融合Landsat ETM+和MODIS数据估算高时空分辨率地表短波反照率

提出一种通过融合高空间低时间分辨率、低空间高时间分辨率地表短波反照率,来估算高时空分辨率地表短波反照率的方法。首先,利用Landsat ETM+数据,通过窄波段到宽波段的转换得到一景或多景空间分辨率较高的ETM+蓝天空短波反照率;然后,在MODIS短波反照率产品基础上,以天空光比例因子为权重,得到空间分辨率较低的MODIS蓝天空短波反照率;最后,利用STARFM(Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)模型融合ETM+短波反照率的空间变化信息和MODIS短波反照率的时间变化信息,得到高时空分辨率的地表短波反照率。针对STARFM模型在异质性区域估算精度降低的问题,通过以MODIS反照率影像各像元的端元(各地类)反照率取代MODIS像元反照率来提取时空变化等信息参与STARFM模型的融合过程,达到提高异质性区域估算精度的目的。结果显示,直接利用STARFM模型估算得到的高空间分辨率地表短波反照率处在合理的精度范围内(RMSE0.02),用改进后的STARFM模型估算得到的异质性区域短波反照率和真实ETM+短波反照率间的相关系数增大。     

基于FSDAF方法融合生成高时空分辨率地表温度

高时间/高空间分辨率遥感数据的应用具有极为广泛的前景。为此,利用中等分辨率成像光谱仪(moderateresolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)和高级热量散射和反射辐射仪(advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer,ASTER)数据,基于一种灵活的时空数据融合(flexible spatio–temporal data fusion,FSDAF)方法生成高时间/高空间分辨率的地表温度(land surface temperature,LST),对融合结果用ASTER温度产品(7 d)及自动气象站(automatic weather station,AWS)站点的地表辐射红外温度数据(4 d)进行验证,结果表明:基于FSDAF的数据融合方法生成的LST影像清晰度较高;融合影像与ASTER LST产品的决定系数R2≥0.91,均方根误差≤2.44 K,平均绝对误差≤1.84 K;融合影像与AWS LST数据的决定系数R2≥0.64。     

地表温度日变化模型偏差系数解算的地表温度降尺度

地表温度LST（Land Surface Temperature）是全球气候变化研究的关键参数,遥感是获取全球和区域尺度地表温度的一种切实可行手段,但现有的单一传感器无法提供高时空分辨率的LST数据,限制了遥感地表温度数据的深入广泛应用。现有的降尺度方法难以生成无缝高时空分辨率的地表温度数据,且降尺度效果易受高空间分辨率LST数据缺失及有效时刻分布影响。本文提出了一种基于地表温度日变化模型DTC（Diurnal Temperature Cycle）偏差系数解算的地表温度降尺度方法,采用FY-4A、MODIS和Landsat 8的LST数据生成晴空及多云条件下逐小时100 m的无缝LST数据。方法主要包含4部分：（1）利用空值重建方法获取无缝的FY-4A的LST数据;（2）建立FY-4A LST数据的DTC模型;（3）采用时空融合模型对MODIS的LST数据进行空间降尺度;（4）解算DTC模型偏差系数,获取逐小时100 m分辨率的无缝LST数据。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法具有较高的降尺度精度,可获得晴空及多云条件下无缝高时空地表温度数据,且高空间分辨率的地表温度数据缺失和有效时刻分布对本文方法降尺度结果影响较小。     

基于Landsat TM的地表温度分解算法对比

如何综合可见光波段信息提高地表温度的空间分辨率一直是热红外遥感应用研究的重要方向。以北京市Landsat TM图像为数据源,对比分析了SUTM和E-Dis Trad模型地表温度分解的空间特征差异性和适用范围。结果表明:在植被覆盖较低、地表温度较高的中心城区,SUTM模型的地表温度分解效果更佳,最小均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为1.522 K和1.191 K;在植被覆盖较高、地表温度较低的郊区,E-Dis Trad模型的地表温度分解效果更好,最小均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为1.768 K和1.173 K。2种模型都能有效地提高地表温度的空间分辨率,但是在植被覆盖不同的地区分解结果呈现一定的差异性。     

