一种机载GNSS高精度定位算法

提出部分模糊度固定的加权电离层模型提高大范围全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)航空定位的精度、可靠性及连续性．该方法的主要思路包括:自适应调整大气扰动等误差影响以实现短基线与长基线两类解算模式之间的灵活切换;施加虚拟电离层观测约束信息,提高基线动态定位的浮点解精度;采用部分模糊度固定方法有效挖掘若干模糊度参数的整周约束．试验表明,提出的方法可提高模糊固定效率与定位精度,克服传统方法有效观测信息利用率不足、定位精度较差、可靠性不高以及连续性较差的问题．实验结果表明,部分模糊度固定算法可在2 min内固定95％以上宽巷模糊度解算与80％以上窄巷模糊度,约20 min后可固定所有模糊度．      

BDS／GPS中长基线宽巷准厘米级RTK算法

针对常规实时动态（RTK）定位技术中长基线初始化时间较长、定位结果不稳定的问题，提出了一种基于部分模糊度固定策略的BDS/GPS宽巷卡尔曼滤波RTK定位方法，从充分发挥宽巷观测值波长较长和宽巷模糊度易于固定的优势，避免低高度角卫星对模糊度解算的影响，从而提高中长基线情况下的模糊度固定率. 同时采用附加宽巷模糊度参数的卡尔曼滤波方法计算浮点解，以固定高于设置模糊度解算截止高度角的卫星进行定位，并解算电离层活动较剧烈的25~76 km的中长基线. 通过3组试验，结果表明，BDS/GPS双系统联合定位宽巷模糊度固定率均接近100%，76 km基线模糊度固定率达到99.9%，定位精度达到厘米级或准厘米级.      

卡尔曼滤波的中长基线非差RTK算法

针对实时动态定位(RTK)中作业范围受到大气延迟误差制约的现象,该文提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的非差观测模型RTK算法和非差改正数的计算方法。利用扩展卡尔曼滤波函数模型,将残余的相对对流层延迟、相对电离层延迟同流动站位置参数以及单差整周模糊度作为状态向量进行卡尔曼滤波估计。非差观测模型利用参考站的非差误差改正数以单颗卫星为对象进行误差改正,流动站接收数据小,算法简单。通过GNSS实测数据对该算法进行了算法验证和结果分析,实验结果表明,对于中长基线,利用非差观测模型可实现GNSS单参考站RTK定位,并获得厘米级的定位精度。     

一种新的中长基线BDS三频模糊度快速解算方法

虽然TCAR能够实现短基线三频模糊度单历元解算,但由于电离层延迟及观测噪声等的影响,中长基线三频模糊度快速解算仍然是导航定位的一大难点。本文提出了一种新的无几何无电离层三频模糊度解算方法。该方法通过对伪距观测值赋予不同的权重,辅助宽巷及窄巷消除电离层残差的影响,使宽巷及窄巷求解只受观测噪声的影响;然后通过多历元的平滑获取宽巷及窄巷模糊度值。通过实测BDS三频长基线数据表明,相比经典TCAR算法,该方法可大大改善中长基线模糊度的求解精度,经过数据平滑并验证基本可以实现中长基线模糊度的快速解算。     

BDS中长距离基线高精度静态定位方法与实验

针对BDS高精度相对定位中,大气延迟误差的空间相关性随基线长度的增加而降低,影响整周模糊度解算效率和测站定位精度的问题,该文研究了一种BDS中长距离基线高精度静态定位方法。在解算出宽巷整周模糊度的基础上,通过载波相位无电离层组合观测值对相对天顶对流层延迟误差进行参数估计,处理对流层延迟误差的影响。同时进行载波相位整周模糊度解算和定位计算。采用两组基线7 d实测观测数据,进行中长距离基线高精度静态定位实验,实验结果表明本文的方法可以实现BDS中长距离基线毫米级静态定位。     

