X射线粉晶衍射仪定量测量海泡石矿样的实验条件

在完成海泡石矿石样品的矿物组成及相对含量测试、均匀性检验、稳定性和粒度分布特征检查的基础上,选择合适的X射线粉晶衍射定量测量海泡石的实验条件,利用海泡石、刚玉和萤石纯样配制一系列海泡石质量分数已知的标准样品,采用内标定量法、固体计数器和计数强度测试技术,对低、中、高3种不同含量的海泡石样品进行测量。结果表明:获得的海泡石样品定量测量数据符合现有的行业标准,采用的定量测试方法与测量条件满足黏土开采企业和实验研究单位测试要求,达到了X射线粉晶衍射法定量分析黏土矿物的目的。     

X射线衍射和电子探针技术在矿物药雄黄鉴定及质量评价中的应用

雄黄是我国常用的矿物类中药,由于晶体空间结构不同,可分为α雄黄(AsS)和β雄黄(As4S4)。雄黄受氧化作用会产生剧毒物质砒霜(As2O3),其中β雄黄因空间结构关系更易被氧化,因此对矿物药雄黄的成分鉴定和质量评价具有重要的意义。常用的分析雄黄中砷及其他元素的方法(原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、高效液相色谱-质谱法等)是通过测定总砷、价态砷和其他相关元素实现对雄黄的鉴别和有害成分的检测,分析过程复杂,试剂消耗大,需对样品进行破坏,而且不能直接对矿物结构进行判定。本文采用薄片鉴定、X射线衍射和电子探针对来自代表性生产地贵州思南和湖南石门的6种药用雄黄样品进行鉴别和质量评价。首先通过薄片鉴定初步确定雄黄样品的主要成分及伴生矿物,进一步利用X射线粉晶衍射和电子探针技术对雄黄的主要成分、伴生矿物进行半定量分析,再利用电子探针研究雄黄中As、S、O等元素的赋存状态,在这些技术综合鉴定的基础上,对收集的雄黄进行质量评价。分析结果显示:产自贵州思南的1号矿药由石英(82.8%)、方解石(9.5%)和白云石(7.7%)组成,2号矿药由α雄黄(64.7%)和石英(35.3%)组成;产自湖南石门的6号矿药由β雄黄(86.5%)和电气石(13.5%)组成,3号和4号矿药由α雄黄单矿物组成,5号矿药由β雄黄单矿物组成,3号、4号和5号三个样品中As含量大于70%,符合药典规定;电子探针分析样品中均未检测到砒霜,总体上表明湖南产的雄黄品质较高。研究表明,X射线粉晶衍射法利用了衍射图谱与晶体结构的一一对应性,找到不同矿物药样品的专属特性,而对于多组分矿物药样品,只要混合组分恒定,其衍射图谱就相对稳定,具有指纹特征;电子探针利用As、O等元素的赋存状态,可以有效地对雄黄的质量进行评价。X射线衍射和电子探针技术的结合用于鉴定雄黄矿物药是一种极为有效、可行的办法,与传统方法相比更为快速、经济。     

建立X射线粉晶衍射数据库的排序

矿物X射线物相鉴定,实际上就是把欲鉴定试样的X射线粉晶衍射数据与已有的标准X射线粉晶衍射数据进行对比.为了使这种对比过程有规律地进行,一个合乎逻辑的方法是利用电子计算机使检索过程完全自动化.广泛利用电子计算机进行矿物X射线物相鉴定,是今后发展的必然趋势.它可以大大提高效率,而且只要程序编制恰当,其结果也是可靠的.本文着重介绍使用APPLEⅡ型微机建立矿物X射线粉晶衍射数据库的排序问题.     

X射线粉晶衍射仪在千枚岩鉴定与分类中的应用

以往千枚岩是依据显微镜下观察岩石结构构造及矿物成分进行分类定名.实际上千枚岩中鳞片状绿泥石和黑云母以及微粒石英、钾长石和斜长石在岩石薄片中区分十分困难.为了准确鉴定千枚岩中鳞片状和微粒状造岩矿物种类及其相对含量,利用X射线粉晶衍射半定量技术对19件千枚岩岩石进行分析测试.研究结果显示：利用云母、绿泥石、石英、钾长石和斜长石等造岩矿物X射线衍射峰的明显差异,结合X射线衍射全谱拟合半定量分析测试技术,能快速检测云母、绿泥石、石英、钾长石和斜长石等造岩矿物种类与含量.实践证明,将千枚岩岩石野外观察、岩石薄片鉴定和X射线粉晶衍射技术紧密结合起来,才能准确定出千枚岩岩石的名称.     

