台湾海峡及其邻近海域潮汐数值计算

建立二维潮波模式,模拟了台湾海峡及其邻近海域(18-30°N,110-130°E)八个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1、P1、Q1、K2、N2),并利用中国大陆及环台湾岛20多个潮位站的实测资料进行验证,计算结果与实测值吻合良好.此外,给出了八个主要分潮的同潮图,并逐个讨论了潮汐特征.结果显示:⑴台湾海峡中的潮波运动是北部蜕化了的旋转潮波系统和南部的前进潮波系统共同作用的结果.⑵半日分潮南、北两支潮波在台湾海峽中部汇合,而全日分潮则在台湾海峽南部海域汇合后继续朝西南方向传播.⑶半日分潮振幅最高值发生在福建省湄洲湾—兴化湾一带,全日分潮最高值则出现在雷州半岛以东一带近岸海域.⑷N2、K2和O1、P1、Q1分潮的振幅、迟角分布分别同M2与K1分潮的整体分布趋势相似.     

基于FVCOM的厦门湾及其周边海域三维潮流数值模拟

基于非结构三角形网格、干-湿判别技术和有限体积法的FVCOM（finite volume coastal oceanmodel）海洋数值模式,建立了厦门湾及其周边海域高分辨率（30 m）的三维潮汐、潮流数值模型.模拟结果同该海域2个验潮站和4个连续海流站的观测资料符合良好,较好地反映了厦门湾及其周边海域潮汐、潮流运动的变化状况和分布特征,并给出了M2、S2、K1、O1共4个主要分潮的同潮图、表层潮流椭圆、最大可能潮流流速及表、底层潮余流分布.厦门湾及其周边海域属正规半日潮类型,4个分潮的最大潮汐振幅分别为200、65、36、29 cm,厦门湾内外迟角差分别为20°、25°、18°、10°;镇海角至围头角连线东南侧湾口区为逆时针旋转的驻波,西北侧湾内为前进潮波.湾内潮流属正规半日潮流,湾口区潮流以逆时针方向的旋转流运动为主,湾内各水道为往复潮流,椭圆长轴与水道走向一致,4个分潮流表层最大流速分别为201、51、34、25 cm/s;九龙江口区3条港道内的流速以南港最大;表层余流大于底层余流,二者水平分布形态基本一致,都为北进南出.     

南沙及其西南海域的潮波系统

不同研究者所给出的南沙及其西南海域的同潮图历来有很大差别。为了给出更准确的同潮图，本文采用沿岸和岛屿200多个验潮站的调和常数给出了M2，S2，K1和O1四个主要分潮新的同潮图，同时还探讨了这些分潮之间的关系。研究表明，M2和S2在泰国湾的期波系统很相似，但在卡里马塔海峡和爪哇海差别相当大。M2潮波基本上属于驻波性质，而S2潮波则具有向西传播特征。在某些区域，如望加锡海峡的部分区域，S2的振幅可以超过M2。泰国湾中K1和O1的潮波系统也相类似。在卡里马塔海峡，这两个潮波都向南传播，但在爪哇海，O1潮波继续向东传播而K1潮波则倒过来向西传播。     

南海潮汐和潮流的分布特征

本文分析结果表明:(1)在深海区域潮波以前进波的形式自北向南传播,到陆架海域形成驻波。M_2分潮在泰国湾的东部有一个顺时针旋转的无潮点,K_2分潮在北部湾顺化附近和泰国湾西部各育两个反时针旋转的无潮点;(2)M_2分潮流在北部湾和泰国湾最大流速的同潮流时线都存在着两个圆流点,且位于半日分潮波的腹部,在圆流点附近最大流速发生时刻按逆时针方向增加,而其它区域几乎是在同一时刻发生的。K_1分潮流在北部湾和泰国湾也各有一个圆流点;(3)北部湾海防附近的最大变差可达6m以上,而赤道附近、越南顺化、泰国湾中部变差最小,只有1m左右。琼州海峡中部近最大潮流为最强,可达3kn以上,东部深水区域最小,仅0.1kn。     

