甘草种子害虫的幼虫空间分布与抽样技术研究

采用5种不同的判断空间分布格局的聚集度指标,并应用幂法则和回归分析法,得出甘草豆象（Bruchidius ptilinoides Faharaeus）的空间分布型为负二项分布,甘草种子小蜂（Bruchophagus gtycelizae Nikolskya）的空间分布型既属于负二项分布也属于核心分布,甘草种子害虫混合种群的空间分布格局为聚集分布,并得出田间幼虫不同密度时的理论抽样数。     

浸种温度对红芪(Hedysarum polybotrys)种子发芽的影响

采用初始温度不同的水浸红芪(Hedysarum polybotrys)种荚12h,然后发芽,以不浸种为对照,旨在探寻提高种子发芽质量的预处理方法,为规范化生产提供科学依据。结果表明:红芪种子发芽率进程符合Logistic方程,浸种荚对红芪种子发芽特性具有极显著影响。与对照比较,在20~80℃的水中自然冷却浸种12h均不同程度改善了种子发芽特性。随水温的提高,种子发芽质量先提高后下降;当水温为60℃时发芽质量最佳,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别达80.7%、34.7%和4.994,较对照发芽率34.7%、发芽势4.0%和发芽指数1.865分别增加46.0%、30.7%和3.128;但当水温达80℃时,发芽质量出现下降趋势,但仍显著高于对照和20℃水浸处理的水平。60℃热水浸种12h可软化红芪种荚,增强种子吸水吸胀能力,并稀释降低发芽抑制物,有效提高种子出苗质量和育苗成效。水浸种预处理还可有效精选种子,但经浸种后的种子需拌土小心播种,严防机械损伤。     

模拟沙地干旱环境研究电场对两种沙生植物抗旱性的影响

用不同电场条件处理沙生植物柠条（Caragana intermedia）和沙蒿（Artemisia songarica Schrenk）种子,采用人工模拟干旱试验方法,研究电场处理后这两种植物种子萌发和生物量对土壤干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,电场处理缓解了两种植物随干旱程度加重出现的负效应,不同处理条件,种子萌发和生物量对干旱胁迫的适应性的影响不同,电场处理能够提高种子在干旱胁迫条件下的发芽率和发芽势,提高两种沙生植物生物量干重和鲜重。这些变化缓解了干旱胁迫对柠条和沙蒿种子的伤害,提高了对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

电场处理后柠条(Caragana korshinskii)种子对干旱胁迫的敏感性

测定干旱胁迫、电场处理对柠条(Caragana korshinskii)种子的萌发指标和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:电场作用对种子的萌发和幼苗的生长既可起促进作用又可起抑制作用。将经过电场处理和干旱胁迫柠条种子的培育成幼苗,与对照组相比,幼苗的可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、脯氨酸及叶绿素含量均发生了改变。电场处理种子具有增强柠条种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫耐受性的作用,也可缓解植物的衰老。     

几种旱生灌木种子萌发特性及化学成分

研究了旱生灌木白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala)、红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、羊柴(Hedysarum mongdicum)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)种子的化学成分、适宜发芽条件下的吸水发芽特性及两者之间的关系,测定和计算了其发芽率、吸水率,淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质、碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及C:N、C:P、N:P值,并分析了这些指标间的相关性,以期归纳出西北干旱荒漠区植物种子萌发适应干旱环境的基本特性。结果表明:脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、氮含量与种子的最低萌发需水量之间呈显著正相关,而种子的单一化学成分及C:N、C:P、N:P值并没有对发芽率形成显著影响。8种植物种子萌发对环境的适应机制大致可分为两类:需要外界较高水分供应,萌发迅速而集中;不需要外界较高水分的供应,萌发持续而分散。     

水分和沙埋对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响

通过室内试验研究了土壤水分和沙埋深度对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明:草本雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）种子萌发和幼苗出土喜好水分,水分含量越高,种子发芽率越高;半灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）、灌木沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）种子在含水量为15%~20%的土壤中发芽率高,干旱或水分含量过高会导致种子发芽率降低。沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗,雾冰藜种子在无沙埋时发芽率最高,黑沙蒿适宜沙埋深度为0.5 cm,沙冬青和沙棘适宜沙埋深度1.0 cm。     

