蚀变矿物填图技术在斑岩型铜矿找矿勘查中的应用—以滇西北香格里拉松诺矿床为例

松诺铜矿区位于香格里拉格咱斑岩铜矿带红山-普朗铜多金属成矿亚带中段,矿区剥蚀程度较低,具有寻找斑岩型铜矿的潜力。本次蚀变矿物填图工作采用近红外光谱矿物分析技术,识别出绿泥石、绿帘石、高岭石、云母类、蒙脱石类及伊利石等6类主要蚀变矿物,蚀变类型为青磐岩化、绢英岩化;结合物探、化探异常分布,圈定3处找矿靶区,经对KHT2、KHT3钻孔验证,深部均圈定多层铜矿化体。结果表明,近红外光谱矿物分析技术在斑岩型铜多金属矿床勘查评价中可以较好地划分热液矿化蚀变带,进一步明确斑岩型矿化-蚀变中心,为探矿工程部署提供依据。     

Porphyry Copper Deposit Prognosis in the Middle Region of the Bangonghu–Nujiang Metallogenic Belt,Tibet, Using ASTER Remote Sensing Data

The B angonghu–N ujiang metallogenic belt is considered to be T ibet’s third copper belt after the Y ulong and G angdese copper belts. The D uolong gold‐rich porphyry copper deposit, located in the western part of the B angonghu–N ujiang belt was recently recognized as a superlarge prospect. The A dvanced S paceborne T hermal E mission and R eflection R adiometer (ASTER ) was used to characterize the D uolong porphyry deposit alteration area, and three methods, color enhancement, band ratio transformation, and spectral angle mapping, were utilized to extract the phyllic and argillic alteration zones, which are typically considered the most important predictors of porphyry copper. Seven prospecting areas, which match mapped alteration zones, were delineated in the D uolong deposit. In addition, an ASTER image of the eastern region of the B angonghu–N ujiang belt in the X iongmei area was used to extract alteration information, and an area with image characteristics similar to the D uobuza and B olong ore deposits was identified as a prospecting area. Numerous malachite outcrops were identified in the field, and both laboratory analysis and isotopic dating confirmed that the deposit had formed concurrently with the D uobuza deposit (119 M a). Geologic mapping at the 1:5000 scale was conducted in the area, and three types of ore‐bearing rocks were identified, indicating that this area has significant potential to host ore deposits. The discovery of the X iongmei copper mining area is significant for the B angonghu–N ujiang belt.     

Application of Principal Component Analysis and Spectral Angle Mapper in the Mapping of Hydrothermal Alteration in the Jebal–Barez Area,Southeastern Iran

The southeastern part of the central Iranian Cenozoic magmatic belt contains many areas with copper mineralization. In an analysis of this region, we used the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM⁺) images to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks, based on their mineral assemblages. The spectral measurements, based on the field samples and satellite‐image‐derived spectra, show dominantly Al–OH (sericite and clays) and Fe–O absorption features in the visible–near infrared to shortwave infrared regions of the spectrum. Silica–bearing rocks, as well as silicic alteration, show an intense Si–O vibrational feature in the thermal infrared wavelength region. We analyzed ASTER/ETM⁺ images, performed a directed principal component analysis, and used spectral angle mapper to map areas of hydrothermal alteration and iron oxide/hydroxide minerals. The individual principal component images compiled by directed principal component analysis reveal the distribution of individual alteration minerals such as sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, epidote, and quartz. The best results, in terms of mapping the distribution of alteration, were obtained using the spectral angle mapper method. The altered areas were then sampled and the samples subjected to X–ray diffraction analysis, spectral analysis, and thin sections were observed under a microscope. Field observations reveal that more than 98% of the known copper mineralization occurs within the interpreted alteration areas. The present results indicate the great potential of ASTER and ETM⁺ data for mapping the distribution of alteration and exploring for copper mineralization in areas with a similar climate and geological setting to those of the present study.     

