动联合作用下隧道结构剪力在断层破碎带界面急剧减小;随着围岩与隧道结构刚度比的减小,地震动引起的隧道挠度减小,断层错动作用引起的隧道挠度变化范围增大,同时隧道结构内力响应明显增大。     

断层破碎带注浆加固对跨断层隧道减震效果的试验研究

隧道跨越断层区段是地震中最容易发生破坏的区域之一。为研究注浆加固断层破碎带对于跨断层隧道的减震机制与效果,设计了断层内有、无注浆加固的2种模型,采用1-g振动台试验,输入汶川地震动记录,测试隧道衬砌的加速度响应和应变响应时程。分析试验结果发现,跨断层隧道的最大加速度响应和最大Arias烈度均位于断层破碎带与上盘岩体交界处,隧道衬砌最大动应变分布在该交界面侧的隧道拱肩部位和断层破碎带侧的拱底部位;注浆加固可以显著减小该处的加速度响应和Arias烈度,并降低隧道衬砌环动应变沿纵向的差异。通过注浆加固破碎带提升断层内隧道周围的地层物理力学特性以减小隧道纵向地层性质差异,可以有效减小跨断层隧道的加速度放大效应与变形差异。     

断层错动下盾构隧道抗震措施研究

采用混凝土塑性损伤本构模拟盾构管片,建立三维有限元壳-弹簧模型,开展了在45°断层错动下盾构隧道结构响应的静力弹塑性分析。研究表明,在正断层和逆断层错动下,衬砌受压损伤最大值均分布在拱顶处,衬砌受拉损伤最大值均分布在拱腰处;正断层错动下,环间螺栓易发生受拉破坏;逆断层错动下,混凝土管片易发生拉压损伤破坏。替换断层附近土体为软土的同时提高螺栓强度等级,可有效抵御较大的断层错动位移。研究对断层错动下盾构隧道的抗震措施具有一定参考价值。     

棋盘石隧道断裂破碎带地震动力响应分析

以棋盘石穿越断层破碎带段隧道为背景,采用理论计算与数值模拟相结合的方法,对棋盘石隧道在汶川波作用下的地震响应分析进行了系统研究。探讨了断层破碎带衬砌在地震荷载作用下的破坏方式,并且把数值模拟结果与汶川特大地震震害的公路隧道进行对比分析。结果表明:用松动圈折减系数法估算出衬砌最大弯矩和剪力的数值与数值模拟的结果基本一致,验证了MIDAS/GTS-NX模拟隧道地震时程分析的可行性;同时根据对有限元模型进行时程分析的结果,探讨了断层破碎带处衬砌的破坏方式,并提出合理可行的防治及加固措施。     

青海门源M6.9地震典型隧道破坏特征分析与启示

地震引起的断层强烈错断是造成隧道等地下结构严重破坏的重要原因。以2022年青海门源6.9级地震中左旋走滑逆断层错动造成的隧道震害为调查基础,对左旋走滑逆断层错动下的震害特征及震害成因进行研究分析,主要得到如下结论：(1)左旋走滑逆断层造成大梁隧道线位严重错动,水平最大偏移约1.78 m,竖向最大抬升约0.68 m;(2)震害主要集中在断层影响范围内,其中隧道受破坏严重段约350 m,占隧道全长的5.33%,受破坏较严重段分别位于严重段大里程侧402 m和小里程侧646 m范围内,占隧道全长的15.96%,其余段落震害总体轻微;(3)施工缝、仰拱填充层等部位对强震较为敏感,震害表现突出。此次研究通过对震害特征分析得到的有益启示可为同类工程抗震设计提供参考与指导。     

乌鲁木齐城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价主要成果简介

以乌鲁木齐市建成区和规划区作为探测目标区,对区内的活动断层及其深部发震构造进行了系统的探测,对活动断层的危险性和危害性进行了初步评价。根据断层活动性鉴定,确定目标区内存在2组全新世活动断层,即王家沟断层组和九家湾断层组。前者为近EW向的北倾逆断层,后者为NE走向的北倾正断层。晚更新世活动断层为八钢-石化隐伏断层、西山断层、碗窑沟断层和白杨南沟断层。深部发震构造探测揭示出目标区所处的北天山山前薄皮推覆构造及其前缘逆断层-褶皱的清楚结构,结合流动地震观测和小震精确定位等,建立了目标区活动断层的发震构造模型。通过古地震探槽和地震活动性研究对目标区全新世活动断层和晚更新世活动断层的地震危险性进行了评价;并在此基础上对可能发生的直下型大地震所引起的强地震动进行了预测,对全新世活动断层可能产生的地表错动带和晚更新世活动断层可能引起的地表变形带进行了预测     