藏东南冰川地区250 m空间分辨率全天候地表温度生成

遥感全天候地表温度产品在多云雾地区意义重大,对冰川泥石流多发的藏东南地区极具应用价值,但遥感全天候地表温度空间分辨率不足限制了其在精细化灾害监测中的应用。以藏东南冰川地区为研究区,采用高程、坡度、坡向、地表覆盖类型、植被指数、地表反射率、积雪指数作为全天候地表温度的影响因子,结合移动窗口,进行多种地表温度降尺度方法的对比,进而使用最优的降尺度方法将现有的遥感全天候地表温度产品（TRIMS LST）的空间分辨率从1 km提升至250 m。利用地面站点实测数据的评价结果表明,基于梯度提升决策树（LightGBM）的降尺度方法得到的250 m空间分辨率全天候地表温度的均方根误差在白天/夜间为2.25 K/2.15 K,优于基于多元线性回归和随机森林的降尺度方法,且比原始1 km分辨率全天候地表温度的精度高0.25 K左右。基于Q指数与SIFI指数的图像质量评价结果表明,降尺度得到的250 m地表温度不仅在空间格局和幅值上与原始1 km遥感全天候地表温度一致,而且补充了大量的地表温度空间细节信息。生成得到的250 m分辨率的地表温度对于藏东南冰川地区的灾害分析具有积极的意义。     

面向开采扰动的离子型稀土矿区地表温度降尺度方法

离子型稀土的开采活动会导致矿区地表极其剧烈的生态扰动,并且会造成当地的生态环境问题,而矿区地表热环境分异变化能较好地反映矿区的生态扰动特点,是一种辨识地表生态扰动的重要参数。离子型稀土矿区存在矿点分散且单个矿点面积较小的特征,因此获取实用性强且空间分辨率更高的地表温度数据对稀土矿区生态环境的监测具有重要价值。构建了一种综合图像融合算法、线性光谱混合模型的地表温度降尺度模型。以赣州市辖区内的定南县岭北离子型稀土矿区作为研究区域,以Landsat 8卫星影像作为主要数据源,首先选取同一年份两个季相的数据,综合图像融合算法和线性光谱混合模型,将地表温度空间分辨率降至15 m;然后对降尺度后的地表温度结果进行定性定量的分析并检验其精度。结果表明,分解前、后矿区地表温度的空间分布和走向整体一致,降尺度后的地表温度能够更细致地反映矿区地表特征和空间差异性,研究区内两个季相的降尺度结果整体均方根误差分别为1.459 K、1.196 K,绝对误差分别为1.128 K、0.952 K,精度较高,表明该方法对于提升离子型稀土矿的地表温度空间分辨率有较好的适用性。     

Landsat 8地表温度反演及验证—以黑河流域为例

地表温度是区域和全球尺度地表物理过程的一个重要参数,目前已有的地表温度产品空间分辨率较低,缺乏高空间分辨率的地表温度产品。Landsat系列卫星提供了大量免费的高空间分辨率遥感数据,然而对应的高空间分辨率地表温度产品还未见到,为了获取长时间序列的高空间分辨率地表温度数据,针对Landsat 8 TIRS数据提出了一个物理单通道地表温度反演算法。该算法首先利用ASTER全球地表发射率产品(ASTER GED)结合Landsat 8地表反射率产品计算Landsat 8影像的地表发射率,然后利用快速辐射传输模型RTTOV结合MERRA大气廓线数据对热红外影像进行大气校正,最后利用物理单通道地表温度反演算法得到地表温度。利用黑河流域HiWATER试验2013年—2015年15个站点的实测地表温度数据对本文方法和普适性单通道算法进行了验证,同时对验证站点的空间异质性进行了分析。结果表明,本文方法和普适性单通道算法估算的地表温度整体精度均较高,能够获取高精度、高空间分辨率的地表温度数据,可以服务于城市热岛效应、地表蒸散发估算等相关研究。     