A Comparative Study of Landsat‐7 and Landsat‐8 Data Using Image Processing Methods for Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping

Comparing spaceborne satellite images of Landsat‐8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) was undertaken to investigate the relative accuracy of mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals. The study investigated the northern part of Rabor, which contains copper mineralization occurrences, and is located in the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic assemblage (KCMA), Iran. Image processing methods of band ratio, principal component analysis (PCA), and spectral angle mapper (SAM) were used to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks associated with the porphyry copper mineralization. The band ratio combination of both sensors for mapping altered areas showed similar outcomes. PCA exposed variations in the spatial distribution of hydroxyl‐bearing minerals. The representation of hydrothermal areas using OLI data was more satisfactory than when using ETM+ data. SAM analysis found similar results for mapping hydroxyl‐bearing zones. Verification of the results came through ground investigation and laboratory studies. Rock samples (n = 56) were collected to validate results using thin sections, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and spectral analyses. Field observations and laboratory analysis revealed that phyllic and propylitic alterations dominate the alteration zones in the study area. Argillic and iron oxides/hydroxides alterations were observed to a lesser degree. The results indicate that alteration maps prepared by OLI data using PCA for visual interpretation are more suitable than those of ETM+ due to a higher radiometric resolution and lower interference between vegetation and altered areas. As the spectral bandwidth of ETM+ band 7 covers absorption feature of propylitic alteration, better mapping of propylitic alterations is achieved using ETM+ data.     

Discrimination of Different Erosion Levels of Porphyry Cu Deposits using ASTER Image Processing in Eastern Iran: a Case Study in the Maherabad, Shadan, and Chah Shaljami Areas

The Lut block, eastern Iran, is one of the most extensive Cenozoic magmatic rocks, that show suitable targets for porphyry Cu-Au and high-sulfidation epithermal Au related to porphyry Cu-Au mineralization. In this study, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER） was used to identify different erosion levels of three porphyry Cu deposits, including Maherabad, Shadan, and Chah Shaljami, located in the Lut block volcanic-plutonic belt. Alteration minerals, including kaolinite, dickite, alunite, jarosite, epidote, chlorite, montmorillonite, muscovite, biotite, orthoclase, gypsum, and quartz, are selected to map different alteration zones and erosion levels. Distributions of end-members are mapped by using the SAM and MTMF in VNIR and SWIR of ASTER bands and the results are evaluated against the field studies. For some end-members, the results of SAM processing are more reliable compared to the MTMF because the latter looses field spectra. The use of angle threshold in the SAM, and MF-score and infeasibility value in the MTMF or low abundance of some end-members, and finally comparison of output images of spectral processing show good correlation with alteration maps. Differentiation and explanation of various erosion levels of porphyry Cu deposits are done successfully by using the ASTER sensor data.     

A comprehensive VIKOR method for integration of various exploratory data in mineral potential mapping

The central Iranian volcanic-sedimentary belt in Kerman province of Iran that is located within the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc zone is chosen to integrate diverse evidential layers for mineral potential mapping. The studied area has high potential of mineral occurrences especially porphyry copper, and the prepared potential maps aim to outline new prospect zones for further investigation. Two evidential layers including the downward continued map and the analytic signal of filtered magnetic data are generated to be used as geophysical plausible traces of porphyry copper occurrences. The low values of the resistivity layer acquired from airborne frequency domain electromagnetic data are also used as an electrical criterion in this study. Four remote sensing evidential layers including argillic, phyllic, propylitic, and hydroxyl alterations are extracted from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images in order to map the altered areas associated with porphyry copper deposits. The Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images are used as well to prepare iron oxide layer. Since potassic alteration is generally the mainstay of copper ore mineralization, the airborne potassium radiometry data is used to explore both phyllic and potassic alteration. Finally, the geochemical layers of Cu/B/Pb/Zn elements and the main geochemical component responsible for ore mineralization extracted from principal component analysis are included in the integration process to prepare final potential maps. The conventional and the extended version of VIKOR method (as a well-known algorithm in multi-criteria decision making problems) produced two mineral potential maps, and the results were compared with the ones acquired from prevalent methods of the index overlay and fuzzy logic operators of sum and gamma. The final mineral potential maps based upon desired geo-data set indicate adequately matching of high potential zones with previous working and active mines of copper deposits.     

