青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计脆弱性评估

脆弱性评估为脆弱性地区农户摆脱贫困、区域可持续发展提供科学依据。以青藏高原东部样带为例,基于可持续生计框架,建立了农牧民生计脆弱性评估的指标体系,利用11个乡镇的879户农牧民样本数据,开展了不同地带生计脆弱性评估。该指标体系反映了农牧民面临的主要风险,其生计资产,以及农牧民和政府应对风险的措施。结果表明:高原区农牧民生计脆弱性程度高于山原区和高山峡谷区。高原区的满掌乡最为脆弱,即便有政府的帮助,农牧民也不能应对风险。脆弱性程度高的山原区上部和高原区,处于不能适应的边缘,如不采取措施,当地牧民将不能应对气候变化、草地退化、药材退化等多种风险。导致该区牧民生计脆弱的原因既有各种风险的冲击,也因牧民自身生计资产和适应能力的不足。高山峡谷区和山原区下部的乡镇,农牧民能有效地应对风险,需进一步拓宽第二、第三产业就业渠道。因此,高原区和山原区上部的纯牧区是脆弱区域,政府应采取积极的措施,增强农牧民的适应能力。政府的救助措施应从改善自然资产转变到改善人力资产和金融资产,如技能培训、实行医保和畜病防治全覆盖、提供低息和无息贷款、在黑土滩区全面实行退牧还草、对退化草场进行治理和恢复。     

青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化

随着草地退化和药材资源减少,青藏高原东部农牧民的生计受到了严重影响.农牧民如何利用生计资产实现生计多样化是该区域可持续发展面临的关键问题.实地调查采用PRA法,结合调查结果调整了生计资产评估指标,从样带尺度定量分析了高原东部高山峡谷区、山原区和高原区农牧民的生计资产现状、生计多样化特点和今后的生计策略.结果表明:①生计多样化是农牧民普遍采用的生计策略.高山峡谷区农牧民生计多样化水平较高,从事二三产业较多,普遍寻求发展型生计.而随着海拔升高,农牧民的生计多样化水平降低,从事的生计活动类型减少,发展型生计的比例也降低;②海拔较低的高山峡谷区和山原区,生计资产总值高,而海拔越高的高原区,生计资产总值较低,主要反映在人力资产和自然资产上;③居民所拥有的生计资产与生计多样化水平高度正相关;④农牧民近期仍基于生计资产改善生计策略;⑤高山峡谷区和山原区农牧民寻求发展型生计为高原区牧民提供了很好的借鉴.建议政府围绕生计多样化的制约因素进行投入,以提高牧民的能力,协助高原区牧民建立发展型生计.     

贫困山区农户人力资本对生计策略的影响研究——以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例

人力资本是构建农户生计的关键要素,从人力资本视角探讨农户生计选择对于推动农户生计转型、实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。论文以西南贫困山区四川省凉山彝族自治州为案例区,采用2018年508个农户样本数据,应用回归模型,估算了人力资本对农户生计策略的影响。结果表明：人力资本是山区农户生计选择的重要影响因素,不同类型人力资本对农户生计策略的影响不同,且具有明显的空间差异。教育文化、健康状况对非农生计策略的选择具有正向影响,且高山区>二半山区>河谷区,健康状况对河谷区农户生计选择影响不显著;非农技能培训对非农生计策略选择具有显著的正向影响,且高山区>二半山区>河谷区;农业技能培训对非农生计策略选择具有负向影响,且高山区<二半山区<河谷区,但其对高山区农户生计选择并不显著;青壮年劳动力倾向于选择非农生计,务农人口老龄化问题严峻,高山区表现最为突出,二半山区次之,河谷区较不明显。最后,根据研究结论,探讨了人力资本、劳动力转移与乡村发展之间辩证关系及相关政策建议。     

典型山区农户生计脆弱性及其空间差异——以四川凉山彝族自治州为例

开展脆弱性空间差异分析,有助于识别不同地域类型农户的致贫风险,对有效制定精准帮扶措施具有重要意义。以四川凉山彝族自治州为例,基于可持续生计框架,建立了农户生计脆弱性评估指标体系,利用实地调查获得的496份农户样本数据进行生计脆弱性评估。结果表明:生计脆弱性值为高寒山区二半山区山坡区河谷区,具有地貌类型差异、海拔梯度差异和民族分布差异等空间差异特征,且与致贫风险具有对应关系。其中,高寒山区农户生计脆弱最高,致贫风险最高;二半山区脆弱性明显,致贫风险较高;河谷区、山坡区脆弱性较低,致贫风险低。造成脆弱性及致贫风险空间差异的原因既包括自然条件的胁迫,也包括少数民族人口能力素质的不足、文化习俗和思想观念的制约。因此需要通过构建贫困山区农户可持续生计模式、引导思想观念转变等方式进行精准帮扶,提升其风险应对能力,降低贫困脆弱性。     