储藏温度、NaCl及PEG渗透处理对中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)种子萌发的影响

以中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)种子为试验材料,进行储藏温度(室温,15~35℃;保鲜,4~5℃;冷藏,-10~-4℃)、NaCl盐胁迫及PEG渗透胁迫处理下的萌发试验。结果表明:前期经保鲜处理的种子无论在盐胁迫还是在干旱胁迫条件下都要比经室温和冷藏处理的种子发芽率高,其种子在盐胁迫条件下的最高发芽率为90%,在干旱胁迫条件下的最高发芽率为87%。     

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)叶片吸水潜力及影响因素

叶片吸水是干旱荒漠人工植被区植物利用小量级降水的主要方式,对缓解植物干旱胁迫具有重要的生态水文学意义。测定了腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区1956、1964、1981年栽植的柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)叶片单位面积吸水量(LWUC)、叶片含水量增加率(R_w)、叶片水分饱和亏(WSD)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶片干物质含量(LDMC),并分析了它们与叶片水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及浅层、深层土壤水分之间的关系。结果表明:柠条、油蒿、花棒的叶片均具有吸收水分的能力,吸水量油蒿花棒柠条,LWUC分别为0.249～1.879、0.429～10.009、0.051～4.955 mg·cm~(-2)。LWUC最适合表征植物吸水能力的性状,柠条的LWUC与R_w、LDMC极显著正相关(P0.01),与SLA显著正相关(P0.05);油蒿的LWUC与R_w、WSD极显著正相关(P0.01);花棒的LWUC与R_w、WSD极显著正相关(P0.01),与SLA显著负相关(P0.05)。柠条和油蒿的叶片单位面积吸水量主要受叶片水势的影响,而花棒则受叶片水势和WUE的共同影响,但在不同年代的人工植被区,浅层土壤水分均为主要影响因子。     

超干处理与保存温度对黄花补血草种子的影响

 采用室温硅胶干燥法超干处理黄花补血草(Limonium aureum）种子,将种子含水量由8.92%分别降至 4.67%、3.54%、2.88%和 1.24%,在室温和5 ℃条件下保存12个月后,测定不同含水量超干种子经缓湿处理后的活力指标变化。试验结果表明:适度超干处理的黄花补血草种子在发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数等几项指标上均高于未超干处理的对照种子,不同含水量的超干种子相对电导率低于对照,脱氢酶活性高于对照,丙二醛含量也低于对照处理种子。在试验中种子含水量不低于3.54%时,超干处理对种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数没有影响。通过对电导率、脱氢酶活性和丙二醛含量的研究表明,适度超干处理对种子细胞膜的完整性没有破坏,相反,可以使黄花补血草种子保持较高的活力,因此,利用超干技术保存黄花补血草种子是一种较为理想的种子保存方法。     

水分、盐分和埋深对铃铛刺和疏叶骆驼刺种子萌发的影响

在塔里木河下游通过不同水分、盐分和埋深对铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)和疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)种子萌发的影响进行了研究,结果显示:(1)水分显著影响铃铛刺种子的萌发(P＜0.001),随着土壤水分含量的增加,种子的萌发率呈现先增加后下降的趋势;水分对疏叶骆驼刺种子萌发的影响不显著(P＞0.05).(2)盐分极显著影响2种植物种子的萌发(P＜0.05),铃铛刺种子萌发率随盐(NaCL)浓度增加呈直线下降趋势(R2=0.935 1);疏叶骆驼刺种子的萌发率随着盐浓度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势(R2=0.845 8),即低盐浓度(0～0.2 mol/,L)促进骆驼刺种子的萌发,盐浓度＞0.3 mol/L,种子萌发开始受到抑制.(3)埋深明显影响豆科植物种子的萌发.两种植物种子发芽率随埋深的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,当埋深为0和2 cm时均不萌发.     

Factors influencing seed germination of Cyperus capitatus, inhabiting the moving sand dunes in southern Europe

Cyperus capitatus Vandelli (Cyperaceae) is distributed in coastal sandy habitats and mobile dunes of south Europe. Its seed germination ecology is not known, despite its potential to be used in re-vegetation projects. Laboratory experiments were conduced to assess the effects of salinity, light regime, cold stratification and burial on seed germination of this species. Overall, increasing salinity delayed germination, increased seed dormancy and mean time to germination (MTG), and reduced final germination percentage, inhibiting it completely above 1% of salinity; although it did not affect seed viability. C. capitatus seeds exhibited their greatest germination at levels between 0 and 1% in non-stratified seeds, and between 0 and 0.5% for stratified seeds. Thus, the effect of salt was greater for stratified seeds at 5 °C. Germination in light/darkness conditions was similar to that in full darkness. Finally, burial in sand of C. capitatus seeds appeared to have a significant effect on cumulative percentage of germination. Seeds buried at depths greater than 2 and 3 cm showed a lower germination success than those on sand surface or buried at shallower depths. Burial also affected the beginning and speed of seed germination.     

