1980年以来中国农地利用变化的区域差异

The study of land use change and its driving mechanism has become the focus since the research of land use/land cover change (LUCC) became one of the important areas of Global Environmental Change (GEC) researches in the 1990s (Turner, 1994). Scholars mai…     

Regional disparity in the changes of agricultura land use intensity in China during 1980-2002

Based on the cost-benefit data （1980-2002） of farm products and China Agriculture Yearbooks, this paper studies the regional disparity in the changes of the agricultural land use in China during the period 1980-2002 from three aspects such as the degree of intensity, the sown area and the abandoned farmland. The results show that： （1） The degree of intensity of land use in the westena region during 1980-2000 has a strong uptrend, but in the eastern and central regions the degree of intensity descends obviously and has shown a continuous downtrend since 1997. （2） The total sown area shrinks notably in the eastern region, while it enlarges constantly in the western region. （3） The sown area in the eastern, central and western regions has gone through a similar cyclic process： down （1980-1985）-up （1985-1991）-down （1991-1994）-up （1994-1999）-down （1999-2002）. However, there are obvious differences in amplitude variation and tendency among them. The sown area has shrunk in the eastern region and expanded in the central and western regions especially before 1999. （4） The most cases of abandoned farmland are reported in the central region, the second in the eastern region and the least in the western region. The abandonment phenomena chiefly occurred during 1992-1995 in the eastern region, and during 1998-2002 in the central region.     

1980年以来中国农地利用变化的区域差异

依托1980~2002年的中国农产品成本收益资料与中国农业统计年鉴等基础数据,从集约度、播种面积与耕地撂荒变化三个方面,对中国1980年以来农地利用变化的区域差异进行了研究。结果表明：① 西部地区农地利用的集约度具有强劲的上升态势,而东、中部地区在1992~1993年时集约度下降显著,在1997年以后,集约度具有明显的持续下降趋势;② 东部地区农地利用的总播种面积显著下降,而西部地区却有相当稳定的扩大趋势;③ 东部、中部与西部地区三种粮食作物的播种面积变化均经历了一个“三缩二扩”的变化过程：“缩小 (1980~1985)-扩大 (1985~1991)-缩小 (1991~1994)-扩大 (1994~1999)-再缩小 (1999~ 2002)”;但在变化幅度与发展态势上,三个区域之间差异明显。东部地区的播种面积有显著的下降态势,而中部与西部地区在1999年以前,其总的态势是播种面积有所扩大,此后播种面积明显下降,但其下降幅度小于东部地区;④ 中部地区耕地撂荒案例最多,涉及地域最广,东部地区次之,西部地区相对较少;东部地区的耕地撂荒现象主要出现在1992~1995年,而中部地区高度集中在1998~2002年,西部地区耕地撂荒的时间分布较为均匀,没有高度集中出现的特点。     

吉林省旅游经济差异性及其空间格局研究

以吉林省9个地级市(州)为例,综合运用多种计量模型对2002—2014年吉林省旅游经济差异性以及空间格局进行深入分析,结果表明:1地带内、地带间以及总体地带旅游经济空间差异显著,且地带间差异程度呈现出由东部地带西部地带中部地带,逐渐演化为中部地带东部地带西部地带。2西部地带对地带内旅游经济差异贡献最大,但贡献程度不断变小;中部次之,但贡献程度不断变大;东部最小且贡献程度也逐渐缩小。地带内旅游经济差异对全省旅游经济差异平均贡献程度最大,但贡献率不断缩小,而地带间贡献率不断增大。3 2002—2004年以及2006—2007年吉林省东中西三大地带国内旅游经济收敛性逐渐趋同,2004—2006年中部地带与东部地带、西部地带之间的空间差异不断扩大,而2007—2014年地带之间旅游经济差异程度逐渐缩小。4吉林省旅游呈现中心—外围的空间结构,由于地理临近效应发挥,形成了四平—辽源旅游经济组团、白城—松原旅游经济组团以及通化—白山旅游经济组团。并且旅游经济联系强度具有路径依赖特征,但并不等同于路径锁定效应,区域旅游的异军突起可以形成路径创造效应。     

Lake evolution and its implication for environ-mental changes in China during 1950?2000

Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years. The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer, land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an im-portant role on the recent decades’ changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume (water level, depth and area) in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950–2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e. a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time. Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect.     