顾及大气延迟误差的中长基线RTK算法

针对常规RTK作业距离一般不超过15km的问题,提出了一种顾及大气延迟误差的中长基线RTK的算法,突破了常规RTK作业距离。在中长基线情况下,与大气延迟有关的误差如电离层延迟误差、对流层延迟误差等,随着基线长度的增加,空间相关性大大降低,进而影响整周模糊度的快速解算。基于卡尔曼滤波算法,采用非组合差分定位模型,对于电离层延迟误差采用了电离层加权模型进行估计,对于对流层延迟分别采用了相对对流层延迟参数估计和绝对天顶对流层参数估计。最终通过实测数据对该算法进行了算法验证和结果分析。试验结果表明:该算法可以实现中长基线RTK的快速解算,并且在估计相对对流层延迟时,绝对天顶对流层参数估计不利于基准站和流动站的对流层延迟分离,一般采用估计流动站上的相对对流层延迟。     

北斗短基线三频实测数据单历元模糊度固定

基于北斗实测三频数据,通过分析比较选取了三组线性独立的超宽巷组合,采用无几何模式(geometry-free)和几何模式(geometry-based)相结合的方法对其进行单历元模糊度固定,然后恢复各频率上的原始模糊度,最后进行定位解算。实验结果表明,对于短基线,组合系数的合理选取是模糊度成功固定的关键;在选用合适(长波长、弱电离层、低噪声)的组合时,对于静态和动态短基线,其原始载波模糊度单历元固定成功率分别为99.75%和95.08%,从而可以避开传统解算中周跳探测等复杂的数据预处理过程,单历元取得cm级定位精度。     

一种基于多频模糊度快速解算方法的BDS/GPS中长基线RTK定位模型

随着全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）进入多系统时代,空中导航卫星的可见卫星数不断增加,中国北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS）已开始面向用户提供三频导航信号,这都有利于改善单历元实时动态定位（real-time kinematic,RTK）的精度和可靠性。中长基线单历元RTK通常采用电离层无关组合算法,但是该方法将观测噪声进行了放大,模糊度固定成功率随着基线长度的增加而明显降低。提出一种BDS/GPS（global positioning system）中长基线单历元多频RTK定位算法,先以较高成功率快速固定BDS的两个超宽巷模糊度,继而通过简单变换得到BDS宽巷模糊度,然后将其辅助提高GPS宽巷模糊度固定成功率,最后采用将电离层延迟误差参数化的策略以提高BDS/GPS窄巷模糊度固定成功率。结合实测数据进行验证分析,结果表明本文算法是可行的。     

不同长度基线的电离层处理策略

针对不同长度的基线,受双差之后电离层延迟影响不同,提出一种新的电离层处理策略。对短、中、长基线处理分别采用3种不同的数学模型:电离层固定模型,电离层加权模型,电离层浮点模型。通过3组不同长度基线实测数据处理表明,对应不同长度的基线,文中策略可以有效地提高模糊度固定率及定位精度。     

顾及电离层延迟的BDS-3四频长基线定位算法

针对长基线定位中电离层延迟对定位精度造成的影响,本文提出了一种基于BDS-3四频信号(B1C/B1I/B2a/B3I)的四频消电离层(IF)组合方法,采用消电离层组合观测值消除电离层延迟误差,联合模糊度改正后的超宽巷或宽巷组合观测值构建定位方程,从而实现原始窄巷模糊度和基线位置坐标的解算。试验采用BDS-3四频数据对四频IF组合方法和基于GB-FCAR模型的电离层延迟参数估计方法的定位精度进行对比分析。结果表明,在对长度超过500 km的长基线进行定位解算时,四频IF组合方法可以实现电离层延迟误差消除。与电离层延迟参数估计方法相比,四频IF组合方法水平和垂直方向的定位精度均达分米级,提升幅度分别达35%和40%以上,定位精度显著提高,其相对定位精度可达1×10^-9 m,满足长基线相对定位的要求。     