X射线粉晶衍射法在变粒岩鉴定与分类中的应用

变粒岩的鉴定通常以显微镜鉴定技术为主,但在显微镜下区分颗粒细小的长石、石英及绿泥石、蒙脱石、云母等层状硅酸盐矿物十分困难,仅通过显微鉴定技术对变粒岩进行定名可能产生较大误差,这对地质填图和原岩恢复工作会造成一些偏差,导致得出错误的地质结论。随着X射线衍射分析技术的发展,该技术已广泛应用于矿物学和岩石学的研究,本研究将结合X射线粉晶衍射技术,对显微镜下难以区分的细小矿物进行鉴定。共选用23件变粒岩样品,利用X射线粉晶衍射分析和显微镜岩石薄片鉴定技术,对变粒岩矿物组分进行检测,用X射线粉晶衍射矿物半定量分析结果验证岩石薄片鉴定结果准确性。显微镜岩石薄片鉴定结果与X射线粉晶衍射物相分析结果对比显示,10件样品定名一致,其余13件样品详细定名有差异。通过分析产生差异的原因,可以认为显微镜岩石薄片鉴定优势在于能确定岩石结构和构造,以及常见矿物组分;X射线粉晶衍射法的优势在于能检测出显微镜下较难区分的细小石英和长石颗粒的相对含量,并能检测出颗粒较小的绿泥石、蒙脱石及云母等层状硅酸盐矿物,该方法对含量较少、颗粒较细的矿物检测效果较好。实验证明将显微岩石薄片鉴定技术和X射线粉晶衍射技术相结合,才能更准确对变粒岩进行定名,为地学研究提供更符合客观实际的技术数据和分析结论。     

一维非公度调制结构安康矿X射线衍射及四维空间指标化研究

采用最新的CCD单晶衍射仪,对一维非公度调制结构矿物安康矿进行了单晶和粉晶X射线衍射研究,利用单晶X射线衍射和三维超结构分析方法测定晶胞参数a=1.014 08(10)nm,b=1.014 08(10)nm,c=0.295 72(6)nm,α=90,°=β90,°γ=90,°调制向量q=0.444c*,据此对单晶衍射数据进行了四维空间的指标化。并用新近研究开发的利用单晶体来进行粉晶衍射的新方法对粉晶衍射实验及粉晶数据的四维空间进行指标化研究。     

青田石山炮绿的组成成分对其品质的影响

浙江青田的山炮绿属于青田石中的非叶蜡石型品种,以其色艳质细闻名于世。本文采用电子探针、X射线粉晶、X射线能谱和红外吸收光谱等测试方法对山炮绿进行了研究,重点研究了山炮绿的矿物组成成分,结果表明,山炮绿的主要组成是密集定向排列的绢云母,其次还含有石英、红柱石等矿物,且存在一定量的结构水,并进一步探讨了这些成分对山炮绿品质的影响。     

滑石中石棉的鉴定方法研究

如何鉴定出滑石中含有的微量石棉,多年来一直困扰着分析界的人士.笔者经过多年的实践和大量资料的积累,以透射偏光显微镜观察和X-射线粉晶衍射为主要方法,以油浸法为辅助方法,对滑石中含有的各种微量石棉,进行快速准确的鉴定.本文列出了各种石棉的X-射线粉晶衍射特征数据.并以滑石中含有的透闪石石棉为例,详细论述了这一鉴定方法的科学性及合理性.若样品为块状岩石,则需要先在偏光显微镜下观察,再进行X射线粉晶衍射进-步验证.若样品为粉末状,则需要先进行X射线粉晶衍射分析,再进行油浸薄片观察.     