Changes of citrus climate risk in subtropics of China

Based on the citrus temperature, precipitation, sunlight and climate risk degree, the article divides subtropics of China into three types: the low risk region, the moderate risk region and the high risk region. The citrus temperature risk increases with increasing latitude (except for the western mountainous area of subtropics of China). The citrus precipitation risk in the central part of subtropics of China is higher than that in the northern and western parts. The distributions of citrus sunlight risk are not consistent to those of the citrus precipitation risk. The citrus climate risk is mainly influenced by temperature. There is latitudinal zonal law for the distribution of the climate risk, that is, the climate risk increases with increasing latitude. At the same time the climate risk in mountainous area is high and that in eastern plain area is low. There are differences in the temporal and spatial changes of the citrus climate. In recent 46 years, the citrus climate risk presents a gradual increasing trend in subtropics of China, especially it has been increasing fast since the 1980s. Because of the global warming, the low risk region in the eastern and southern parts has a gradual decreasing trend, however, the high risk region in the northern and western parts has an increasing trend and the high risk region has been extending eastward and southward. The article analyses the distribution of the citrus climate risk degree of reduction rates of >10%, >20% and >30% in subtropics of China, and studies their changes in different time periods. Results show that the risk is increasing from southeast to northwest.     

“双碳”目标下中国省域碳排放公平性及其影响因素

基于1999—2017年省级碳收支核算数据,构建空间计量模型检验影响碳排放公平性的关键因素。结果表明：(1)省域碳排放公平性的区域差异性显著,整体表现为西部地区>中部地区>东部地区;(2)中国省域碳排放公平性存在显著的空间溢出效应,从全国层面看,产业结构、经济发展水平、环境规制对碳排放公平性具有负向空间溢出效应,技术创新则对其具有正向空间溢出效应;从区域层面看,产业结构、城镇化进程、技术创新与对外开放水平对东部地区各省（市）碳排放公平性的空间溢出效应最明显,中部地区各省域的经济发展水平与技术创新对周边地区碳排放公平性有较为显著的正向空间溢出效应,经济发展水平、对外开放程度与环境规制是制约西部地区各省（区、市）碳排放公平性提升及溢出的主要因素。     

Changing regional rural inequality in China 1980–2002

Regional rural inequalities in China since the reform are examined based on Theil's regional inequality index. By using data from the three zones (east, central and west) and provinces in the period 1980–2002, I find that China's rural regional inequality has an overall increasing trend with a short period of decrease during the entire reform period. However, the trends vary in different indicators and different geographical scales. The trend of income inequality does not always match that of rural economic inequality. The decomposition of Theil's regional inequality further reveals that, since 1987, interregional inequalities between the eastern, central and western regions have been more serious than provincial inequality within the regions themselves. For example, when rural non-agriculture inequality decreased substantially within the east, it increased greatly within the west. Similarly, the income inequality increased within the west and the east but decreased within the central region. China's regional rural inequality remained at a high level and the coastal/interior income differential continued to increase.     

Interdecadal change in Western Pacific Subtropical High and climatic effects

Western North Pacific Subtropical High is a very important atmospheric circulation system influencing the summer climate over eastern China. Its interdecadal change is analyzed in this study. There is a significant decadal shift in about 1979/1980. Since 1980, the Western North Pacific Subtropical High has enlarged, intensified, and shifted southwestward. This change gives rise to an anti-cyclonic circulation anomaly over the region from the South China Sea to western Pacific and thus causes wet anomalies over the Yangtze River valley. During the summers of 1980–1999, the precipitation is 63.9 mm above normal, while during 1958–1979 it is 27.3 mm below normal. The difference is significant at the 99% confidence level as at-test shown. The southwestward expanding of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High also leads to a significant warming in southern China, during 1980–1999 the summer mean temperature is 0.37°C warmer than that of the period 1958–1979. The strong warming is primarily due to the clearer skies associated with the stronger downward air motion as the Western North Pacific Subtropical High expanding to the west and controlling southern China. It is also found that the relative percentage of tropical cyclones in the regions south of 20°N is decreasing since the 1980s, but in the regions north of 20°N that is increasing at the same time. The Western North Pacific Subtropical High responds significantly to sea surface temperature of the tropical eastern Pacific with a lag of one-two seasons and simultaneously to sea surface temperature of the tropical Indian Ocean. The changes in the sea surface temperatures are mainly responsible for the interdecadal variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High.     