走滑断层位移作用下山岭隧道非线性反应分析

为了研究穿越断层的山岭隧道结构在走滑断层位错作用下的反应,基于有限元和拟静力的基本原理,建立了隧道围岩的相互作用模型,提出了一种以围岩沿断层位错为输入荷载的跨断层隧道衬砌的反应分析方法。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS的位移荷载功能,使该反应分析方法得以实现。分析过程中以上盘为主动盘,通过给上盘施加强制位移来描述围岩的错动,采用荷载步为100步的逐步加载的方式来描述围岩错动的过程。对比研究了走滑断层工况下,加载断层位错由小到大的过程中,隧道衬砌各部分的应力反应状态。结果表明:当断层位错在20cm以下时,隧道衬砌各部分均处于安全状态;随着错动量的增大,衬砌不同部分的破坏顺序为:边墙先产生破坏,然后顶板产生破坏,最后破坏延伸至底板。     

走滑断层和逆断层位错作用下地铁隧道损伤特征对比分析

隧道作为重要的轨道交通工程,近年来在地震中受到了不同程度的破坏,特别是跨断层的隧道,其抗震性能越来越受到人们的关注。为了能够更好地评价隧道的整体损伤情况及把握其损伤特征,以北京地铁7号线为研究对象,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型,采用拟静力法,以隧道直径变化率作为损伤指标分析了隧道在走滑断层以及逆断层位错作用下的损伤特征,对比了两种断层位错作用下损伤状态与地震强度之间的关系、损伤范围和位置以及损伤程度。结果表明:跨断层隧道在断层错动作用下损伤只发生在断层带附近;当震级处于6.0～8.0级时,隧道衬砌损伤程度随震级的增大而增大;在覆土厚度相同的条件下,同震级时逆断层位错作用下隧道损伤程度要比走滑断层作用下大得多;走滑断层位错作用下隧道结构损伤主要发生在拱腰处,逆断层位错作用下主要发生在拱肩－拱脚以及拱顶－拱底处。     

1906年新疆玛纳斯大震区的多层次逆冲构造与深部结构

通过对天山北麓 190 6年玛纳斯 7 7级地震区的浅层地震探测资料、石油地震反射剖面、二维电性结构剖面、深地震反射剖面的研究 ,发现玛纳斯地震区多层次活动构造系统的根带 ,它通过脆 -韧转换带与天山活动构造块体内上地壳中的低速、高导层连为一体。低速、高导层可能是天山地壳内正在活动的韧性剪切带 ,而齐古逆断裂 -褶皱带下的脆 -韧转换带是连接深部活动韧性剪切带与地壳浅部脆性破裂的枢纽 ,也是现今孕育和发生大地震的重要构造部位。 190 6年玛纳斯地震发生在脆韧转换带的底部 ,地震区的活动逆断裂和褶皱只是部分记录了深部韧性剪切带活动的信息     