Effects of seed beetles on the performance of desert legumes depend on host species,plant stage,and beetle density

Seeds of many arid habitat plants have a water-impermeable coat and can germinate only after being scarified. Bruchine seed beetles are important parasites of legume seeds in these environments, but their effect on germination can be unpredictable. Beetles deplete seed resources and can kill the embryo but also scarify seeds. We investigated the effects of a generalist parasite, Stator limbatus, on the germination and growth of two common legumes in the Sonoran desert, catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii) and blue paloverde (Parkinsonia florida). Feeding damage from a single larva greatly increased germination of paloverde but not acacia. This benefit was reduced if seeds were attacked by multiple larvae. Beetle-damaged seeds of both hosts germinated more quickly than did control seeds. Infestation by beetles reduced seedling size, though effects were greater for paloverde than for acacia. Our results demonstrate that the effect of S. limbatus can be highly host-specific. In addition, beetle infestation may enhance or reduce seedling recruitment, depending on the availability of other scarifying agents and the number of larvae per seed. Such contingencies make it difficult to predict the net effect of seed beetles on efforts to control invasive legume hosts or establish native hosts during aridland restoration.     

Pre- and post-dispersal seed loss and soil seed dynamics of the dominant Bulnesia retama (Zygophyllaceae) shrub in a sandy Monte desert of western Argentina

In deserts and semi-deserts dominant plants seldom rely on a persistent seed bank to ensure their recruitment from sexual reproduction, which is generally based on the seeds produced in the last reproductive event. We studied pre- and post-dispersal seed loss of Bulnesia retama, a dominant shrub of the sandy Monte deserts (western Argentina). We hypothesised that pre- and post-dispersal seed depletion in B. retama regulate soil seed density and in turn decrease soil seed reserves. We also hypothesised that spatial patches induced by standing vegetation and other microsites additionally affect post-dispersal seed loss and soil seed density.We observed that as much as half the total seed production was lost due to pre-dispersal seed predation. Seed dispersal plus predation showed a negative exponential function with 61% of seeds falling during the first 28 days, and 99% after 90 days, when 34% of the seeds remained inside excluded branches. A significant patch effect was observed on soil seed density and seed dynamics, with a greater number of seeds and increased seed depletion rates below B. retama shrubs. However, spatial patches did not affect seed germination although they increased with burial time, from 22% to 70% after 75 and 276 days, respectively. Likewise, a similar trend was found in potential seed germination; seeds collected directly from mother plants had a low germination rate (less than 25%), which increased to 75% after 276 days of soil burial. About 15% of the dispersed seeds should persist to the next rainy season, thus contributing to a low-density but persistent seed bank.The delay in seed germination and temporal decrease in soil seed density that we observed for B. retama suggest that a set of mechanisms have been developed promoting germination events whenever soil water is available, at any moment of the year.     

荒漠植物种子萌发研究进展

 对种子自身结构,水分、温度、光照、沙埋深度等对荒漠植物种子萌发的影响进行了综述。硬实种子的不透水性、不透气性以及物理障碍是影响种子萌发的重要因素,通过热水浸种、擦破种皮或果皮、浓硫酸浸泡、低温或辐射处理可以破除硬实的影响。有些荒漠植物果皮或种皮外包有粘液层,这种结构对种子的萌发及幼苗生长有促进作用;部分植物的种胚覆盖物含有生长抑制物质而抑制种子萌发;胚休眠与后熟是影响胚萌发的重要生理因素。雨量大小、分布,降雨次数及土壤湿度是决定荒漠植物种子萌发的重要生态因子;温度影响种子的萌发,变温促进萌发;部分荒漠植物种子的萌发需要光照,有些要在暗中萌发,有些则对光无特异的需求;沙埋深度可调节光照、土壤湿度和土壤温度,从而调节种子萌发。应重视荒漠植物种子对严酷环境适应的研究,从分子水平上阐述其对严酷生境的适应机制。     