北斗三频宽巷组合网络RTK单历元定位方法

利用三频超宽巷/宽巷模糊度波长较长从而易于固定的优势,提出了一种基于北斗三频宽巷组合的网络RTK单历元定位方法。数据处理中心利用基准站实时生成并播发包含双差对流层和电离层延迟改正信息的虚拟观测值;用户站利用载波、伪距组合及分步解算的TCAR方法基于单个卫星对、单历元可靠固定两个超宽巷或宽巷模糊度。最后利用已固定模糊度且噪声最小的宽巷观测值和内插得到的大气延迟改正进行实时动态定位解算。试验结果表明,对于本文提出的网络RTK单历元定位方法,用户站宽巷模糊度单历元解算准确率高于99.9%,统计的定位中误差平面为3~4cm,高程方向约为5cm。     

A method for improving uncalibrated phase delay estimation and ambiguity-fixing in real-time precise point positioning

In order to improve the performance of precise point positioning (PPP), this paper presents a new data processing scheme to shorten the convergence time and the observation time required for a reliable ambiguity-fixing. In the new scheme, L1 and L2 raw observations are used and the slant ionospheric delays are treated as unknown parameters. The empirical spatial and temporal constraints and the ionospheric delays derived from a real-time available ionospheric model are all considered as pseudo-observations into the estimation for strengthening the solution. Furthermore, we develop a real-time computational procedure for generating uncalibrated phase delays (UPDs) on L1 and L2 frequencies. The PPP solution is first carried out on all reference stations based on the proposed scheme, undifferenced float ambiguities on L1 and L2 frequencies can be directly obtained from the new scheme. The L1 and L2 UPDs are then generated and broadcasted to users in real-time. This data product and also the performance of the new PPP scheme are evaluated. Our results indicate that the new processing scheme considering ionospheric characteristics can reduce the convergence time by about 30 % for float kinematic solutions. The observation time for a reliable ambiguity-fixing is shortened by 25 % compared to that of the traditional ambiguity-fixed kinematic solution. When the new method is used for static reference stations, the observation time for ambiguity-fixing is about 10 min in static mode and only 5  min if the coordinates are fixed to well-known values.     

Rapid re-convergences to ambiguity-fixed solutions in precise point positioning

Integer ambiguity resolution at a single receiver can be achieved if the fractional-cycle biases are separated from the ambiguity estimates in precise point positioning (PPP). Despite the improved positioning accuracy by such integer resolution, the convergence to an ambiguity-fixed solution normally requires a few tens of minutes. Even worse, these convergences can repeatedly occur on the occasion of loss of tracking locks for many satellites if an open sky-view is not constantly available, consequently totally destroying the practicability of real-time PPP. In this study, in case of such re-convergences, we develop a method in which ionospheric delays are precisely predicted to significantly accelerate the integer ambiguity resolution. The effectiveness of this method consists in two aspects: first, wide-lane ambiguities can be rapidly resolved using the ionosphere-corrected wide-lane measurements, instead of the noisy Melbourne–Wübbena combination measurements; second, narrow-lane ambiguity resolution can be accelerated under the tight constraints derived from the ionosphere-corrected unambiguous wide-lane measurements. In the test at 90 static stations suffering from simulated total loss of tracking locks, 93.3 and 95.0% of re-convergences to wide-lane and narrow-lane ambiguity resolutions can be achieved within five epochs of 1-Hz measurements, respectively, even though the time latency for the predicted ionospheric delays is up to 180 s. In the test at a mobile van moving in a GPS-adverse environment where satellite number significantly decreases and cycle slips frequently occur, only when the predicted ionospheric delays are applied can the rate of ambiguity-fixed epochs be dramatically improved from 7.7 to 93.6% of all epochs. Therefore, this method can potentially relieve the unrealistic requirement of a continuous open sky-view by most PPP applications and improve the practicability of real-time PPP.     