QUATERNARY FOLDING OF THE XIHU ANTICLINE BELT ALONG FORELAND BASIN OF NORTH TIANSHAN

Tianshan is one of the longest and most active intracontinental orogenic belts in the world. Due to the collision between Indian and Eurasian plates since Cenozoic, the Tianshan has been suffering from intense compression, shortening and uplifting. With the continuous extension of deformation to the foreland direction, a series of active reverse fault fold belts have been formed. The Xihu anticline is the fourth row of active fold reverse fault zone on the leading edge of the north Tianshan foreland basin. For the north Tianshan Mountains, predecessors have carried out a lot of research on the activity of the second and third rows of the active fold-reverse faults, and achieved fruitful results. But there is no systematic study on the Quaternary activities of the Xihu anticline zone. How is the structural belt distributed in space?What are the geometric and kinematic characteristics?What are the fold types and growth mechanism?How does the deformation amount and characteristics of anticline change?In view of these problems, we chose Xihu anticline as the research object. Through the analysis of surface geology, topography and geomorphology and the interpretation of seismic reflection profile across the anticline, we studied the geometry, kinematic characteristics, fold type and growth mechanism of the structural belt, and calculated the shortening, uplift and interlayer strain of the anticline by area depth strain analysis.
In this paper, by interpreting the five seismic reflection profiles across the anticline belt, and combining the characteristics of surface geology and geomorphology, we studied the types, growth mechanism, geometry and kinematics characteristics, and deformation amount of the fold. The deformation length of Xihu anticline is more than 47km from west to east, in which the hidden length is more than 14km. The maximum deformation width of the exposed area is 8.5km. The Xihu anticline is characterized by small surface deformation, simple structural style and symmetrical occurrence. The interpretation of seismic reflection profile shows that the deep structural style of the anticline is relatively complex. In addition to the continuous development of a series of secondary faults in the interior of Xihu anticline, an anticline with small deformation amplitude(Xihubei anticline)is continuously developed in the north of Xihu anticline. The terrain high point of Xihu anticline is located about 12km west of Kuitun River. The deformation amplitude decreases rapidly to the east and decreases slowly to the west, which is consistent with the interpretation results of seismic reflection profile and the calculation results of shortening. The Xihu anticline is a detachment fold with the growth type of limb rotation. The deformation of Xihu anticline is calculated by area depth strain analysis method. The shortening of five seismic reflection sections A, B, C, D and E is(650±70) m, (1 070±70) m, (780±50) m, (200±40) m and(130±30) m, respectively. The shortening amount is the largest near the seismic reflection profile B of the anticline, and decreases gradually along the strike to the east and west ends of the anticline, with a more rapidly decrease to the east, which indicates that the topographic high point is also a structural high point. The excess area caused by the inflow of external material or outflow of internal matter is between -0.34km² to 0.56km². The average shortening of the Xihubei anticline is between(60±10) m and(130±40) m, and the excess area caused by the inflow of external material is between 0.50km² and 0.74km². The initial locations of the growth strata at the east part is about 1.9~2.0km underground, and the initial location of the growth strata at the west part is about 3.7km underground. We can see the strata overlying the Xihu anticline at 3.3km under ground, the strata above are basically not deformed, indicating that this section of the anticline is no longer active.     

SV波入射下饱和地层浅埋平行隧道动力响应机制

目前城市核心区交叠紧邻的隧道群大量涌现,其抗震安全性问题日益突出,但近邻隧道之间以及与地层的动力相互作用机制尚不清晰.本文针对饱和地层浅埋平行隧道,基于Biot两相介质理论,采用边界积分方程法分别建立了饱和地层水平和竖向双线隧道动力作用分析模型,并与典型算例精确解对比验证了本模型的有效性;在此基础上,研究了SV波入射频...     

RESEARCH ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES OF SU-XI-CHANG FAULT

Running across the urban areas of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou, the NW-trending Su-Xi-Chang Fault is an important buried fault in Yangtze River Delta. In the respect of structural geomorphology, hilly landform is developed along the southwest side of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault, and a series of lakes and relatively low-lying depressions are developed on its northeast side, which is an important landform and neotectonic boundary line. The fault controlled the Jurassic and Cretaceous stratigraphic sedimentary and Cenozoic volcanic activities, and also has obvious control effects on the modern geomorphology and Quaternary stratigraphic distribution. Su-Xi-Chang Fault is one of the target faults of the project "Urban active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment in Changzhou City" and "Urban active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment in Suzhou City". Hidden in the ground with thick cover layer, few researches have been done on this fault in the past. The study on the activity characteristics and the latest activity era of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault is of great significance for the prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster losses caused by the destructive earthquakes to the cities of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou. Based on shallow seismic exploration and drilling joint profiling method, Quaternary activities and distribution characteristics of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault are analyzed systematically. Shallow seismic exploration results show that the south branch of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault in Suzhou area is dominated by normal faulting, dipping to the north-east, with a dip angle of about 60° and a displacement of 3~5m on the bedrock surface. The north branch of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault in Changzhou area is dominated by normal faulting, dipping to the south, with a dip angle of about 55°~70° and a displacement of 4~12m on the bedrock surface. All breakpoints of Su-Xi-Chang Fault on the seismic exploration profiles show that only the bedrock surface was dislocated, not the interior strata of the Quaternary. On the drilling joint profile in the Dongqiao site of Suzhou, the latest activity of the south branch of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is manifested as reverse faulting, with maximum displacement of 2.9m in the upper part of Lower Pleistocene, and the Middle Pleistocene has not been dislocated by the fault. The fault acts as normal fault in the Pre-Quaternary strata, with a displacement of 3.7m in the Neogene stratum. On the drilling joint profile in the Chaoyang Road site of Changzhou, the latest activity of the north branch of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is manifested as reverse faulting too, with maximum displacement of 2.8m in the bottom layer of the Middle Pleistocene. The fault acts as normal fault in the Pre-Quaternary strata, with a displacement of 10.2m in the bedrock surface. Combining the above results, we conclude that the latest activity era of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is early Middle Pleistocene. The Su-Xi-Chang Fault was dominated by the sinistral normal faulting in the pre-Quaternary period, and turned into sinistral reverse faulting after the early Pleistocene, with displacement of about 3m in the Quaternary strata. The maximum magnitude of potential earthquake on the Su-Xi-Chang Fault is estimated to be 6.0.     

