黄土高原中东部沙尘与非沙尘天气花粉组成及来源范围

通过黄土高原两个不同地区(浑源、洛川)沙尘与非沙尘天气花粉组合的对比来探讨主要花粉类型最大传播距离。结果表明：沙尘天气花粉汇集量明显高于非沙尘天气,特别是蒿属和藜科花粉,沙尘天气平均是非沙尘天气的3倍以上。随风速增大,花粉可能的最大源区范围明显增大。风速低于3.3 m/s时,蒿属和藜科花粉多来自100 km范围内,其他类型花粉来源范围不超过20 km;风速大于5.9 m/s时,蒿属和藜科花粉源区范围增至300 km以上;其他类型花粉不超过100 km。风速达到12.5 m/s时,蒿属及藜科最大花粉源区范围可达1000 km,其他类型花粉不超过300 km。浑源地区不论平均风速还是最大风速均明显高于洛川地区,因此,主要花粉类型可能的最大源区范围达200 km,大于洛川地区(低于100 km)。     

东北初夏极端低温事件的空间分布特征及其成因机理分析

采用东北三省150个测站1961~2008年的逐日温度资料和同期美国环境预报中心(NCEP)、国家大气研究中心(NCAR)2.5°×2.5°分辨率的全球再分析资料,探讨东北三省初夏极端低温事件的空间分布及其大气动力学特征,结果表明:该区初夏气温与夏季气温变化在时空尺度上相关显著,具有重要的预警作用;给出初夏极端低温事件的定义,其空间分布可归为3种类型,随纬度的增加极端低温事件发生的频率也显著增加;20世纪90年代以来,极端低温事件明显减少,仅出现2次,但影响范围遍布东北三省全境;阻高与冷涡的配置和大气低频Rossby波扰动对初夏东北冷涡活动气候基本流的同位相强迫,更增强了500 hPa位势高度距平场由北向南的"+、-"局域环流的异常,是极端低温事件的强弱与空间范围大小的重要动力机制;较为偏东的鄂霍次克海阻高和冷涡,以及冷平流的作用与以黑龙江省(包括吉林省的一部分)为主出现极端低温Ⅰ、Ⅱ类事件的关系更加密切,贝加尔湖阻高和鄂霍次克海阻高与偏南的强冷涡相互匹配、大气低频Rossby波扰动很强易出现第Ⅲ类极端低温事件。     

不同土地利用类型对城市地表温度的影响——以广东东莞为例

利用Landsat TM6热红外遥感数据、土地利用专题图件、气象观测资料反演了快速城市化的典型地区东莞市的城市地表温度。构建了三个热效应评价指数:热效应贡献度指数、热像元权重指数和区域热像元权重指数,来定量分析不同土地利用类型对城市地表温度的贡献度,发现城乡工矿居民用地、林地和耕地的热效应贡献度较大,水域和草地的热效应贡献度较小,未利用地对区域热环境的贡献最小。此外,研究表明,随着平均温度的升高,东莞市水面和陆面1988~1998年的温度反差明显增大。     

冰云粒子微物理属性在一次强降雨过程中的垂直分布

采用美国宇航局NASA的Cloud Sat卫星资料2B-CWC-RVOD和2B-CLDCLASS,并结合CERES Aqua MODIS Edition 3A资料,分析了一次降水过程中云类型和云中冰粒子微物理属性的垂直分布特征,探讨其与降雨量大小的关系。结果表明:冰云分布在2~11 km,越小的云参量值的出现频率越大。冰粒子有效半径在垂直高度上的分布存在明显的分层现象,且随着高度的升高呈变小的趋势。半径150μm的粒子集中在2~4 km;半径在100~150μm的粒子85.6%分布在2~6km;而半径50μm的粒子在整个云层均有分布,且分布比例随云层的升高而增大。冰水含量在垂直高度上呈近似正态分布,高值分布在云层中部6~7 km,且正在降雨地区云的冰水含量和柱含量值比非降雨区大。冰粒子数浓度随云层高度的上升呈增大的趋势。     

最近150 ka河西地区河流阶地的成因分析

文章通过对河西地区最近150 ka河流阶地年龄数据的处理,发现存在7个明显的河流阶地发育时期,即150、100、70、40、30、12和6 ka B.P.。经过相关构造和气候资料的论证,文章认为,在150和70 ka B.P.附近形成的两级河流阶地代表了河西地区两期主要的构造抬升,而在100、40、30、12和6 ka B.P.附近形成的5级河流阶地则对应于河西地区5期气候变化事件。     