南海西南部海域M2潮波传播分布研究

本文使用ADI方法对南海西南海域M₂分潮波进行了数值模拟,取得了满意的结果,同时还对此海区的岸形、底形和科氏效应做了数值试验。笔者得出结论:在此海区中存在三个无潮点和三个明显的潮波腹点;泰国湾口的顺时针旋转潮波系统是在弱科氏力作用下,潮波在湾口作缓慢的右转弯形成的;在潮波腹点附近,以腹点为中心流场呈放射状分布。     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域潮汐数值计算

建立二维潮波模式，模拟了台湾海峡及其邻近海域（18～30°N，110～130°E）八个主要分潮（M2、S2、K1、O1、P1、Q1、K2、N2），并利用中国大陆及环台湾岛20多个潮位站的实洲资料进行验证，计算结果与实测值吻合良好。此外，给出了八个主要分潮的同潮图，并逐个讨论了潮汐特征。结果艟示：（1）台湾海峡中的潮波运动是北部蜕化了的旋转潮波系统和南部的前进潮波系统共同作用的结果。（2）半日分潮南、北两支潮波在台湾海峡中部汇合，而今日分潮则在台湾海峡南部海域汇合后继续朝西南方向传播。（3）半日分潮振幅最高值发生在福建省湄洲湾－兴化湾一带，全日分湖最高值则出现在雷州半岛以东一带近岸海域。（4）N2、K2和O1、P1、Q1分湖的振幅、迟角分布分别同M2与K1分潮的整体分布趋势相似。     

印度尼西亚海域潮波的数值研究

基于ROMS模式构建了模拟区域为(15.52°S-7.13°N,110.39°~134.15°E)水平分辨率为2′的潮波数值模式,分别模拟了印尼海域M2、S2、K1、O1四个主要分潮。模拟结果与29个卫星高度计交叠点上的调和常数进行比较,符合较好。M2分潮的振幅均方根差为3.4cm,迟角均方根差为5.9°;S2分潮的振幅均方根差为1.7cm,迟角均方根差为6.3°;K1分潮振幅均方根差为1.1cm,迟角均方根差为5.8°;O1分潮振幅均方根差为1.2cm,迟角均方根差为4.4°。M2、S2、K1、O1分潮向量均方根差分别为3.8cm、2.4cm、1.9cm和1.3cm,模拟结果的相对偏差在10%左右。根据计算结果分析了印尼海域的潮汐特征及潮能传播规律,结果显示:爪哇海以外的印尼海域主要为不规则半日潮区;全日潮潮能主要由太平洋传入印尼海域,而半日潮潮能则是从印度洋传入印尼海域。     

黄河口及其邻近海域水深和岸线变化对M2分潮影响的数值研究

黄河口及其邻近海域水深和岸线的演化显著地影响着该海区的潮波系统。本研究收集到了1972年及2002年水深及岸线数据。在此基础上,基于ROMS模式建立了渤海海域潮波数值模式,模式采用正交曲线坐标,在黄河口及其邻近海域水平分辨率优于500m,其它海域水平分辨率优于2km。模式首先模拟了2002年M2分潮潮波状况,并利用实测资料进行了检验,在此基础上进一步模拟了1972年M2分潮潮波状况。对比分析表明1972—2002年黄河口外M2分潮无潮点向东北方向迁移约30km;期间莱州湾西侧M2分潮振幅明显增强;莱州湾M2分潮迟角呈现由前进波向退化的旋转潮波系统转变的趋势。     

基于潮汐模拟的印尼近海水深数据合成及评价

准确合理的地形水深是影响海洋数值模式模拟和预报的关键。印度尼西亚近海岛屿众多,地形复杂,单一来源的水深数据通常存在较大误差。潮汐数值模拟对地形极为敏感,且其计算量与海洋环流模式相比较小。因此,通过将基于不同水深资料得到的潮汐数值模拟结果与观测对比,能够在一定程度上反映所采用水深数据的准确性。利用FVCOM海洋数值模式建立了覆盖印尼近海的潮波数值模式,采用来自于ETOPO1和ETOPO5(美国地球物理中心发布的地形高程数据,分辨率分别为1′和5′)、卡里马塔海峡和巽他海峡海图水深数据,采用不同的合成方法制作了3套覆盖印尼海及其周边海域的融合水深数据,开展了印尼海及其周边海域的潮波模拟。模拟结果显示,在大洋中ETOPO1水深较为准确,在巽他和卡里马塔海峡、纳土纳海、爪哇海,海图水深更加准确,在阿拉弗拉海131°～135°E,以及卡奔塔利亚湾,使用ETOPO1和ETOPO5合成的水深模拟结果最优。基于这一结果,我们构建了覆盖印尼近海(100°～145°E,17°S～7°N)的融合水深数据,可为提高印尼近海海洋数值模拟精度提供帮助。     