论南岭成矿带大宝山斑岩型铜矿的特殊性及其勘查意义

广东省大宝山矿床是南岭成矿带唯一的大型铜多金属矿床，此次研究在矿区中南部发现了细脉浸染状铜矿的新类型。为确定其是否为斑岩型铜矿的成因类型，本文在梳理南岭成矿带铜成矿条件和成矿规律的基础上，查明了矿区中南部英安斑岩的蚀变和铜矿化特征。综合研究认为南岭成矿带早侏罗世中酸性斑岩的小岩体较多，叠加多期断裂构造和碳酸盐岩建造，非常有利于铜多金属成矿物质的运移、富集。大宝山英安斑岩发育黑云母化、钾长石化、青磐岩化、绢英岩化、泥化等蚀变类型，铜矿化与绢英岩化、绿泥石化关系密切。大宝山铜矿中的英安斑岩沿逆冲推覆构造侵位并呈岩墙状产出，冷却过程中受区域构造应力产生了一组平行裂隙，岩浆房去气作用排出的热液沿裂隙蚀变围岩并充填成矿。大宝山斑岩型铜矿取得的找矿勘查成果表明，“全位成矿，缺位找矿”理念可以有效指导靶区圈定和老矿山外围（深部）找矿勘查，早侏罗世的南岭具有形成较大规模斑岩型铜矿的条件。     

ASTER Spectral Analysis for Host Rock Associated with Porphyry Copper-molybdenum Mineralization

This study is an attempt to understand the application of spectral image processing methods to ASTER data for mapping host rock associated with porphyry copper-molybdenum mineralization. The application of remote sensing in identifying variations in surface mineralogy, structural elements, and lithologic contacts can help in identifying such relations. Signatures collected from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data is used to map the host rock of Zafarqand area. The study area is located in the central segment of the Urumieh–Dokhtar volcanic belt of Iran. The Urumieh-Dokhtar is a potential zone for exploration of new porphyry copper deposits. Band ratio, band math, false colour composites and principal component analysis techniques are used to refine the different lithologic units in the area. These methods showed the discrimination of acidic igneous rock from intermediate igneous rock and the boundary between igneous rocks using the shortwave infrared bands (SWIR) of ASTER at regional scale. Results have proven to be effective and in accordance with the results of field observations, ore microscopy examination and with reference geological map. In conclusion, the image processing methods used can provide cost-effective information to discover possible locations of porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization prior to detailed and costly ground investigations. The extraction of spectral information from ASTER data can produce comprehensive and accurate information for copper and gold resource investigations around the world, including those yet to be discovered.     

青海省兴海县赛什塘铜矿的斑岩型矿化特征及其找矿前景

青海省兴海县赛什塘铜矿床中局部具斑岩型矿化的特征,该矿区中酸性侵入岩发育并具明显的多期次和多类型.该类铜矿化发生于中-酸性岩浆侵入活动末期的闪长玢岩、花岗闪长斑岩、斜长花岗斑岩、石英斑岩、爆破角砾岩中,围岩蚀变强烈且具分带性.加强对蚀变闪长玢岩、花岗闪长斑岩、斜长花岗斑岩、石英斑岩、爆破角砾岩发育地段的找矿工作,有望实现本区找矿新突破.     