基于GIS的山区人口压力测算模型——以四川省凉山州为例

从人口压力构成要素和山区实际情况出发,构建了山区人口压力测算模型.该模型包括城镇人口压力指数、农村人口压力指数和人口自然增长率3 个构成要素,综合反映了山区人口数量压力特征.应用该模型对四川省凉山州的人口压力指数进行了测算,结果表明：①凉山州人口压力指数的平均值为4.95,属“一般”水平.人口压力“小”、“较小”、“一般”、“大”、“极大”的县市分别占的23.53%、11.76%、29.41%、29.41%和5.88%;②人口压力指数具有明显的空间集聚性,并受到地形条件的制约,凉山州东部、东北部的大、小凉山地区人口压力大,安宁河谷、凉山州南部低山、中山区和盐源盆地人口压力小;③人口压力指数与贫困发生率、生态脆弱度之间具有较高的相关性,说明人口压力大和生态环境脆弱性高是导致山区贫困的一个因素,应加强贫困山区社会经济与生态环境的协调性研究.     

青藏高原“一江两河”地区农牧民家庭生计脆弱性评估

家庭生计脆弱性评估有利于深入理解脆弱人群的特征,为政府制定气候变化适应策略和农牧民脱贫提供科学依据。本文利用西藏"一江两河"地区188户调研数据,基于可持续生计框架,在"风险-生计资产-适应能力"维度上构建农牧民家庭生计脆弱性指标体系,采用K-均值聚类方法对家庭分类并比较其生计脆弱性差异。结果表明:(1)高脆弱性家庭占比43. 09%,其整体表现为风险最高,生计资产和适应能力最低;(2)与低脆弱性家庭相比,高脆弱性家庭的特点主要是自然资源依赖度更高、受极端气象灾害影响较大、生计资产缺乏、生计多样化程度不高、资金补贴不足等。本文从积极应对自然灾害、提高农牧民教育水平和促进生计多样化等方面提出政策建议。     

基于生计视角的异质性农户转户退耕决策研究

对重庆市贫困与生态脆弱区的云阳县、石柱土家族自治县376 户农户调研基础上, 将农户划为纯农户、农业主导户、非农主导户和弃农农户, 基于生计视角对农户转户退耕决策进行了解释。结果表明:①重庆市农户兼业普遍, 兼业是农户重要的生计策略;从纯农户到弃农农户, 农户生计资产依次递增, 尤其是人力资产、金融资产和社会资产。②随着兼业程度提高, 农户生计策略逐渐多元化。纯农户生计高度依赖土地;农业主导户开始选择非农兼业;非农主导户生计多样化指数最高;弃农农户生计已经转移到非农产业。③生计是影响农户转户退耕决策的关键因素:纯农户生计资产匮乏, 决策受政策导向明显;作为理性经济人, 对土地经济收益的依赖使农业主导户转户退耕意愿不明显, 对政策响应平淡;非农主导户将权衡转户退耕的补偿与损失, 政策响应模糊;弃农农户资产丰富, 对转户退耕决策响应积极。基于户籍制度改革和可持续生计视角, 本文提出了理性政府行为的3 大对策, 即:建立转户退耕的社保及补偿、激励机制;基于农户生计视角, 实施各种工程措施及惠民政策, 促进农户生计策略多元化;针对不同区位的农户实施差别化的政策。     

生计资本对农牧民生活满意度的影响——以甘南高原为例

地处青藏高原东缘的甘南高原是典型的生态环境脆弱区,提高农牧民的生计资本成为该区消除贫困、保护环境、可持续利用自然资源的基础与关键.本文建立了生计资本评估指标,结合实地调查资料评估了甘南高原纯牧区、半农半牧区和农区农户的生计资本状况,分析了不同区域农户面临的生活压力及需要的帮助,并采用logistic回归模型分析了农户生...     