中国亚热带地区柑桔气候风险变化(英文)

Based on the citrus temperature, precipitation, sunlight and climate risk degree, the article divides subtropics of China into three types: the low risk region, the moderate risk region and the high risk region. The citrus temperature risk increases with increasing latitude (except for the western mountainous area of subtropics of China). The citrus precipitation risk in the central part of subtropics of China is higher than that in the northern and western parts. The distributions of citrus sunlight risk are not consistent to those of the citrus precipitation risk. The citrus climate risk is mainly influenced by temperature. There is latitudinal zonal law for the distribution of the climate risk, that is, the climate risk increases with increasing latitude. At the same time the climate risk in mountainous area is high and that in eastern plain area is low. There are differences in the temporal and spatial changes of the citrus climate. In recent 46 years, the citrus climate risk presents a gradual increasing trend in subtropics of China, especially it has been increasing fast since the 1980s. Because of the global warming, the low risk region in the eastern and southern parts has a gradual decreasing trend, however, the high risk region in the northern and western parts has an increasing trend and the high risk region has been extending eastward and southward. The article analyses the distribution of the citrus climate risk degree of reduction rates of >10%, >20% and >30% in subtropics of China, and studies their changes in different time periods. Results show that the risk is increasing from southeast to northwest.     

The Driving Effect of Spatial Differences of Water Intensity in China

This paper adopts the logarithmic mean Divisia index in the family of spatial index decomposition analysis to decompose the driving effect of spatial differences of water intensity in China into intensity effect and structure effect employing data spanning 2000–2017. The results show that water use efficiency of the eastern provinces was always higher than that of the central provinces and western provinces except for Jiangsu and Hainan, and in the central and western regions, only Shanxi, Henan, Chongqing, and Shaanxi had higher efficiency levels than the national average level. Over that 17-year time period, the gap in water intensity exhibits a decreasing trend between the provincial level and average level (except for Heilongjiang and Chongqing). For industry water intensity, those provinces with a lower than average level were mainly in the eastern region. Except for Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong, the primary industry water intensity of the eastern provinces was always lower than the average level. Except for Fujian, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Hainan, the secondary industry water intensity of the eastern provinces was always lower than the average level. Except for Guangdong, Fujian, and Hainan, the tertiary industry water intensity of the eastern provinces was always lower than average level. The water intensity of the secondary and tertiary industries in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia in the central and western regions was always lower than the average level. Lastly, the provinces in which the provincial proportion of the primary industry was lower than the average level were mainly in the eastern region, while conversely the same proportion of the primary industry among central and western provinces was generally high. Therefore, provinces should formulate and implement water resource policies that are different and pertinent to their own actual conditions.

     

1950-2000年中国东部和西部湖区水量空间变化趋势

Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years.The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer,land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an im-portant role on the recent decades' changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume (water level,depth and area) in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950-2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e.a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time.Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect.     