基于变化轨迹分析方法的生态用地流失空间关联研究

针对现有研究割裂了生态用地流失这一基本变化过程的不足,本文基于变化轨迹分析方法,从过程完整性角度探求了京津冀城市群地区生态用地流失的空间关联特征。结果表明：① 京津冀城市群地区土地利用变化主要表现为林地、草地、水域和耕地的流失,流失面积的40%转为人工表面;② 林地、草地和水域流失的空间自相关性随空间尺度增大而增强,7 km×7 km空间尺度上3种生态用地流失空间正相关性较强,且随距离阈值增加而降低;③ 距离阈值为10 km时,林地、草地流失高发区集中分布在京津冀西北部地区,水域流失高发区集中分布在东部渤海湾附近,生态环境保护应从京津冀协同发展角度,打破区域发展不均衡,促进京津冀城市群全面发展。     

冷锋型和蒙古气旋型沙尘天气过程典型个例对比分析

利用观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对冷锋型和蒙古气旋型两类沙尘天气过程的典型个例进行对比分析。结果表明:斜压强迫在两类过程中均较为显著,冷锋型沙尘天气过程中,随高度降低高空槽明显加深;蒙古气旋型则在对流层低层（850 hPa）、中层（500 hPa）形成切断低压。冷锋型沙尘天气过程高空锋区位置较蒙古气旋型偏南,且南压更为明显;冷锋型沙尘天气过程沙尘天气区位置也较蒙古气旋型偏南,且主要向东南方向扩展。冷锋型地面高、低压强度对比明显大于蒙古气旋型,且地面风速与能见度的反相关性高于蒙古气旋型,锋后降温也较蒙古气旋型显著。冷锋型锋前上升运动中心位于700 hPa,锋后下沉运动中心位于600 hPa。蒙古气旋型气旋中心及其附近300 hPa以下均有强的上升运动。冷锋型锋面附近正涡度随高度增高而增大,蒙古气旋型气旋中心及其附近为正涡度。最后给出了冷锋型和蒙古气旋型沙尘天气过程的天气学概念模型。     

京津冀夏季强降水下冰云宏微观特征

根据Aqua MODIS 2级云产品和Cloudsat的2级产品资料，结合降水数据和MODIS L1B级辐射率数据，对发生在京津冀地区夏季的三次强降水过程中冰云的宏微观物理量的特征进行分析，并探究这些物理量和降水强度的关系。结果表明：在水平分布中，强降水过程中降水强度高值区内云相为冰云，冰云云顶高度在8~17 km，冰云粒子有效半径、冰云光学厚度、冰水路径分别最高可达60 μm、 150、 5 000 g?m^-2；冰云光学厚度、冰水路径、冰云云顶高度随降水强度增大而增大。在垂直分布中，冰云主要分布在3.5 km以上，发生强降水站点的冰云为深对流云，冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度分别最高可达150 μm、 3 000 mg?m^-3 、 500 L^-1；冰云粒子有效半径高值区存在于云层中下部，且随高度上升而减小，冰云粒子数浓度高值区存在于云层中上部，且随高度上升而增加，冰水含量高值区则存在于云层中部；冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度在9 km以上随降水强度增大而增大。     

名人事件空间格局及影响因素分析——以河南省国家级传统村落为例

通过百度地图坐标抓取法获取河南省前五批国家级传统村落的965条名人事件发生地村落坐标,依据名人知名度将名人事件分为重要名人事件和地方名人事件,利用标准差椭圆法、核密度估算法、平均最近邻距离法、缓冲区分析法分析名人事件的空间格局及影响因素。结果表明:①名人事件空间集聚明显,重要名人事件覆盖地域面积更大;②地方名人事件呈现“一主一次两点两带”的“L”型空间结构,重要名人事件呈现“一主两次一带”的“T”型空间结构,重要名人事件相较地方名人事件重心向南部转移;③两类名人事件与地形走势、河流水系空间布局结合紧密,地方名人事件受乡镇2 km缓冲区影响最大,重要名人事件在乡镇缓冲区3 km之后数量开始增加;④名人事件集中在豫中嵩岳文化区、豫北河内文化区、豫西河洛文化区,重要名人事件与豫南天中文化区关系更为紧密。     