台州湾浅海滩涂大规模围垦下水动力变化分析

基于开源软件TELEMAC-2D建立了台州湾近海潮汐潮流数值模型,对台州湾浅海滩涂大规模围垦前(1984年)和围垦后(2013年)的潮汐潮流进行了模拟计算。从主要分潮潮波分布、潮流场、高低潮位和椒江河口纳潮量4个方面探讨了台州湾浅海滩涂围垦对周边水动力特征的影响。结果表明:滩涂围垦工程对水动力特征的影响局限于围垦区附近水域。围垦后,海域M2分潮波振幅减小,且潮波向岸传播的速度减慢;围垦区附近海域涨落急流速大幅度降低,涨潮流向北偏转,落潮流向南偏转;海域大潮高潮位呈现一定程度的降低,大潮低潮位基本不变;椒江河口纳潮量有较大程度的减少。     

Characteristics of Tides in the Bay of Bengal

A vertically integrated 2D numerical model was developed for the simulation of major tidal constituents (M₂, S₂, N₂, K₁ and O₁) in the Bay of Bengal. The bathymetry for the model domain was derived from an improved ETOPO5 dataset prepared in our earlier work. The simulated tidal elevations showed good agreement with the hourly tide gauge observations at Paradip, Visakhapatnam, and Chennai. The amplitudes and phases of M₂, S₂, K₁, and O₁ at the coastal stations, obtained from harmonic analysis of simulated tides, were found to agree well with those obtained from Admiralty Tide Tables with the RMS misfit 9.2, 5.6, 2.9 and 3.1 cm, respectively. In the Bay of Bengal, semi-diurnal tides (M₂, S₂, and N₂) attain highest amplitudes (180, 80, 30 cm, respectively) in the Gulf of Martaban while amplitudes of diurnal tides (K₁, O₁) reaches maximum (20, 12 cm, respectively) in the Malacca Strait. The continental shelf in the head bay and along the southern coast of Myanmar is about 200 km wide and the amplitudes of semi-diurnal tides are doubled in these regions while the diurnal tides amplify only marginally, which is consistent with Clarke and Battisti theory. In the north eastern end of the head bay and the Gulf of Martaban, the geometrical configuration of the coastline, in addition to the wide continental shelf, could contribute to the amplification of both semi-diurnal and diurnal constituents. In the Malacca Strait, the amplitudes of both semi-diurnal and diurnal tides are found to increase gradually from the northern end to the 2.5°N and decreases towards southern boundary. The co-tidal and co-range charts of M₂ and S₂ tidal constituents also show the presence of two degenerate amphidromic points in the head bay. A virtual amphidromic point for M₂ is identified in the Malacca Strait.     

Clockwise phase propagation of semi-diurnal tides in the Gulf of Thailand

The phase of semi-diurnal tides (M₂ and S₂) propagates clockwise in the central part of the Gulf of Thailand, although that of the diurnal tides (K₁, O₁ and P₁) is counterclock-wise. The mechanism of clockwise phase propagation of semi-diurnal tides at the Gulf of Thailand in the northern hemisphere is examined using a simple numerical model. The natural oscillation period of the whole Gulf of Thailand is near the semi-diurnal period and the direction of its phase propagation is clockwise, mainly due to the propagation direction of the large amplitude part of the incoming semi-diurnal tidal wave from the South China Sea. A simplified basin model with bottom slope and Coriolis force well reproduces the co-tidal and co-range charts of M₂ tide in the Gulf of Thailand.     