X射线粉晶衍射仪在大理岩鉴定与分类中的应用

大理岩主要有方解石大理岩、白云石大理岩和菱镁矿大理岩三种。以往大理岩是依据偏光显微镜下观察岩石结构构造及矿物成分进行分类定名,由于方解石、白云石、菱镁矿都属于三方晶系,具有闪突起、高级白干涉色、一轴晶负光性和菱形解理等相同晶体光学特征,偏光显微镜下区分十分困难。为了准确鉴定大理岩中碳酸盐矿物种类及其相对含量,本文利用岩石薄片偏光显微镜和X射线粉晶衍射技术对32件大理岩岩石样品进行分析测试。岩石薄片鉴定结果表明:大理岩造岩矿物主要有方解石、白云石、菱镁矿、石英、斜长石、白云母、黑云母、绿泥石、黏土和金属矿物。根据岩石结构构造及矿物组分特征,可把32件大理岩样品划分为方解石大理岩、长英质方解石大理岩、石英绿泥白云石大理岩、白云石大理岩、云英质白云石大理岩和菱镁矿大理岩等15个类型。X射线粉晶衍射分析表明:大理岩造岩矿物主要有方解石、白云石、菱镁矿、石英、斜长石、钾长石、云母、绿泥石、滑石和蒙脱石。综合分析认为:岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定技术很难区分方解石、白云石和菱镁矿等碳酸盐矿物,以及细小的石英、钾长石和斜长石、滑石和白云母等鳞片状硅酸盐矿物;X射线粉晶衍射分析技术不仅能准确检测出大理岩中方解石、白云石和菱镁矿等碳酸盐矿物种类及相对含量(方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的X射线衍射主峰有明显差异,d值分别为0.303 nm、0.288 nm和0.274 nm),而且能够有效鉴别岩石中粉砂级斜长石、钾长石与石英(三种矿物的X射线衍射主峰d值分别为0.319 nm、0.324 nm、0.334 nm);且能区分蒙脱石、绿泥石、云母和滑石等层状硅酸盐矿物(四种硅酸盐矿物的X射线衍射主峰d值分别为1.400 nm、0.705 nm、0.989 nm、0.938 nm)。综合岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定和X射线粉晶衍射分析结果,最终确定32件大理岩样品划分为22个岩石类型。研究认为:仅根据岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定或X射线粉晶衍射技术其中一种方法不能准确鉴定大理岩岩石,应将大理岩岩石野外观察、岩石薄片鉴定和X射线粉晶衍射技术结合起来,才能准确确定大理岩岩石类型。     

脊椎动物骨骼红外吸收光谱分析

一、前言我们在研究四川省自贡市大山舖中侏罗统下沙溪庙地层中的恐龙、乌龟、鱼的骨骼成分时,采用红外光谱、X射线粉末照相、化学分析、油浸、扫描电镜等方法,确定组成古代脊椎动物骨骼成分主要是呈超微片状的碳氟磷灰石。与磷块岩及岩浆岩中常见的碳氟磷灰石基本相同,特别是红外光谱带的特征和X射线粉晶数据的一致性更为突出。为了     

四川牦牛坪稀土矿床成矿流体来源与演化初探——萤石稀土地球化学的证据

萤石是四川牦牛坪稀土矿最重要的脉石矿物之一。根据稀土含量、有关参数及配分模式，矿区萤石可分为LREE富集型、KLEE平坦型和LREE亏损型3种，不同类型萤石之间以及每种类型萤石的稀土地球化学特征具有连续变化规律。分析结果表明：矿区3种类型的萤石为同源不同阶段形成的产物；矿床成矿流体主要来源于本区正长岩－碳酸岩岩浆演化分异的相对富集LREE的流体；矿床成矿过程中较少再有相对富集LREE的流体参与；成矿环境由相对氧化向相对还原变化。     

四川牦牛坪稀土矿床萤石稀土元素、同位素地球化学

萤石是四川牦牛坪稀土矿床最重要的脉石矿物之一，本身已具有工业价值。根据稀土元素含量、有关参数及分布模式，将矿区萤石分为LREE富集型、LREE平坦型和LREE亏损型三种。不同REE类型中的萤石稀土元素地球化学特征具有连续变化的规律。萤石与围岩REE、同位素分析对比结果表明，LREE富集型、LREE平坦型和LREE亏损型萤石为同源不同阶段形成的产物；萤石成矿流体具有地幔特征，与矿区正长岩－碳酸岩密切相关。     

药材矿物学的探讨

本文提出的药材矿物学是矿物学研究领域中正在形成的分支。其研究对象包括由矿物组成的和或多或少含有矿物成分的中药材。其主要研究内容是以矿物学理论和方法对作为药材的矿物的成分和特性进行研究,并向中药学和中医学渗透,从而探索和讨论矿物药材与其药理疗效之间的关系。     