新疆主要城市的采暖与制冷度日数:Ⅰ.空间变化特征

利用日最高和日最低气温值计算了新疆16个主要城市6种基准温度下的年和季采暖与制冷度日数,并对其空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,基准温度18℃下,新疆16个城市的多年平均年采暖度日数在2007.3~5216.5℃之间;新疆16个主要城市的制冷度日数比较低,基准温度24℃下的多年平均年制冷度日数位于25.9~746.4℃.d之间。采暖度日数随基准温度的增大而增大,制冷度日数随基准温度的增大而变小。多年平均年采暖度日数随纬度、经度和海拔的升高而增大;多年平均年制冷度日数随纬度和经度的变化趋势不明显,但随高度的增加而明显变小。     

Orogenic volcanism caused by thermal runaways?

Summary. Quartz eclogite as source rock seems capable of explaining the chemistry of calc-alkaline volcanics. This model requires partial melting of quartz eclogite in the depth range 100–200 km. Shear heating of the subducting crust is one of the most debated models. The problem may be treated with two different boundary conditions: constant strain rate or constant shear stress. In the former case an increase in temperature tends to reduce the heat production thus stabilizing the shear flow; the result is a moderate increase in temperature which will remain constant during flow. The latter case may lead to a thermal feedback instability and thus temperature and strain rate may suddenly grow to very high values. This phenomenon is termed a runaway and will be discussed in this paper using an adiabatic approximation. It is shown that for a runaway to occur the local energy density must amount to a common value independent of the rheology. In contrast to the constant strain rate case, shear heating is negligible until just before the instability occurs. When the melting point is reached shear stress will break down but the stored local energy will be set free and supply the latent heat of melting. The possibility of a runaway occurring is strongly dependent on the ambient temperature. In subduction shear zones neither shear stress nor strain rate are likely to be constant throughout, but if the former is constant or changes little on a 1–10 km scale a runaway is liable to occur at a depth of around 150 km thus possibly being the cause of calcalkaline volcanism.     

A boundary layer model for mantle convection with surface plates

Summary. A simple, analytical model for mantle convection with mobile surface plates is presented. Our aim is to determine under what conditions free convection can account for the observed plate motions, and to evaluate the thermal structure of the mantle existing under these conditions. Boundary layer methods are used to represent two-dimensional cellular convection at large Rayleigh and infinite Prandtl numbers. The steady-state structure consists of cells with isentropic interiors enclosed by thermal boundary layers. Lithospheric plates are represented as upper surfaces on each cell free to move at a uniform speed. Buoyancy forces are concentrated in narrow rising and decending thermal plumes; torques imparted by these plumes drive both the deformable mantle and overlying plate. Solutions are found for a comprehensive range of cell sizes. We derive an expression for the plate speed as a function of its length, the mantle viscosity and surface heat flux. Using mean values for these parameters, we find that thermal convection extending to 700 km depth can move plates at 1 cm yr^-1, while convection through the whole mantle can move plates at 4–5 cm yr^-1. Analysis of the steady-state temperature field, for the case of heating from below, shows that the upper thermal boundary layer develops a complex structure, including an 'asthenosphere' defined by a local maximum in the geotherm occurring at depths of 50–150 km.     

Ductile shear zones: some aspects of constant slip velocity and constant shear stress models

Summary The thermomechanical differential equations governing deformation in viscous shear zones have been solved for both constant velocity and constant stress boundary conditions. The solutions show that the inertial term in these equations can be neglected everywhere.
The starting condition of the constant velocity model has been shown to be a constant velocity gradient and not a Heaviside function. The temperature anomaly produced by shear heating at the centre of the shear zone is shown to increase gradually and continuously with time, not reaching an asymptotic value. Conclusions for the constant velocity boundary condition are otherwise generally similar to those presented by Yuen et al , and agree with Fleitout & Froidevaux. The temperatures reached by constant velocity shears are sufficient for partial melting.
Constant stress boundary condition shear zone models show an initially broad shear zone with uniform shear velocity gradient. Depending on the level of applied shear stress and ambient temperature, localized intense shear heating may develop followed by thermal runaway. At lower ambient temperatures relatively high stresses are required to produce thermal runaway.
The broadening of the constant velocity shear zone proceeds more rapidly with increased ambient temperature. This can be used to show that shear zones broaden with depth. The merging of parallel shear zone pairs has been investigated and shear zones separated by distances of less than 10km coalesce to form a single shear zone within 3 Myr. Only shear zones separated by 50km or more remain distinct over periods of tens of millions of years.     