渤海潮波系统的数值模拟

利用二维非线性潮波方程组,讨论了渤黄海主要分潮(全日潮、半日潮及浅水分潮) 数值模拟中的有关问题。数值模拟中同时考虑了4个主要分潮(M2,S2,K1,O1)和两个浅水分潮(M4,MS4)。分析表明,在渤黄海潮波系统数值模拟中,稳定后选取14 d的数值模拟结果进行调和分析能够取得最佳(最合理)的调和分析结果。计算出调和常数的模拟值与实测值之差的绝对平均值:M2分潮的振幅差为4cm,迟角差为3.3°,S2分潮的振幅差为2cm,迟角差为4.2°,K1 分潮的振幅差为1cm,迟角差为3.7°,O1分潮的振幅差为2 cm,迟角差为5.5°。实验结果较好地体现了渤黄海潮波系统的特征。     

Cotidal charts and tidal power input atlases of the global ocean from TOPEX/Poseidon and JASON-1 altimetry

The global distributions of eight principal tidal constituents, M₂ , S₂ , K₁ , O₁ , N₂ , K₂ , P₁ , and Q₁ , are derived using TOPEX/Poseidon and JASON-1（T/P-J） satellite altimeter data for 16 a. The intercomparison of the derived harmonics at 7000 subsatellite track crossover points shows that the root mean square （RMS） values of the tidal height differences of the above eight constituents range from 1.19 cm to 2.67 cm, with an average of about 2 cm. The RMS values of the tidal height differences between T/P-J solutions and the harmonics from ground measurements at 152 tidal gauge stations for the above constituents range from 0.34 cm to 1.08 cm, and the relative deviations range from 0.031 to 0.211. The root sum square of the RMS differences of these eight constituents is 2.12 cm, showing the improvement of the present model over the existing global ocean tidal models. Based on the obtained tidal model the global ocean tidal energetics is studied and the global distribution of the tidal power input density by tide-generating force of each constituent is calculated, showing that the power input source regions of semidiurnal tides are mainly concentrated in the tropical belt between 30 S and 30 N, while the power input source regions of diurnal tides are mainly concentrated off the tropic oceans. The global energy dissipation rates of the M₂ , S₂ , K₁ , O₁ , N₂ , P₁ , K₂ and Q₁ tides are 2.424, 0.401, 0.334, 0.160, 0.113, 0.035, 0.030 and 0.006 TW, respectively. The total global tidal dissipation rate of these eight constituents amounts to 3.5 TW.     

Data Assimilation Modeling of the Barotropic Tides in the Korea/Tsushima Strait

During 1999–2000, 13 bottom mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) and 12 wave/tide gauges were deployed along two lines across the Korea/Tsushima Strait, providing long-term measurements of currents and bottom pressure. Tidally analyzed velocity and pressure data from the moorings are used in conjunction with other moored ADCPs, coastal tide gauge measurements, and altimeter measurements in a linear barotropic data assimilation model. The model fits the vertically averaged data to the linear shallow water equations in a least-squares sense by only adjusting the incoming gravity waves along the boundaries. Model predictions are made for the O₁, P₁, K₁, μ₂, N₂, M₂, S₂, and K₂ tides. An extensive analysis of the accuracy of the M₂ surface-height predictions suggests that for broad regions near the mooring lines and in the Jeju Strait the amplitude prediction errors are less than 0.5 cm. Elsewhere, the analysis suggests that errors range from 1 to 4 cm with the exception of small regions where the tides are not well determined by the dataset. The errors in the model predictions are primarily caused by bias error in the model’s physics, numerics, and/or parameterization as opposed to random errors in the observational data. In the model predictions, the highest ranges in sea level height occur for tidal constituents M₂, S₂, K₁, O₁, and N₂, with the highest magnitudes of tidal velocities occurring for M₂, K₁, S₂, and O₁. The tides exhibit a complex structure in which diurnal constituents have higher currents relative to their sea level height ranges than semi-diurnal constituents.     