经济增长动能转换与绿色发展耦合协调的时空格局演化分析

绿色发展与动能转换之间联系密切,研究根据二者内涵构建综合评价指标体系,基于耦合协调相对发展度模型、空间自相关、重心和标准差椭圆模型分析中国31个省市（不含港澳台）2008—2018年两系统耦合协调的时空格局演变特征,得出以下结论：① 绿色发展和动能转换综合指数均呈波动上升趋势,但空间异质性显著,东部沿海地区水平最高。② 各省绿色发展与动能转换的耦合协调度逐年提升,逐步形成东部沿海地区为轴带向中西部地区扩散的“川”字阶梯型发展格局。③ 绿色发展与动能转换的耦合协调度具有显著的空间正相关性,位于“低-低”类型区域的省份最多,高值和低值区域趋于两极集聚分布。④ 2008—2018年耦合协调度的重心主要向西南方向迁移,耦合协调度呈向西南方向分散的态势。东、中、西部地区绿色发展与动能转换耦合协调的空间格局演变特征存在差异,东部地区呈西南方向迁移的分散态势,中部地区呈西南方向迁移的集聚态势,西部地区呈东南方向迁移的集聚态势。     

中国省际市场整合程度的空间特征及影响因素

基于径向基神经网络和相对价格法构建中国省际市场整合程度综合指标并分析其变动趋势,随后利用锡尔指数和Moran指数分析其空间特征,最后基于ECM-GMM面板计量模型分析其变动的显著性影响因素。研究发现:1992~2007年中国省际市场整合程度呈波动式平缓增长趋势,东部、中部和西部地区分别呈稳步提高、逐步降低、先提高后降低的趋势;全国和地区间省际市场整合程度的区域差异呈增长趋势,其空间相关性则由负空间相关演变为显著正空间相关,上海、江苏和浙江成为中国目前省际市场整合程度较高省份的显著集聚区;经济发展水平、国有经济比重、金融资本市场和国内市场规模是影响中国省际市场整合程度的显著性因素。     

中国城市分布特征及其影响因素

通过对221 BC-1911 AD年间中国城市分布特征及其影响因素的研究,发现：① 在整个研究阶段,中国城市分布的重心位于中东部地区,秦—唐时期重心向西南地区大幅移动,唐—元时期重心先东北方向移动后转向西南方向,元—清时期重心主要向北移动。以腾冲—瑷珲一线为界线分区研究发现,在整个研究阶段西部重心在南北及东西方向呈现出较大的波动趋势,东部重心呈现出与全国类似的运动轨迹。② 标准差椭圆分析表明全国及东西部地区城市分布经历了明显的分散—集聚—分散的变化趋势,其中西部地区最为明显。从城市分布的平均方向看,全国及东部地区具有一定的相似性,均以东北—西南为主要分布特征,西部地区是以西北—东南为主要分布特征。③ 从城市密度分布特征看,其空间连续性和自组织性不断加强且由空间相关性引起的结构性变异处于显著状态。从方向上来看,全方向上的均质化程度呈下降趋势,西北—东南方向各时期城市密度均质化程度相对较好,空间差异相对较小,而东—西方向差异最为明显。④ 分析不同时期城市设置的相关因素发现,221 BC-1911 AD年间,中国城市设置相对集中在地形平坦、气候适中且靠近河流及中心城市的地区。     

中国入境旅游服务质量时空态势演变与区域影响因素

运用锡尔指数、ESDA、质-量矩阵、Pearson 相关系数等方法,从时序演变、空间关联、质-量态势、区域影响因素4 个视角对近10 年我国入境旅游服务质量进行了研究。分析发现：① 我国入境旅游服务质量整体呈提升态势,中部逐渐赶超东部,西部常年最低。② 省区间服务质量差异存在收敛趋势,地带内差异比重较高。东、中部服务质量势能差转换较好,差异在低值上表现出连续倒U型演变;西部差异高度震荡,服务质量势能差没有实现稳定、渐进式转换。③ 与入境旅游流及收入不同,多数年份入境旅游服务质量未呈现显著全局空间自相关。④ 局部空间相关关系的波动主要由邻近省区一方跃迁造成,多为质量下降型;低值集聚区在西部扩大的同时,由西南内陆向南部沿海扩散。⑤ 东部高值集聚区比重较大,但显著程度降低;中部随着吉林的崛起,形成以其为中心的高值集聚区,显著程度超过长三角;西部形成滇-川、新-青-藏两大显著低值集聚区。⑥ 东部质-量态势最优,但出现数量型粗放发展趋势;中部质量发展好于数量;西部质-量态势日渐堪忧。各省区表现出9 种质-量态势演变类型。⑦ 入境旅游服务质量与接待设施、劳动力供给、经济生活水平等区域因素正向相关,与入境旅游收入及接待量相关关系不强。     

Lake evolution and its implication for environmental changes in China during 1950–2000

Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years. The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer, land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an important role on the recent decades＇ changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume （water level, depth and area） in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950-2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e. a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time. Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect.     