Localized velocity anomalies in the lower mantle

Summary. Two localized regions of velocity heterogeneity in the lower mantle with scale lengths of 1000–2000 km and 2 per cent velocity contrasts are detected and isolated through comparison of S, ScS, P and PcP travel times and amplitudes from deep earthquakes in Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and the Sea of Okhotsk. Comparison of the relative patterns of ScS-S differential travel times and S travel-time residuals across North American WWSSN and CSN stations for the different source regions provides baselines for interpreting which phases have anomalous times. A region of low S and P velocities is located beneath Northern Brazil and Venezuela at depths of 1700–2700 km. This region produces S -wave delays of up to 4 s for signals from deep Argentine events recorded at eastern North American stations. The localized nature of the anomaly is indicated by the narrow bounds in azimuth (15°) and take-off angle (13°) of the arrivals affected by it. The long period S -waves encountering this anomaly generally show 30–100 per cent amplitude enhancement, while the short-period amplitudes show no obvious effect. The second anomaly is a high-velocity region beneath the Caribbean originally detected by Jordan and Lynn, who used travel times from deep Peruvian events. The data from Argentine and Bolivian events presented here constrain the location of the anomaly quite well, and indicate a possible short- and long-period S -wave amplitude diminution associated with it. When the travel-time data are corrected for the estimated effects of these two anomalies, a systematic regional variation in ScS-S station residuals is apparent between stations east of and west of the Rocky Mountains. One possible explanation of this is a long wavelength lateral variation in the shear velocity structure of the lower mantle at depths greater than 2000 km beneath North America.     

Seismic Modelling of Lateral Heterogeneity At the Base of the Mantle

Summary. Results from several recent studies suggest that there are lateral heterogeneities of up to a few per cent in the lowermost 150–200 km of the mantle (Bullen's D " region). Inferred anomaly sizes span the range from less than 50 km to greater than 1000 km.
In this study differences in the velocity structure among regions at the base of the mantle were inferred from an analysis of amplitude ratios of PKPAB and PKPDF for given earthquake-station pairs at distances greater than 155° (Sacks, Snoke & Beach). We distinguish two kinds of regions: A (anomalous) regions in which the mean, median and spread in AB/DF amplitude ratios are significantly higher (> 50 per cent) than for a reference radial earth model and N (normal) regions in which the distribution of the amplitude ratios is as expected.
The AB branch has near-grazing incidence to the core and therefore maximum sensitivity to velocity structure compared to the near-normal incident DF phases. Using an iterative, forward-modelling approach, we have determined general characteristics of the velocity structure for regions at the base of the mantle which can produce amplitude-ratio distributions similar to those for an A region. Agreement between model and data is obtained over the period range from 0.5 s to greater than 10 s using a laterally heterogeneous model for the D " region. the model consists of cells which are 200 km in lateral extent with velocity variations of up to ±1 per cent. This structure is modulated by a region-wide (1000km) perturbation which increases smoothly from zero at the edges of the region to a negative 1 per cent at the centre. Small cells (∼40 km) cannot produce anomalously large amplitude, long-period AB arrivals, and larger cells (∼1000km) cannot match the observed scatter. the ∼200 km scale anomalies could be small-scale convection cells confined to the D " region.     

Effects of weathering on single-domain magnetite in Early Pliocene marine marls

Rock magnetic parameters are often used to recognize variations in the original magnetic mineralogy and for normalizing purposes in palaeointensity studies. Incipient weathering, however, is shown to have a profound but partly reversible influence on the rock magnetic properties of the marls of the Early Pliocene Trubi formation in southern Sicily (Italy). The remanence in the marls resides in single-domain (SD) magnetite grains, but the remanent coercive force (H_cr) shows a strong variation and most values observed are anomalously high ( H_cr) range 36–188 mT).
The enhanced coercivities are attributed to stress in the magnetite grains induced by surface oxidation at low temperature. Upon heating to 150 °C a reduction of coercivities occurs that can be explained by a stress reduction as a result of a reduction of Fe^2- gradient due to a higher diffusion rate at elevated temperature. After heating to 150 °C, coercivities are quite uniform throughout the outcrop and the values are characteristic of SD magnetite (H_cr range 30–38 mT). The bulk susceptibility increases by 4–24 per cent, and the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) decreases by 5–11 per cent. The increase in anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) is large: 20–242 per cent. The magnitude of the changes is related to the degree of weathering.
Another effect of heating the marl samples to 150 °C is a substantial reduction of the coercivities of the secondary overprint in the natural remanent magnetization. After heating. separation of the secondary and primary components by alternating-field demagnetization is more efficient. The usual difficulties of thermal demagnetization above 300 °C may thus be avoided by a combination of moderate heating to 150 °C and subsequent alternating-field demagnetization.     