REE and fluid inclusions in zoned fluorites from Eastern Transbaikalia: Distribution and geochemical significance

Special methodology was used to study the distribution of REE and some other elements in zoned fluorites from the different deposits of Eastern Transbaikalia. Fluorites from the uranium and polymetallic ore fields sharply differ in their REE distribution pattern and the composition of fluid inclusions, which reflects the geochemical specifics and indicates the possible sources of parental solutions. A gradual change in REE distribution patterns established in the successive growth zones of fluorites clearly coincides with the gradual decrease of temperature and mineralization of fluid inclusions. It is suggested that a change in the REE distribution pattern was provoked by the crystallochemical differentiation related to the formation of nano-sized mineral admixtures of REE phosphates and/or fluorcarbonates, which possess an ability to the selective accumulation of different REE groups. It was found that the zoned fluorites from the Streltsovka and Garsonui deposits show an opposite trends in the change of REE pattern with zonation. With a general decrease in total REE contents, fluorite from the Streltsovka deposit shows a change from positive parabolic to subchondritic pattern, while that from the Garsonui deposit, varies from the negative via subchondritic to the positive patterns.     

Trace-element and Sr–Nd isotopic evidence for the origin of the Sardinian fluorite mineralization (Italy)

The fluorite-bearing hydrothermal mineralization in Sardinia mainly occurs within Paleozoic volcanic and metasedimentary rocks. Only 3 occurrences are located in volcanic and siliciclastic Cenozoic rocks. Most Sardinian fluorites exhibit relatively high rare earth and Y (REY) contents, strong positive Y anomalies, slightly negative Ce and generally positive Eu anomalies. These features indicate that the REY were mobilized mainly from non-carbonate rocks. Neither Sr nor Nd isotopes can be used to date radiometrically the Sardinian fluorites. However, the measured Sr-isotope ratios of the fluorites hosted by Paleozoic rocks fit mixing lines in the 1000/Sr versus ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr plot once recalculated at 280 Ma, suggesting that the age inferred for the correction probably represents that of the formation of the fluorite mineralization. Mixing likely occurred between diluted surficial waters and brines circulating mainly through the Lower Paleozoic metasedimentary basement. The Cenozoic fluorites exhibit chemical and isotopic features similar to those of the Paleozoic fluorites, except the Nuraghe Onigu fluorite displaying a possible contribution of Sr from Cenozoic magmatic rocks. The initial ε_Nd values of the Paleozoic fluorites fit the age proposed for the formation of the deposits. Moreover, the values suggest that radiogenic Nd was provided to the fluids from the Ordovician siliciclastic basement, except for 3 deposits where the potential source rocks of Nd were mainly Ordovician acidic magmatic rocks. The initial ε_Nd values of the Cenozoic fluorites suggest a provenance of Nd essentially from the leaching of Variscan granitoids.     

The Laal-Kan fluorite deposit,Zanjan Province,NW Iran: constraints on REE geochemistry and fluid inclusions

The Laal-Kan fluorite deposit (west of Zanjan city, NW Iran) mainly occurred as some open-space filling and vein/veinlet in the schist of the Paleozoic age. Mineralogically, calcite, fluorite types (white, smoky, and violet), and quartz are the principal constituents accompanied by a number of minor accessory minerals such as hemimorphite, hematite, barite, and clays. Based on chemical analyses, fluorites of various colors were found to have low rare earth element (REE) concentrations (4.16–25.67 ppm). The chondrite-normalized REE patterns indicated that early fluorites were enriched in LREE, relative to HREE, whereas late fluorites were enriched in HREE relative to LREE. This study, therefore, indicated that fugacity of oxygen likely played a significant role in the occurrence of positive Ce and negative anomaly in the late fluorite. Furthermore, the Gd behavior of the fluorite samples could be attributed to the Gd-F complex in ore-forming fluids. On the other hand, low pH hydrothermal fluids under alkaline conditions were probably the main mechanism responsible for the deposition of the early fluorites in this district. Fluorite-hosted fluid inclusion analyses also indicated that fluorite-forming fluids consisted of NaCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, and LiCl with a narrow T_H (118–151 °C) and high salinities (18.96–23.47 wt.% NaCl equiv.). Further, the diagram of Tb/La-Tb/Ca ratios revealed that fluorites were predominantly deposited in the hydrothermal environment and the late stage fluorites could be considered as the product of the secondary mineralization of the early fluorites due to the interaction of the fluid with the early fluorites.     