撂荒耕地的提取与分析——以山东省庆云县和无棣县为例

由于城镇化的快速发展和农村劳动力不断流失,中国部分地区出现大面积的撂荒现象。利用遥感技术可以间接提取撂荒耕地的规模和数量,对耕地的保护和粮食安全有重要意义。以山东省庆云县和无棣县为研究区,基于Landsat数据和HJ1A数据,采用CART决策树分类方法,制作了1990-2017年的土地利用图,制定了撂荒地的识别规则,在此基础之上提取了研究区的撂荒地空间分布、持续撂荒时间分布和撂荒地复垦区域。结果显示：1990-2017年基准期影像的CART决策树分类精度高于85%;1992-2017年间,研究区撂荒地面积最大值为5503.86 hm²,最大撂荒率为5.37%,其中1996-1998年撂荒率最高,2006-2017年撂荒地面积的整体趋势逐年降低;1992-2017年间最大持续撂荒时间为15年,大部分耕地持续撂荒时间在4年之内,少数耕地持续撂荒时间超过10年;1993-2017年撂荒耕地复垦面积最大为2022.3 hm²,最小复垦面积约为20 hm²,复垦率最大值为67.44%,年均复垦率为31.83%。研究结果不仅能够为研究区撂荒驱动因素分析提供数据支撑,而且也可以为其他地区的撂荒耕地识别提供参考。     

1951-2010 年中国主要气候区划界线的移动

根据采用同一区划方法、指标体系划分的1951-1980 年及1981-2010 年中国气候区划结果,对比分析了过去60 年中国气候区划的主要界线变化特征。结果表明：1951-1980 年至1981-2010 年,我国寒温带界线西缩、北移;暖温带北界东段北移,其中最大北移幅度超过1个纬度;北亚热带北界东段平均北移1 个纬度以上,并越过淮河一线;中亚热带北界中段从江汉平原南沿移至了江汉平原北部,最大移动幅度达2 个纬度;南亚热带北界西段北移0.5~2 个纬度;青藏高原亚寒带范围缩小,高原温带范围增加。东北湿润、半湿润区虽转干与趋湿并存,但其中温带地区的湿润-半湿润东界东移,大兴安岭中部与南部的半湿润-半干旱界线北扩;其他地区的干湿分界线虽未出现明显移动,但北方半干旱及华北半湿润区总体转干,河西走廊、新疆及青藏高原的干旱、半干旱区总体转湿;而南方湿润区则趋干与转湿并存。     

近20年中国农业主产区耕地资源质量和产能变化研究

依据全国土地利用图与土地资源质量评价图,分析1980s末至2005年末中国农业主产区内耕地资源数量和空间格局的动态变化,并对由此带来的耕地质量和产能的变化做出宏观评估。主要结论如下:1)2005年农业主产区耕地面积①为9 321.96万hm2,较1980s末增加175.53万hm2。2)耕地在空间上呈现"北增南减"的变化格局。北方的内蒙古东部区、新疆区、松嫩平原区和三江平原区为耕地净增加区,共增加354.41万hm2,各区分别增长10.29%、19.10%、10.91%和14.14%;偏南部的黄淮海区、长江中下游及江淮地区、华南蔗果区和四川盆地区为耕地净减少区,各区分别减少2.17%、2.00%、3.15%和5.61%。3)根据土地资源图对耕地质量的划分结果,20年间农业主产区内耕地面积和空间格局的变化导致一等耕地减少3.24%,二、三等耕地和宜林宜牧地分别增加2.91%、7.81%和14.10%。4)考虑各区耕地复种指数和耕地质量的影响,结合耕地单产数据进行耕地产能的核算,结果显示,在耕地数量净增1.92%的情况下,耕地的总体产能依然下降0.84%。