遥感影像时—空融合的“点”—“线”—“面”质量评价

遥感影像时—空融合可集成多源数据高空间分辨率和高时间分辨率互补优势,生成时间连续的高空间分辨率影像,在遥感影像的动态监测与时序分析等方面具有重要应用价值。然而,现有多数研究往往基于单一数据产品对时—空融合算法进行评价,而在实际生产应用中,需要验证算法在多种遥感产品数据的融合表现;此外,目前研究大多基于"单点时刻"进行评价,忽略了时—空融合在"时间线"上的有效验证。本文提出遥感影像时—空融合的"点"—"线"—"面"多角度综合质量评价策略,基于Landsat TM和MODIS影像,建立了时—空融合系列数据集,包括地表反射率、植被指数和地表温度,并在此基础上从单时相("点")、时间序列("线")、多种数据产品("面")多个角度对4种典型融合算法进行定性和定量的综合评价。结果表明,基于不同产品类型的数据集更能充分验证算法性能,且结合单点时刻和时间序列的评价更加客观。     

遥感地表温度产品时空融合方法研究综述EI北大核心CSCD

受传感器性能的制约,利用单一卫星热红外遥感数据反演到的地表温度产品难以兼顾时间分辨率和空间分辨率,而时空融合技术能够发挥多传感器互补的优势,获得时间密集度高、空间细节丰富的地表温度产品,从而在算法层面上解决这一矛盾。随着时空融合研究的深入,地表温度开始显露出与其他产品有着明显区别的融合特性,而内在机理和应用潜力都有待被整理和挖掘。本文就立足于地表温度与时空融合的交叠区,对两者结合而生的研究成果进行收集、分析和总结,系统地概述了该领域的研究背景、原理、方法和应用,并重点突出与泛在时空融合技术的之间的联系与区别;最后,基于地表温度数据的特点和时空融合的局限性,总结了该领域所面临的主要挑战,并对可行的解决方法和发展方向进行了展望。     

一种自适应三维核回归的遥感时空融合方法

时空融合是解决遥感数据高重访周期与高空间分辨率矛盾的一种有效方法。发展了一种综合利用遥感数据空间与光谱信息的三维自适应核回归反射率模型（three-dimensional adaptively local steering kernel regression fusion model,3DSKRFM）,通过提取每个像元的三维控制核（steering kernel）的局部信息,使时空融合过程中的权重自适应调节,提高遥感时空融合的精度。利用两组ETM+和MODIS（moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer）数据进行实验测试,结果表明3DSKRFM相比STARFM和2DSKRFM模型具有两方面的优势:一是充分利用遥感影像多波段的优势,提高融合精度;二是具有更强的鲁棒性,满足实际影像时空融合的需求。     

光谱指数趋势面的城市地表温度降尺度转换

针对城市及周边区域建造区和自然地表交织分布的特点,探讨了利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化建造指数(NDBI)构造趋势面的地表温度(LST)降尺度方法,以北京市市区及周边较平坦区域为例实现了LST自960 m向120 m的降尺度转换。分析了LST空间分布特征及NDVI、NDBI对地物的指示性特征;以北京市四至六环为界分析NDVI、NDBI趋势面对地表温度的拟合程度及各自的适用区域;在120 m、240 m、480 m和960 m 4个尺度上评价了NDVI、NDBI和NDVI+NDBI趋势面对LST的拟合程度和趋势面转换函数的尺度效应;对NDVI、NDBI和NDVI NDBI等3种方法的降尺度结果分覆盖类型、分区域对比评价。实验结果表明结合两种光谱指数的NDVI NDBI方法降尺度转换精度有所改善,改善程度取决于地表覆盖类型组合。     

Fusion of VNIR and thermal infrared remote sensing data based on GA-SOFM neural network