Enhancement of the accuracy of single-epoch GPS positioning for long baselines by local ionospheric modelling

Single-epoch relative GPS positioning has many advantages, especially for monitoring dynamic targets. In this technique, errors occurring in previous epochs cannot affect the position accuracy at the current epoch, but careful processing is required, and resolving carrier phase ambiguities is essential. Statistical ambiguity resolution functions have been used to determine the best values of these ambiguities. The function inputs include as a minimum the known base station position, the approximate roving antenna “seed” position, and the dual-frequency carrier phase measurements from both receivers. We investigate different solutions to find the ambiguity function inputs that achieve the highest ambiguity resolution success rate. First, we address the rover seed position. A regionally filtered undifferenced pseudorange coordinate solution proves better than a double-differenced one. Multipath errors approximately repeat themselves every sidereal day in the case of static or quasi-static antennas; applying a sidereal filter to the pseudorange-derived positions mitigates their effects. Second, we address the relative carrier phase measurements, which for medium to long baselines are significantly affected by ionospheric propagation errors imperfectly removed during differencing. In addition to the International GNSS Service ionospheric model, we generate a local pseudorange-based ionospheric correction. Applying this correction improves the quality of the phase measurements, leading to more successful ambiguity resolution. Temporally smoothing the correction by means of a Kalman filter further improves the phase measurements. For baselines in the range 60–120 km, the mean absolute deviation of single-epoch coordinates improves to 10–20 cm, from 30–50 cm in the default case.     

Assessment of long-range kinematic GPS positioning errors by comparison with airborne laser altimetry and satellite altimetry

Long-range airborne laser altimetry and laser scanning (LIDAR) or airborne gravity surveys in, for example, polar or oceanic areas require airborne kinematic GPS baselines of many hundreds of kilometers in length. In such instances, with the complications of ionospheric biases, it can be a real challenge for traditional differential kinematic GPS software to obtain reasonable solutions. In this paper, we will describe attempts to validate an implementation of the precise point positioning (PPP) technique on an aircraft without the use of a local GPS reference station. We will compare PPP solutions with other conventional GPS solutions, as well as with independent data by comparison of airborne laser data with “ground truth” heights. The comparisons involve two flights: A July 5, 2003, airborne laser flight line across the North Atlantic from Iceland to Scotland, and a May 24, 2004, flight in an area of the Arctic Ocean north of Greenland, near-coincident in time and space with the ICESat satellite laser altimeter. Both of these flights were more than 800 km long. Comparisons between different GPS methods and four different software packages do not suggest a clear preference for any one, with the heights generally showing decimeter-level agreement. For the comparison with the independent ICESat- and LIDAR-derived “ground truth” of ocean or sea-ice heights, the statistics of comparison show a typical fit of around 10 cm RMS in the North Atlantic, and 30 cm in the sea-ice region north of Greenland. Part of the latter 30 cm error is likely due to errors in the airborne LIDAR measurement and calibration, as well as errors in the “ground truth” ocean surfaces due to drifting sea-ice. Nevertheless, the potential of the PPP method for generating 10 cm level kinematic height positioning over long baselines is illustrated.     

北斗星上多径对宽巷模糊度解算的影响分析

通过引入北斗星上多径参数,量化了北斗星上多径对宽巷模糊度解算的影响;从理论上分析了该影响量在非差、单差和双差条件下的特性,并采用零基线、短基线和长基线3组实测数据进行了分析与验证。结果表明:星上多径对非差宽巷模糊度估值的影响在三类卫星上表现出不同的特性,在MEO卫星上最大,可达1周;星间单差无法消除星上多径偏差影响,进而PPP宽巷模糊度的解算将受到影响;星上多径不会对零基线双差宽巷模糊度解算造成影响,对短基线双差宽巷模糊度解算的影响也可忽略,但长基线双差宽巷模糊度解算则受严重影响;星上多径会导致长基线双差宽巷模糊度平滑收敛缓慢,经改正后模糊度固定成功率能够显著提高,单历元取整成功率从52.7%提升到61.4%,平滑20个历元模糊度固定成功率即可从68.4%提升到95.5%。     