生计多样化背景下种植业非点源污染负荷演变

依托三峡库区典型村农户访谈数据,基于收益最大目标决策框架,设定农村转型发展中3种农户生计类型情景：农业主导生计、兼业转向生计和非农主导生计,解析种植业产污负荷随主导生计非农转向的演变特征,探讨主导生计类型转向的动力机制。结果表明：① 样区耕地经营现状呈自耕、流转与撂荒并存的多元化发展格局,且表现出“入”小于“出”的特征,不同农户家庭类型间实际人均耕种规模为“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”>“劳动力家庭”;② 种植业单位面积产污负荷中,“半劳动力家庭”最高,“劳动力家庭”次之,“无劳动力家庭”最低,“劳动力家庭”内部又随劳动力人数增加呈先增再减趋势;③ 样区农户生计类型由农业主导向非农主导转型过程中,种植业产污负荷最大减幅达72.01%,兼业转向生计情景下削减幅度为19.61%~29.85%,非农主导生计情景下减幅为35.20%~72.01%,但TN、TP的减量特征并不一致;④ 劳动力配置与生计来源“非农化”促使农户主导生计类型向非农转化,生计非农演变的潜在农户收入/福祉权衡亦驱使生计决策转向非农化,不同农户家庭类型对生计转向的敏感程度表现为“劳动力家庭”>“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”;⑤ 在新型城镇化快速推进和创新新型工业体系构建过程中,山区农户生计类型进一步向非农转变,而这一过程又将促使种植业产生的污染负荷量进一步减少,要大幅削减种植业产污负荷,就必须制定有助于山区农户生计非农化的调控对策。     

甘南牧区劳动力转移背景下留守农户生计策略选择

劳动力转移的行为和经历对贫困农（牧）户的生计产生了并继续产生着复杂而深远的影响,并构成了留守家庭成员进行新的生计选择的背景和前提条件。在资本变动和要素约束下,西部民族地区农（牧）户进行着不同的生产决策,并形成不同类型的生计策略。以甘南牧区为例,通过解析劳动力转移的特征变量,总结典型的劳动力转移农（牧）户家庭主要的生计策略模式,揭示了甘南牧区劳动力转移对留守农（牧）户生计策略选择的作用关系,并得出相应的结论。结果表明：转移劳动力文化水平、劳动力转移的外出时间、务工去向与转移劳动力工种类型在一定程度上影响了留守农（牧）户生计策略的选择。这可为西部民族地区政府部门制定科学、合理、可持续的劳动力资源利用政策,促进当地农（牧）户生计的可持续发展提供参考依据。     

大渡河上游不同地带居民对环境退化的响应

Environmental degeneration in the Tibetan Plateau attracts worldwide attention, whereas case studies on how the residents understand and respond to environmental degeneration are scarce. Using a Participatory Rural Appraisal method, this paper investigates how the people in different regions in the upper Dadu River understand and respond to environmental degeneration, based on comparative field surveys in three villages, in which Danzamu village is chosen from villages in the valley region, Kerma village from mountainside region, Rico village from the mountain and plateau region. The results show that: (1) although awakened to environmental degeneration, the residents in different regions have different responses. As agricultural labors have been transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, population pressure in Danzamu and Kerma villages is mitigated. Residents in Danzamu village actively respond to natural disasters and forest degradation, as their livelihoods never rely on forests and rangelands again. Whereas the residents in Kema village negatively respond to natural disasters, forest and meadow degradation and the ruin of wildlife resources, as their livelihoods still rely on stockbreeding. Labors in Rico village are hard to transfer to the secondary and tertiary industries, so they have to raise more livestock to make a living. Active measures are just taken to avoid livestock loss, not to avoid forest and meadow degradation and the ruin of wildlife resources. So the most fragile region is the mountain and plateau region and mountainside region, not the valley region. (2) Livelihood strategy is the key factor affecting the residents to respond to population pressure and environmental degeneration. So the framework of sustainable livelihood strategy should be used to explain and intervene in issues of population pressure and environmental degradation in ecotones. (3) Transferring agricultural labors to the secondary and tertiary industries were favorable to improving people’s livelihood. It is necessary to reduce the education fees to speed up the pace of labors transferring in the mountainside region. In the mountain and plateau region, preferable ways also include the development of towns, highways, education equipment and other establishments. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40471009; No.30270256; National Basic Research Program of China, No.2002CB412500; No.2005CB422006; Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX3-SW-339 Author: Yan Jianzhong, Ph.D., specialized in LUCC, global change and regional responses.     

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.     

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.     