NEW EVIDENCE ON NE-SEGMENT OF JINTAN-RUGAO FAULT DISCOVERED BY SHALLOW SEISMIC EXPLORATION METHOD

The NE-trending regional deep fault, i.e. the Jintan-Rugao Fault, is a boundary fault between the Subei depression and Nantong uplift, and its research has always received broad attention because of its importance and complexity. For the absence of definite proof, there is little consensus regarding the structure and spatial distribution of the fault among geoscientists, and its latest active time is ambiguous. The study of Quaternary activity characteristics of the Jintan-Rugao Fault is of great significance for earthquake trend prediction and engineering safety evaluation, and for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in Jiangsu Province. In order to investigate the spatial location, characteristics and tectonic features and redefine the activity of the NE-segment of the Jintan-Rugao Fault, and on the basis of likely location and marker beds derived from petroleum seismic exploration sections, we collect and arrange 4 shallow seismic exploration profiles crossing the fault to conduct high-resolution seismic reflection imaging, following the working concept of ‘from known to unknown, from deep to shallow’. In this study, an observation system with trace intervals of 4~6m, shot intervals of 12~18m, and channels of 90~256 and 15~36 folds is used. In addition, by introducing different tonnage vibroseis to suppress the background noise, the raw data with high SNR(signal-noise ratio)can be obtained. By using the above working method and spread geometry, we obtained clear imaging results of the subsurface structure and fault structure in the coverage area of the survey lines. This exploration research accurately locates the NE-segment of Jintan-Rugao Fault, and further shows that it is not a single fault but a fault zone consisting of two normal faults with N-dipping and NE-striking within the effective detection depth. The shallow seismic profiles reveal that the up-breakpoint on the south branch with stronger activity is at depth of 235~243m, which offsets the lower strata of lower Pleistocene. Combining drilling data around the survey lines, we infer the activity time of this fault is early Pleistocene. The results of this paper provide reliable seismological data for determining the location and activity evaluation of the NE-segment of Jintan-Rugao Fault. In eastern China, where the sedimentary layer is thicker, the latest active age of faults can not be determined entirely according to the latest faulted strata. For a fault passing through the thicker area of new deposits, its latest active age should be based on the tectonic background, seismic activity, present tectonic stress field, topographic deformation, structural micro-geomorphological characteristics, sedimentary thickness of new strata, controlling effect of faults on new strata and the latest strata of faults, and combined with upper breakpoints, morphology, structure and occurrence of faults, the active state of the target concealed faults should be analyzed. If the activity of the fault is judged only by the upper faulted point, it may lead to overestimating the age of the fault activity.     

宁夏吴忠地区北部的浅部结构和隐伏断裂——地震反射剖面结果

应用浅层地震勘探法对宁夏吴忠地区北部的浅部地壳结构和隐伏活动断裂进行研究。结果表明,该区存在2条隐伏断裂,分别为银川主断层南段和新华桥断层。推测银川主断层南段为近SN走向的W倾正断层,断层下盘地层界面一般呈近水平状展布,而在断层上盘,T_Q及其以下的地层界面向断面方向倾伏并显示出逆牵引现象,断层向上错断了第四系内部。钻孔联合地质剖面及浅层地震探测结果共同揭示新华桥断层为一条走向NE,倾向SW的正断层,深、浅地震测线控制的新华桥断层延伸长度9 km左右,向上错断了第四系内部的T_(02)界面。