短波红外光谱矿物测量技术在热液蚀变矿物填图中的应用——以土屋斑岩铜矿床为例

便携式短波红外光谱仪（PIMA）是利用短波红外光谱测量技术，对肉眼难以识别的层状硅酸盐、粘土、碳酸盐以及部分硫酸盐矿物进行快速识别的实用仪器。通过不同地质环境的光谱参考数据库及计算机数据处理软件，辅之野外观察和必要的岩石学分析，可以从PIMA测量获得的谱线中得出研究区蚀变矿物组合的信息。应用蚀变矿物组合，结合其他勘探数据，有利于确定钻孔的位置，指导区域勘探工作。PIMA可应用于许多成矿环境中，包括高硫化物、低硫化物热液成矿系统、斑岩成矿系统、中温热液成矿系统、沉积岩中的金-铜矿床、铀矿床、火山成因块状硫化物矿床和金伯利岩矿床。已有的研究表明，PIMA可以快速获得和处理短波红外光谱数据并形成蚀变矿物钻孔柱状分布图或平面分布图，这些信息对找矿靶区的确定至关重要。应用PIMA在新疆土屋斑岩铜矿区开展了系统的蚀变矿物填图工作，有效地识别出镁绿泥石、铁绿泥石、蒙脱石、白云母、黑云母等蚀变矿物，这些蚀变矿物的类型和丰度与岩石鉴定结果基本一致，在此基础上，建立了土屋斑岩铜矿区蚀变矿物组合及其分带模式，并与传统的分带模式进行了对比。最后总结了土屋斑岩铜矿区PIMA找矿模型，该模型对土屋斑岩铜矿区及未知地区矿产勘查工作具有指导意义。     

碰撞造山型斑岩铜矿蚀变分带模式--以西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带为例

岛弧环境斑岩铜矿蚀变分带模式已为人们所熟知 ,但碰撞造山环境的斑岩铜矿蚀变分带特征尚不清楚。对此 ,文中以西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带为例 ,选择驱龙、冲江、厅宫 3个典型斑岩铜矿 ,对其蚀变系统进行了系统研究。依据蚀变矿物组合可分为 3个蚀变带 ,呈环带状分布。从中心向外依次为钾硅酸盐化带、石英绢云母化带、青磐岩化带。泥化带不太发育 ,通常叠加在其它蚀变带之上。钾硅酸盐化带主要蚀变矿物为钾长石、黑云母、石英、硬石膏 ,伴有大量的黄铜矿与辉钼矿 ,是成矿物质的主要堆积区。石英绢云母化带与钾硅酸盐化带渐变过渡或叠加其上 ,是次于钾硅酸盐化带的储矿部位。蚀变矿物组合为绢云母 +石英 +钾长石 ,金属硫化物有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿、斑铜矿 ,少量的方铅矿、闪锌矿。主要的辉钼矿以石英 +辉钼矿脉的形式出现于本矿带。青磐岩化在斑岩体内不发育 ,矿化极微弱。蚀变岩石组分分析表明 ,岩石蚀变及其分带是岩浆流体 /岩石反应时K ,Na ,Ca ,Mg等组分迁移的结果 ,矿化伴随着蚀变发生。钾硅酸盐化带、石英绢云母化带和青磐岩化带的蚀变岩石与未 (弱 )蚀变斑岩具有一致的稀土配分模式 ,REE含量有规律地变化 ,说明蚀变岩石均经历了源于岩浆的流体的交代 ,不同的蚀变形成于岩浆流体演化的不同阶段。蚀?     

秦岭造山带柞水-山阳矿集区斑岩型铜矿成矿规律及找矿方向分析

柞水-山阳矿集区为秦岭造山带内一晚古生代构造-裂陷沉降带和热水沉积盆地,是秦岭造山带内重要的矿集区之一。盆地内燕山期中酸性小岩体较为发育,且围绕小岩体的铜矿化作用较强。以往的找矿工作中,由于找矿思路等方面的束缚,对区内小岩体的深入工作较少。近年来,对区内一些小岩体的野外地质特征、成矿特点等方面进行了勘查、评价工作,取得了突破性进展,在池沟地区和冷水沟地区均发现了厚大铜矿体,矿体多赋存于斑岩体与围岩的接触带附近,蚀变强烈,主要发育钾硅酸盐化、青磐岩化、绢英岩化,其中钾硅酸盐化与青磐岩化叠加部位铜矿化尤为强烈,具有典型的斑岩型矿化特征,认为区内铜矿化作用与燕山期小岩体关系密切。本文在分析区内现有斑岩型铜矿床成矿地质特征及找矿潜力的基础上,总结成矿规律,提出找矿方向,认为围绕燕山期斑岩体寻找斑岩型铜矿可作为本区寻找铜矿的一个突破口。     