The multi-source data fusion methods are rarely involved in VNIR and thermal infrared remote sensing at present. Therefore, the potential advantages of the two kinds of data have not yet been adequately tapped, which results in low calculation precision of parameters related with land surface temperature. A new fusion method is put forward where the characteristics of the high spatial resolution of VNIR (visible and near infrared) data and the high temporal resolution of thermal infrared data are fully explored in this paper. Non-linear fusion is implemented to obtain the land surface temperature in high spatial resolution and the high temporal resolution between the land surface parameters estimated from VNIR data and the thermal infrared data by means of GA-SOFM (genetic algorithms & self-organizing feature maps)-ANN (artificial neural network). Finally, the method is verified by ASTER satellite data. The result shows that the method is simple and convenient and can rapidly capture land surface temperature distribution of higher resolution with high precision.     

An enhanced spatiotemporal fusion method – Implications for coal fire monitoring using satellite imagery

Many real-world applications require remotely sensed images at both high spatial and temporal resolutions. This requirement, however, is generally not met by single satellite system. A number of spatiotemporal fusion models have been developed to overcome this constraint. Landsat and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data have been extensively used for detection and monitoring of active fires at different scales. Fusing the data obtained from these sensors will, therefore, significantly contribute to the satellite-based monitoring of fires. Among the available spatiotemporal fusion methods, the spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) and enhanced STARFM (ESTARFM) algorithms have been widely used for studying the land surface dynamics in the homogeneous and heterogeneous regions. The present study explores the applicability of STARFM and ESTARFM algorithms for fusing the high spatial resolution Landsat-8 OLI data with high temporal resolution VIIRS data in the context of active surface coal fire monitoring. Further, a modified version of ESTARFM algorithm, referred as modified-ESTARFM, is developed to improve the performance of the fusion model. Jharia coalfield (India), known for widespread occurrences of coal fires, is taken as the study area. The qualitative and quantitative assessments of the predicted (synthetic) Landsat-like images from different algorithms (STARFM, modified-STARFM, ESTARFM, modified-ESTARFM) indicate that the modified-ESTARFM outperforms the other fusion approaches used in this study. Considering the advantages, limitations and performance of the algorithms used, modified-ESTARFM along with STARFM can be used for surface coal fire monitoring. The study will not only contribute to remote sensing based coal fire studies but also to other applications, such as forest fires, crop residue burning, land cover and land use change, vegetation phenology, etc.     

遥感高时空融合方法的研究进展及应用现状

针对遥感图像的"时空矛盾",评述了当前解决这一问题最主要的方法即遥感时空信息融合的方法,包括基于变化模型的融合、基于重建模型的融合以及基于学习模型的融合。通过分析各个模型的研究现状,指出了每种模型方法的优劣,特别重点介绍了影响较大的自适应时空融合方法的理论以及对其的改进算法。同时本文总结了当前时空融合模型在长时间序列模拟以及大区域数据集生成等方面的实际应用的效果,以及分析了影响时空融合结果的主要因素。最后基于这些问题和影响因素提出了今后时空融合模型发展的目标和方向。     

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Urban Heat Island and Their Relationship with Land Cover Changes in Urbanization Process: A Case Study in Suzhou, China

One of the significant environmental consequences of urbanization is the urban heat island (UHI). In this paper, Landsat TM images of 1986 and 2004 were utilized to study the spatial and temporal variations of heat island and their relationships with land cover changes in Suzhou, a Chinese city which experienced rapid urbanization in past decades. Land cover classifications were derived to quantify urban expansions and brightness temperatures were computed from the TM thermal data to express the urban thermal environment. The spatial distributions of surface temperature indicated that heat islands had been largely broadened and showed good agreements with urban expansion. Temperature statistics of main land cover types showed that built-up and bare land had higher surface temperatures than natural land covers, implying the warming effect caused by the urbanization with natural landscape being replaced by urban areas. In addition, the spatial detail distributions of surface temperature were compared with the distribution of land cover by means of GIS buffer analysis. Results show remarkable show good correspondence between heat island variations with urban area expansions.     