水盐胁迫对花花柴种子萌发的影响

 水盐胁迫直接影响盐生植物的种子萌发,本研究通过对盐生植物花花柴种子带冠毛与否及不同胁迫处理下种子萌发率的比较分析,探讨花花柴种子萌发期的耐盐特性。对花花柴带冠毛和不带冠毛种子在蒸馏水中的对比萌发结果表明,冠毛对花花柴种子的最终萌发率无影响,但明显延长种子的萌发时间,可能与阻碍种子吸水有关。花花柴种子经过冷处理,成熟的种子没有出现生理休眠现象,有利于种子在条件适宜时迅速起始萌发。采用不同浓度NaCl和等渗的PEG6000 (聚乙二醇) 处理花花柴种子,结果表明：①NaCl和PEG胁迫对花花柴种子的萌发具有非常明显的抑制作用,主要表现为降低种子的萌发率,延长种子的萌发时间,抑制胚根和胚芽的生长;②NaCl对花花柴种子萌发的抑制作用明显地大于等渗的PEG,说明离子胁迫是影响花花柴种子萌发的主要因素;③花花柴种子萌发的耐盐临界值为213 mM,极限值为340 mM;④低浓度的NaCl溶液（50 mM）不影响花花柴种子的萌发和胚芽的生长,表明花花柴种子适宜在低盐条件下萌发;⑤盐胁迫下未萌发种子的复水实验结果表明,高盐处理后未萌发的种子具有较高的复萌率,但各处理下种子最终萌发率没有显著差异,表明高盐能使种子休眠,但种子的活力仍能保持,有利于种群的维持。     

干旱沙区典型人工植被群落下土壤剖面CO_2浓度变化特征及其驱动因子

对人工固沙植被区柠条(Caragana korshinskii)群落和油蒿(Caragana korshinskii)群落下不同深度的土壤气体采样,主要研究和讨论了不同类型人工植被区下土壤CO2浓度的变化特征及土壤温度和土壤水分对其的影响。结果表明:柠条和油蒿群落0~80cm处的土壤空气CO2浓度随着土壤深度的增加而增加,并且在0~40cm,油蒿群落下的土壤CO2浓度值大于柠条,而在40cm以下则相反。其平均值分别为1 229.3μmol·mol-1和1 242.7μmol·mol-1,大于同一深度流沙下土壤CO2浓度值978.9μmol·mol-1。土壤水分与二者的土壤CO2浓度变化趋势在年际尺度上具有一致性,浅层40cm内油蒿群落下的土壤CO2浓度和土壤水分含量的相关性明显大于柠条和流沙。而在40cm以下,则表现为柠条油蒿流沙。土壤温度对土壤CO2浓度的影响程度一般为流沙油蒿柠条,特别是流沙,在表层达到了极显著的水平,之后随着土壤深度的增加而降低。而土壤温度对油蒿和柠条样地土壤CO2浓度的影响较为复杂,呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。在年际尺度上,土壤水分含量是不同植被群落下土壤剖面CO2浓度的关键限制因子,而在日尺度上,土壤温度则为主要限制因子。据粗略估计,在0~80cm内,柠条和油蒿根系呼吸所占的比例约为30.7%和33.3%。     

兰州九州台四种绿化树种抗旱性机理比较研究

在不同土壤水分条件下对兰州市九州台四种绿化树种柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Cheng f.)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)的多项抗旱性生理指标进行了测定,结果表明: ①在不同土壤水分条件下柠条和沙枣的水分饱和亏、束缚水、束缚水/自由水比值、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量均高于沙冬青和刺槐,而水势较低。②沙枣一日内的蒸腾速率、气孔导度低于其他三种树种,水分利用率高于其他三种树种。(3)用隶属函数法对四种树种的水分生理参数进行综合评价,结果表明柠条的抗旱性最强,其次为沙枣,沙冬青,刺槐最小。     

沙柳有性繁殖与关键环境因素的关系研究

沙柳种子的萌发受到多个因素的综合作用。在沙土含水量较低时沙柳种子可以萌发,但沙土含水量低于2%时不能萌发;干旱胁迫使沙柳实生苗发芽率降低;盐分可明显抑制沙柳种子萌发,同时抑制沙柳实生苗的茎生长;沙柳种子适宜的覆沙厚度是1.0～4.0 mm,当覆沙达到7 mm时种子出苗受到抑制;沙柳最适宜的发芽温度是25 ℃,当温度升到40 ℃时发芽率明显下降,而当降到10 ℃时种子发芽率也明显下降,达到5 ℃时沙柳种子尽管能发芽,但无茎生长。