低植被覆盖区斑岩铜矿遥感找矿模型及其应用——以环巴尔喀什-西准噶尔成矿带为例

针对遥感找矿过程中所面临的干扰因素多、地表覆盖类型多样导致的遥感找矿困难的问题,提出了低植被覆盖区斑岩铜矿"小型侵入岩体异常+线性构造异常+蚀变矿物异常"的多尺度遥感找矿模型,并系统总结了该模型的基本原理和技术流程。以环巴尔喀什-西准噶尔成矿带为研究区,分析了研究区的成矿地质背景;在遥感找矿模型的指导下,依据遥感找矿技术流程提取了研究区的岩性、构造和蚀变矿物等控矿要素;结合野外地表验证情况,综合多源数据,圈定了5处重点远景区;结合大比例尺遥感蚀变矿物填图、地质、地球物理、地球化学和探槽取样的分析结果,圈定3处遥感找矿靶区。     

西藏地堡那木岗斑岩型铜矿多光谱遥感蚀变矿物组合分带特征

文章基于ASTER和Landsat-8OLI两种多光谱遥感数据,采用高光谱遥感技术混合调谐滤波(MTMF)、多光谱遥感技术相对吸收深度(RBD)、波段比值(BR)等方法提取了西藏多龙矿集区地堡那木岗斑岩型铜金矿床地表的蚀变矿物组合。其结果表明,基于ASTER数据的MTMF技术可将Al—OH矿物划分为白云母+高岭石/蒙脱石和地开石+蒙脱石+累托石两种组合,进一步可细分出斑岩型矿床多光谱遥感地表蚀变矿物组合并呈现出良好的分带特征:地堡那木岗铜金矿床自内而外依次为白云母+高岭石/蒙脱石→地开石+蒙脱石+累托石→Mg—OH类矿物组合,分别对应于前人野外调查所勘测到的的绢英岩化带+泥化带→泥化带→青磐岩化带,Fe3+矿物叠加于绢英岩化带、泥化带及其两带的叠合部位。所提取的多光谱遥感蚀变矿物组合分带特征对该区斑岩型铜金矿床的勘查工作提供了重要的遥感线索,对定位找矿靶区具有指导意义。     

高光谱蚀变矿物提取在地质找矿中的应用——以吉林某斑岩型钼矿为例

国内外已广泛使用高光谱方法提取和识别岩石和矿物的技术。本文利用这个技术,在地面光谱测试、数据处理和光谱特征分析的基础上,提取和识别出斑岩钼矿区的蚀变矿物,通过分析与钼矿化蚀变的相关性,从12种主要蚀变矿物中优选出5种在矿区具有代表性的蚀变矿物:绢云母、蒙脱石、伊利石化绢云母、高岭石(结晶差)和铁镁绿泥石。结合其空间分布和分带特征,分析了与钼矿化的关系,进而划分出内、中和外三个蚀变带,预测了矿区的找矿方向,并提供了一种新的找矿思路。     