Land-surface temperature retrieval at high spatial and temporal resolutions based on multi-sensor fusion

Land-surface temperature (LST) is of great significance for the estimation of radiation and energy budgets associated with land-surface processes. However, the available satellite LST products have either low spatial resolution or low temporal resolution, which constrains their potential applications. This paper proposes a spatiotemporal fusion method for retrieving LST at high spatial and temporal resolutions. One important characteristic of the proposed method is the consideration of the sensor observation differences between different land-cover types. The other main contribution is that the spatial correlations between different pixels are effectively considered by the use of a variation-based model. The method was tested and assessed quantitatively using the different sensors of Landsat TM/ETM+, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer and the geostationary operational environmental satellite imager. The validation results indicate that the proposed multisensor fusion method is accurate to about 2.5 K.     

多源卫星遥感影像时空融合研究的现状及展望

高空间分辨率的地表或者大气环境动态监测需要高时间-空间分辨率的卫星遥感影像作为数据支撑,但由于卫星传感器硬件技术及卫星发射成本等客观因素的限制,使得获取高时空分辨率遥感影像的较为便捷高效、低成本的可行手段就是将分别具有高时间和高空间分辨率的多源遥感影像进行时空融合,从而生成不同研究和应用所需的高时空分辨率卫星影像。现阶段,虽然国内外的学者进行了大量的时空融合算法研究,但是这些研究都局限于特定的数据类型、算法原理、应用目的等客观限制,而且其发展呈现出多样性。本文对现有主流的时空融合算法研究进行了归纳总结,将其分为4种:(1)基于地物组分的时空融合;(2)基于地表空间信息的时空融合;(3)基于地物时相变化的时空融合;(4)组合性的时空融合。同时,本文还对时空融合算法中存在的问题和面临的挑战进行了分析,并对其未来的发展方向进行了前瞻性的展望。     

Satellite-based analysis of the role of land use/land cover and vegetation density on surface temperature regime of Delhi,India

The knowledge of the surface temperature is important to a range of issues and themes in earth sciences central to urban climatology, global environmental change and human-environment interactions. The study analyses land surface temperature (LST) estimation using temporal ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) datasets (day time and night time) over National Capital Territory Delhi using the surface emissivity information at pixel level. The spatial variations of LST over different land use/land cover (LU/LC) at day time and night time were analysed and relationship between the spatial distribution of LU/LC and vegetation density with LST was developed. Minimum noise fraction (MNF) was used for LU/LC classification which gave better accuracy than classification with original bands. The satellite derived emissivity values were found to be in good agreement with literature and field measured values. It was observed that fallow land, waste land/bare soil, commercial/industrial and high dense built-up area have high surface temperature values during day time, compared to those over water bodies, agricultural cropland, and dense vegetation. During night time high surface temperature values are found over high dense built-up, water bodies, commercial/industrial and low dense built-up than over fallow land, dense vegetation and agricultural cropland. It was found that there is a strong negative correlation between surface temperature and NDVI over dense vegetation, sparse vegetation and low dense built-up area while with fraction vegetation cover, it indicates a moderate negative correlation. The results suggest that the methodology is feasible to estimate NDVI, surface emissivity and surface temperature with reasonable accuracy over heterogeneous urban area. The analysis also indicates that the relationship between the spatial distribution of LU/LC and vegetation density is closely related to the development of urban heat islands (UHI).     

基于遗传自组织神经元网络的可见光与热红外遥感数据融合方法

提出了一种融合方法,充分发掘可见光数据高空间分辨率和热红外数据高时间分辨率的特点,在由可见光数据估算的地表参量与热红外数据间,通过遗传自组织神经元网络建立非线性融合方法,最终获得高空间、高时间分辨率的地表温度数据,并利用ASTER卫星产品数据对该方法进行了验证。结果表明,该方法简便易行,精度较高,为快速获取高分辨率地表温度分布提供了一条新途径。