文化产业空间尺度效应研究——以西安市为例

以西安市为例,利用绕城高速内文化企业空间点数据,借助ArcGIS 9.3软件创建不同尺度方格网并计算格网内文化企业点数和密度,运用基尼系数、Global Moran's I指数和Kriging插值来探讨文化产业空间尺度效应。结果表明：① 研究尺度的增大对文化企业空间集中程度具有“稀释”作用,稀释能力随着尺度的增大而减弱,这种稀释作用具有一定的尺度“阈值”;② 格网尺度超过1.5 km×1.5 km时,集中程度随尺度变化较小;③ 根据基尼系数和Global Moran's I指数的变化情况,将文化产业空间分为三个尺度层次,微观尺度（0.1 km×0.1 km~0.6 km×0.6 km）下自相关系数随尺度增大而快速增大,中观尺度（0.6 km×0.6 km~2.8 km×2.8 km）下高水平波动,宏观尺度（2.8 km×2.8 km以上）下趋于稳定;④ 从微观到宏观尺度,文化产业沿着散点—极核—轴带—团块格局演变,文化产业的尺度效应是由空间单元划分引起相邻文化密集区的空间重构造成的;⑤ 研究的实践意义在于,进行文化产业规划和制定相关政策时,应针对文化产业不同尺度的空间特征做出不同层次的安排,以利于文化产业的合理布局和健康发展。     

天津地区表土PAHs含量的多尺度空间相关性

本文应用因子克立格分析方法,分析了天津表土16种PAHs之间多尺度空间结构特征。分析结果显示,天津表土PAHs在空间上可以划分三种尺度:块金尺度(0～5km),小空间尺度(5～10km)和大空间尺度(10～50km)。在不同的空间尺度上,16种PAHs之间表现出不同的空间相关性,具有空间尺度相关性。这种空间尺度相关性,是由于不同的空间污染过程造成的,有助于下一步的多尺度空间污染源的判断和污染物迁移转化规律的识别。     

中国中心城市公路客运联系及其空间格局

依托中国地级中心城市间的公路长途客运联系数据,运用GIS空间网络分析方法,对中国公路客运联系网络结构及其分布格局进行清晰的空间解构。研究显示：公路客运联系强弱与城市人口规模和经济总量相关性较强,而与经济发展水平不相关性;中国人口经济密集分布的东中部地区中心城市间的公路客运联系密切,呈现区域性集聚的分布格局;最为密集的区域为长三角、珠三角两地,而京津冀、山东省、河南省和成渝地区的集聚程度也相对突出。总体上,中国公路客运联系以各省份的省会及区域中心城市为联系中心,以区内其他城市为联系对象,在中短途客运距离内形成自成一体的区域性空间集聚。研究表明：中国公路长途客运联系的适宜空间距离应在500 km以内,最佳客运距离为100~300 km左右;中国公路长途客运联系在200 km内是随着距离增大而增加,之后则呈现二次曲线型的距离衰减趋势;细分各距离区段内的公路客运联系可以清晰识别城市群内、省域内、省际间及大区域间等不同空间尺度下区域交通联系的结构特征。     

Magnetotellurics along the Fennoscandian Long Range profile

Summary. Estimates of magnetotelluric transfer functions along the Fennoscandian Long Range (FENNOLORA) profile are presented and discussed in relation to the major lithotectonic subdivisions of the Swedish part of the Baltic shield. None of the transfer functions are found to be consistent with a one-dimensional earth structure, thereby making a quantitative interpretation difficult. However, the geological units are found to display characteristic differences in the obtained transfer functions, and in some areas a quantitative interpretation can be justified. The most interesting structure indicated is a low resistive (4 μm) crustal structure of lateral extension more than 150 km centred around the Skellefte ore district. A minimum thickness for this structure of 15 km is inferred.