西藏甲玛斑岩矿床系统地质、蚀变、矿化的三维地质模型

甲玛矿床位于西藏冈底斯成矿带东段,是公益性与商业性勘查结合取得的重要成果。目前已累计探明和控制铜资源量超过700万吨,共伴生钼、铅锌、金、银资源量均达到大型以上规模。本文在充分收集、整理甲玛矿床最新勘查资料、研究成果的基础上,运用MICROMINE软件三维建模及可视化技术,遵循点→线→面→体的构建原则,进行人机交互分析,构建了甲玛矿床地质、蚀变、矿体三维实体模型,并根据不同矿体品位分布变化的实际情况,对矿体模块模型进行克里格法或距离反比加权法品位插值,构建各种元素的矿化模型。并综合国内外对斑岩、矽卡岩矿床的研究新趋向对模型进行了地质解译,认为甲玛斑岩矿床是由斑岩钼铜矿体、矽卡岩铜多金属矿体、角岩铜钼矿体以及破碎带中独立金矿体构成的"四位一体"典型斑岩成矿系统产物,其中矽卡岩主要有接触带近端矽卡岩、层间构造中的远端矽卡岩以及受控于推滑覆构造产出的矽卡岩三种产出型式,由岩浆热液沿层间构造和推滑覆构造扩散交代大理岩和角岩形成;研究认为甲玛斑岩矿床具有典型的斑岩矿床蚀变系统,但蚀变分带有所差异,钾化带与青磐岩化带是在相对碱性条件下形成,而绢英岩化带与泥化带趋向于在相对酸性条件下形成。此外,大规模的角岩、矽卡岩对寻找深部斑岩矿体具有指示意义,甲玛斑岩矿体、角岩矿体仍具巨大的找矿潜力。因此,本研究构建的甲玛三维模型直观地展示了矿区地层、岩体、构造分布情况、赋矿层位、矿化品位分布规律以及蚀变分带特征,为甲玛矿床的成因、成矿规律总结、找矿勘查、矿山生成开发等综合研究提供重要的科学依据。     

Detecting Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Alteration Areas with Integration of ASTER Image and Spectral Data in Kösedag-Zara (Sivas), Turkey

Remote sensing technology and its terrestrial components are more useful than classical geological investigation in mineral exploration and mapping the hydrothermal alteration areas and help to investigate larger areas in short time. Intrusive and volcanic rocks, namely Kösedag syenite and Karatas volcanics in Kösedag (Zara) area shows argillic alteration zones. Two different test area were chosen and sampled for mineralogical studies. XRD-CF investigations showed that kaolinite and illite are the dominant clay minerals in test areas of A and B respectively. The spectroradiometer measurements were carried out 5 times on different surfaces of clayey samples with self-illuminated contact-probe lens within the wavelength range of 350-2500 nm. The spectroradiometer measurements used as endmember were resampled to ASTER short wave infrared (SWIR) bandwidths. Band ratio, principal component and decorrelation stretching analysis were performed to visualize the distribution of clay minerals. In spectral classification method, matched filtering (MF) was used for integrating the satellite image and spectroradiometer measurement data. It was concluded that co-interpretations of the band ratio, principal component, decorrelation stretching analysis, MF results and geological map are very useful in determining, classifying and mapping of the argillic alteration zones related to hydrothermal processes on ASTER image and they seem to be very useful to identify the target areas for mineral exploration.     

羌塘南缘多龙矿集区荣那斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)套合成矿:综合地质、热液蚀变及金属矿物组合证据

位于羌塘南缘多龙矿集区内的荣那斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)矿床系近年来中铝西藏与西藏地质五队合作勘查取得重大找矿突破的铜矿床,控制资源量已达超大型规模,但对该矿床的成因类型仍存在争议。本文根据详细的钻孔岩芯、结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察、硫化物的电子探针分析,认为该矿床成矿与早白垩世花岗闪长斑岩有关。矿体主要产于下中侏罗统色哇组长石石英砂岩和成矿斑岩体中,矿体呈东西走向、南倾的隐伏状,延深巨大,金属矿化以铜为主,伴有金、银矿化,偶见钼矿化。热液蚀变具有两阶段蚀变:与斑岩型矿化有关的黑云母化、角岩化、硅化-绢云母化及硅化-伊利石-绿泥石化以上部叠加的高级泥化,蚀变分带明显。相应的该矿床具有斑岩型细脉浸染状矿化和以硫砷铜矿为特征的高硫型矿化,含铜矿物主要分为4个带,大致与蚀变分带相对应,下部主要为斑铜矿-黄铜矿;过渡带以斑铜矿-铜蓝组合为特征;中上部为蓝辉铜矿-砷黝铜矿-硫砷铜矿组合;顶部主要由为辉铜矿-蓝辉铜矿组成。总体上,矿床中上部为Cu-S体系、向下转变Cu-Fe-S体系。与其它类似矿床相比,该矿床硫化物中以富Zn、贫金为特征。综上认为该矿床为斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)套合成矿的典型实例,其勘查突破为羌塘南缘火山岩区及覆盖区的找矿打开了一扇窗口。     