黄土高原沟壑区传统村落的空间特征及其影响要素 ——以陕西省榆林市国家级传统村落为例

以地处黄土高原沟壑地区的榆林市国家级传统村落为例,利用GIS空间分析、形态指数、空间句法等空间分析方法,从宏观空间分布到个体形态特征,揭示地域环境与村落选址、形态生成及空间组织的内在关联性。结果表明:榆林市国家级传统村落呈现“西北稀疏、东南密集”的总体空间格局,纵观历史发展格局从东到西呈轴向集聚形态,存在沿山腰等高线、支流流向的分布特征;在地理环境限制下,传统村落外部边界形态主要为块状集聚、指状离散形态发展,空间集聚中心出现村落内部与村落边缘交通的差异化分布;通过地理、生态、气候和风水对村落空间组织的内在关联性进行分析,发现村落形态演化从生存适应性转向主动寻求发展,揭示了传统村落空间形成、组织、生长的内在逻辑。     

Land,Labor, and Rural Development: Analyzing Participation in India's Village Dairy Cooperatives

Livestock-based livelihoods are currently being promoted by international development agencies as part of global efforts to combat poverty. India's dairy development program, organized around village cooperatives, has become an important model for such efforts. This article aims to identify household characteristics that influence membership in India's rural dairy cooperatives by comparing two villages representing different degrees of success. Utilizing logistic regression methods, data collected through a comprehensive survey of all households in the two villages are analyzed to examine (1) how variables describing animal ownership, agricultural attributes, and household labor availability contribute to explaining membership in the dairy cooperative; and (2) whether factors influencing membership differ across the two villages. Our results indicate that although agricultural property ownership influences cooperative membership in both villages, the kind of dairy animal used and labor utilized for dairying work also have a significant and context-specific effect on household participation.     

山地农村社会经济缓慢发展的实证分析--以河南省上河村为例

通过实证调查,山地农村社会经济发展呈下滑态势,指出:人力资源外流、兼业弱化、农户投入减少且偏向生活投资、农民负担日渐加重等是山地农村社会经济缓慢发展的主要原因,提高山地农村社会经济发展的主要措施包括:大力发展山地农村的文化教育,发挥当地的林业优势,积极有效引导劳动力合理流动,增加农民收入渠道,加强农村市场建设,切实减轻农民负担等。     

山区耕地边际化特征及其动因与政策含义

利用SPOT-5 影像、1：1 万地形图、退耕还林和森林工程图、社会经济统计等数据,分析了重庆市石柱县耕地边际化的特征和发生原因。结果发现：① 10 年间研究区耕地边际化率16.18%,主要分布于七曜山的北部高山区和南部中山区,而且伴随农村劳动力的非农化和留守劳动力的老龄化,边际化在很大程度上还会加剧。② 海拔、地块相对村庄的分布半径和道路连接度对耕地边际化的发生影响较大。边际化率随海拔升高而增加,特别是≥1000 m集中边际化的60.88%,在坡度和地块相对村庄的分布半径上也有类似规律。③ 劳均耕地面积和务农劳均年龄是影响耕地边际化的主要因素,耕地流转和微型农机台数是从适度规模经营、提高劳动生产率上影响耕地边际化。④“比较劣势主导边际化”分布最广,占总边际化的55.32%,其次是“区位主导边际化”,占33.80%。⑤“地形主导边际化”实施类似退耕还林继续扩大的“顺边际化”政策,“区位主导边际化”从合理安排新居点、完善农村道路体系上实施“反边际化”,“比较劣势主导边际化”从提高适度规模经营、微型机械化程度上开展“反边际化”。     

东部旅游特色山区乡村发展分化及其驱动力——以浙江省平阳县为例

乡村旅游被认为是山区乡村振兴的有效模式,但即使在旅游山区,仍存在大量传统农村。论文以浙江省平阳县为例,运用参与式农村评估、GIS与遥感技术相结合,选取典型旅游村水口村和农业村法洪村,从农户生计变迁、乡村土地利用转型、宅基地功能演变3个方面分析旅游特色山区乡村发展及其分化。结果表明:① 生存型生计阶段(1949—1977年),法洪村和水口村高度依赖农业;组合型生计阶段(1978—2013年),两村由单一农业生计向农业和外出务工组合转变;发展型生计阶段(2014—2018年),法洪村以外出务工为主,水口村以旅游经营和外出经商并重。② 1978年前,两村地类变更主要是林地转为耕地;1978—2014年,主要是林地转为建设用地;2014年后,法洪村耕地转为林地、住宅用地,水口村林地、耕地转为旅游相关用地。③ 1978年前,两村宅基地均以农业生产功能为主;1978—2014年,两村宅基地的农业生产功能开始衰退;2014年后,法洪村以生活居住功能为主,水口村以旅游接待功能为主。④ 两村发展分化是自然环境、人文景观、能人带动、市场变化等综合影响的结果。研究认为,即使是在旅游特色山区,也只有自然和人文景观独特、有能人带动、顺应市场变化的乡村,才能较好地发展乡村旅游,大部分资源禀赋一般的乡村仍将以传统农业为主,因此,山区乡村振兴要顺势而为、择优助推。