FTIR spectroscpy of natural fluorite from Ambadongar, Gujarat

The principal aim of this study is to examine the presence of structural water in the form of a hydrous ion (OH-) in fluorites of Ambadongar, Gujarat. Several recent spectroscopic studies indicate that in addition to molecular water in fluid inclusions of fluorite, structurally bound water may occur as H₂O and OH species in hydrothermal fluorite. To further clarify this effect, a FTIR study has been carried on hydrothermal fluorite samples from Ambadongar. The analysis were carried out at room temperature as well as 250°C on powdered samples of yellow, blue-green, blue and colourless fluorites. FTIR spectroscopic measurements of all the fluorites show a broad absorption band between 3439–3410 cm^?1 corresponding to bond of O-H stretching vibration indicating the presence of structurally bound water in all fluorites. This structural water in variable amount as different hydrous species associated with other impurity may act as an energy absorbent in the crystal and production of colour in fluorites. From field study of fluorite veins the colour was determined as blue and purple, which, are commonly inter layered, followed by white, finally yellow and colourless varieties.     

Characteristics of rare-earth elements （REE）, strontium and neodymium isotopes in hydrothermal fluorites from the Bailashui tin deposit in the Furong ore field,southern Hunan Province,China

In this paper the authors present the REE concentrations and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of fluorites from the Bailashui tin deposit of the Furong ore field, southern Hunan Province. The results showed that the total amount of REE in fluorites is usually low, ranging from 0.705 to 8.785 μg/g with the chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns similar to those of the Qitianling granites in the study area, characterized by LREE-enrichment patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The fluorites vary in Sr isotopic composition within the range of 0.7083-0.7091, the values are lower than those of the granites and higher than those of the host carbonate rocks in this area. The εNd（t） values of fluorites vary between -9.4 and ＋10.3, revealing that both the crust- and mantle-source materials were involved in the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids. Combined with previous studies on this ore deposit, the Bailashui tin deposit is temporally and spatially closely related with granitic magmatism in this area. The hydrothermal fluorites are the product of fluid/rock interactions between granitic magmatic hydrothermal fluid and marine carbonate rocks. The REE and F in the ore-forming fluid were derived from the granites, whereas Sr in the ore-forming fluid came mainly from the granitic magmatic hydrothermal fluid and marine carbonate rocks, although variations in Sr isotopic composition cannot be explained by a simple mixture of these two end-members. Evidence demonstrated that the ore-forming fluids are of crustal-mantle mixing origin, but that the fluids were probably incompletely homogenized and this may be caused by inhomogeneous mixing of the fluids of different sources.     

河北省丰宁银矿萤石特征及找矿意义

萤石是丰宁银矿最重要的标志性脉石矿物之一,对其产出的地质地球化学特征研究认为,银成矿与萤石具有极其相似的地球化学行为,空间上可密切伴生产出.紫色萤石于热液活动早期酸性介质中沉淀而成,距矿体最近;绿色、白色萤石在热液活动中-晚期于中性介质中沉淀而成,距矿体较远;无色萤石在热液活动晚期于碱性介质中析出,距离矿液活动中心最远.     

新疆白杨河铍铀矿床萤石Sm-Nd和沥青铀矿U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

白杨河矿床是我国类型独特的一个特大型铍、铀多金属矿床,铍矿物主要确定为羟硅铍石,铀矿物主要发现沥青铀矿和次生的硅钙铀矿以及少量的铌铀矿,伴生矿物主要是萤石。为恢复铀和铍的成矿过程,划分成矿阶段,本次工作通过系统采集钻孔中的萤石样品,进行了Sm-Nd同位素测年研究,获得了三组等时线年龄,分别为291±16Ma、265±33Ma和207±37Ma,代表了成矿前、成矿期和成矿后萤石的形成;采集中心工地、新西工地和九号工地平巷内的沥青铀矿样品,进行了UPb同位素测年研究,获得了~(206)Pb/~(238)U表观年龄237.8±3.3Ma、224±3.1Ma、197.8±2.8Ma、97.8±1.4Ma和30.0±0.4Ma,利用U-Pb表观年龄将铀矿化划分为四个阶段:中三叠世、晚三叠-早侏罗世、晚白垩世和古近纪中期。因此,白杨河矿床具有铍早铀晚的成矿特点,铀成矿经历了四个阶段。