基于红外光谱技术研究云南普朗斑岩铜矿的蚀变和矿化特征

近年来红外光谱技术作为一种绿色、快速、无损、精确探测矿物的技术手段而倍受关注,针对斑岩型矿床蚀变矿物高度叠加、蚀变分带界线不明显、细粒蚀变矿物多、黏土蚀变矿物多等特征,该技术在蚀变矿物识别和勘探信息解读等方面优势突出。本文应用红外光谱技术对云南普朗斑岩铜矿区钻孔ZK1801岩心进行矿物识别和蚀变分带划分的研究,识别出钾硅酸盐化带、绿帘石-绿泥石化带、绿泥石-伊利石化带、石英-伊利石化带和泥化带。研究表明:普朗铜矿整个钻孔的蚀变矿物主要有石英、钾长石、绢云母、绿泥石、绿帘石、高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石等;根据矿化特征,发现铜矿体广泛赋存在钾硅酸盐化带和绿帘石-绿泥石化带中,与矿化关系密切的蚀变矿物"石英+钾长石+绢云母"和"绿帘石+绿泥石",可以作为普朗矿床勘查的标型蚀变矿物组合;研究区广泛发育的绢云母Al—OH波长随钻孔深度增加而逐渐从2210～2205nm减小到2202～2198nm, Al—OH波长2210～2205nm(长波绢云母)与矿化关系密切,可以作为普朗矿床勘查的指示信息。     

Application of ASTER data for exploration of porphyry copper deposits: A case study of Daraloo–Sarmeshk area,southern part of the Kerman copper belt,Iran

The Cenozoic Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) of Iran is a major host to porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au deposits (PCDs). Most known PCDs in the UDMB occur in the southern section of the belt, also known as the Kerman Copper Belt (KCB). Three major clusters of PCDs are distinguished in the KCB and include the Miduk, Sarcheshmeh and Daraloo clusters. The Daraloo and Sarmeshk deposits occur in a northwest–southeast-trending fault zone that is characterized by the presence of a narrow zone of alteration–mineralization that contains a series of Oligocene granitoids and Miocene porphyritic tonalite–granodiorite plutons that cut Eocene andesitic lava flows and pyroclastic rocks. Here we use various techniques, including different ratio images, minimum noise fraction, pixel purity index, and matched filter processing to process ASTER data (14 bands) and generate maps that portray the distribution of hydrothermal minerals (e.g., sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, epidote and carbonate) related to PCD alteration zones. In order to validate the ASTER data, follow-up ground proofing and related mineralogical work was done which, in all cases, proved to be positive. The results of this work have identified the regional distribution of hypogene alteration zones (i.e., phyllic, argillic, propylitic and silicic), in addition to areas of secondary Fe-oxide formation, which are coincident with known sites of PCDs. The regional distribution and extent of the alteration zones identified also highlighted the role of regional structures in focusing the mineralizing/altering fluids. These results demonstrate very convincingly that ASTER imagery that uses the appropriate techniques is reliable and robust in mapping out the extent of hydrothermal alteration and lithological units, and can be used for targeting hydrothermal ore deposits, particularly porphyry copper deposits where the alteration footprint is sizeable.