Numerical study of tidal dynamics in the South China Sea with adjoint method

We adopt a parameterized internal tide dissipation term to the two-dimensional (2-D) shallow water equations, and develop the corresponding adjoint model to investigate tidal dynamics in the South China Sea (SCS). The harmonic constants derived from 63 tidal gauge stations and 24 TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite altimeter crossover points are assimilated into the adjoint model to minimize the deviations of the simulated results and observations by optimizing the bottom friction coefficient and the internal tide dissipation coefficient. Tidal constituents M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ are simulated simultaneously. The numerical results (assimilating only tidal gauge data) agree well with T/P data showing that the model results are reliable. The co-tidal charts of M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ are obtained, which reflect the characteristics of tides in the SCS. The tidal energy flux is analyzed based on numerical results. The strongest tidal energy flux appears in the Luzon Strait (LS) for both semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal constituents. The analysis of tidal energy dissipation indicates that the bottom friction dissipation occurs mainly in shallow water area, meanwhile the internal tide dissipation is mainly concentrated in the LS and the deep basin of the SCS. The tidal energetics in the LS is examined showing that the tidal energy input closely balances the tidal energy dissipation.     

基于FVCOM 的渤海潮波数值模拟

基于有限体积法海洋数值模型(FVCOM),对渤海当前水深岸线状况下的潮汐潮流进行了数值计算。模式采用不规则三角形网格,较好地提高了黄河口处网格分辨率,模拟了渤海海域K1,O1,M2和S2四个主要分潮。利用渤海沿岸19个验潮站的资料对模拟结果进行了验证,K1分潮振幅绝均差2.39 cm,迟角绝均差4.36°,O1分潮振幅绝均差1.40 cm,迟角绝均差4.29°,M2分潮振幅绝均差为3.55 cm,迟角绝均差为5.69°,S2分潮振幅绝均差1.72 cm,迟角绝均差8.86°,结果显示各分潮模拟结果合理,较真实地反映了渤海海域四个分潮传播情况。     

Simulation of tides,residual flow and energy budget in the Gulf of California

With the application of a two-dimensional nonlinear hydrodynamical-numerical semi-implicit model, the principal tides M₂, S₂, K₂, N₂, K₁, P₁ and O₁ were studied. Energy budgets of the semi-diurnal M₂ and S₂ were calculated separately. The linear sum of these budgets was compared with the tidal energy budget obtained when these two tidal constituents interact. Since a quadratic form for the bottom friction was used, remarkable differences were found. The results show that in the area of the Colorado River delta, the dissipation of tidal energy is very strong. Intense tidal currents were observed in the same region and over the Salsipuedes Sill. Energy budgets calculated for forcing waves of different periods, but of the same amplitude, were used to estimate the principal periods of resonance. Although the topography of the Gulf is very complex, the model reproduced observed sea-surface elevation and current patterns. To study spring tide conditions, the above seven tidal constituents were simulated. Estimates of residual currents reveal the presence of several intense cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres. Over the Salsipuedes Sill, residual currents of the M₂ tide reach values of more than 15 cm s⁻¹. Horizontal distributions of dissipation rates of tidal energy and of kinetic energy were also obtained.     

内潮耗散与自吸-负荷潮对南海潮波影响的数值研究

利用非结构三角形网格的FVCOM海洋数值模式,在其传统二维潮波方程中加入参数化的内潮耗散项和自吸-负荷潮项,计算了南海及其周边海域的M_2、S_2、K_1和O_1分潮的分布。与实测值的比较表明,引入这两项对模拟准确度的提高有明显效果。根据模式结果本文计算分析了研究海域的潮能输入和耗散。能量输入计算表明,能通量是潮能输入的最主要构成部分,通过吕宋海峡断面进入南海的M_2和K_1分潮能通量分别为38和29GW;半日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以负值居多,而全日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以正值居多,因而自吸-负荷潮减弱了南海的半日潮,并加强了南海的全日潮。引潮力的作用也减弱了半日潮而加强了全日潮,但其作用要小于自吸-负荷潮。潮能耗散的分析显示底摩擦耗散在沿岸浅水区域起主导作用,内潮耗散则主要发生在深水区域。内潮耗散的最大值出现在吕宋海峡,且位于南海之外的海峡东部的耗散量大于位于南海之内的海峡西部的耗散量。对M_2和K_1分潮吕宋海峡的内潮耗散总值分别达到16和23GW。