Quality assessment of GPS rapid static positioning with weighted ionospheric parameters in generalized least squares

Precise GPS positioning requires the processing of carrier-phase observations and fixing integer ambiguities. With increasing distance between receivers, ambiguity fixing becomes more difficult because ionospheric and tropospheric effects do not cancel sufficiently in double differencing. A popular procedure in static positioning is to increase the length of the observing session and/or to apply atmospheric (ionospheric) models and corrections. We investigate the methodology for GPS rapid static positioning that requires just a few minutes of dual-frequency GPS observations for medium-length baselines. Ionospheric corrections are not required, but the ionospheric delays are treated as pseudo-observations having a priori values and respective weights. The tropospheric delays are reduced by using well-established troposphere models, and satellite orbital and clock errors are eliminated by using IGS rapid products. Several numerical tests based on actual GPS data are presented. It is shown that the proposed methodology is suitable for rapid static positioning within 50–70 km from the closest reference network station and that centimeter-level precision in positioning is feasible when using just 1 min of dual-frequency GPS data.     

长距离GPS/BDS双系统网络RTK方法

基于区域参考站网的网络实时动态定位(real-time kinematic,RTK)方法是实现全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)、北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou satellite navigation system,BDS)高精度定位的主要手段。研究了一种长距离GPS/BDS双系统网络RTK方法,首先采用长距离参考站网GPS/BDS多频观测数据确定宽巷整周模糊度,利用引入大气误差参数的参数估计模型解算GPS/BDS双差载波相位整周模糊度;然后按照长距离参考站网观测误差特性的不同,分类处理参考站观测误差,利用误差内插法计算流动站观测误差,以改正流动站GPS/BDS双系统载波相位观测值的观测误差;最后使用流动站多频载波相位整周模糊度解算方法确定GPS/BDS载波相位整周模糊度并解算位置参数。使用长距离连续运行参考站(continuously operating reference stations,CORS)网的实测数据进行实验,结果表明,该方法能够利用长距离GPS/BDS参考站网实现流动站的厘米级定位。     

Precise GPS Positioning by Applying Ionospheric Corrections from an Active Control Network

In this article, initial results are presented of a method to improve fast carrier phase ambiguity resolution over longer baselines (with lengths up to about 200 km). The ionospheric delays in the global positioning system (GPS) data of these long baselines mainly hamper successful integer ambiguity resolution, a prerequisite to obtain precise positions within very short observation time spans. A way to correct the data for significant ionospheric effects is to have a GPS user operate within an active or permanently operating network use ionospheric estimates from this network. A simple way to do so is to interpolate these ionospheric estimates based on the expected spatial behaviour of the ionospheric delays. In this article such a technique is demonstrated for the Dutch Active Control Network (AGRS.NL). One hour of data is used from 4 of the 5 reference stations to obtain very precise ionospheric corrections after fixing of the integer ambiguities within this network. This is no problem because of the relatively long observation time span and known positions of the stations of the AGRS.NL. Next these interpolated corrections are used to correct the GPS data from the fifth station for its ionospheric effects. Initial conclusions about the performance of this technique are drawn in terms of improvement of integer ambiguity resolution for this baseline. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

长距离网络RTK实时厘米级定位算法

针对CORS系统建设成本高和选址困难的问题,该文提出GPS长距离网络RTK定位算法。该算法首先利用MW组合观测方程解算基准站双差宽巷整周模糊度,采用Saastamoinen模型和GMF映射函数模型相结合解算双差对流层干分量延迟残差,并将双差对流层湿分量延迟残差作为未知参数进行估计,同时结合无电离层组合观测值解算基准站双差载波整周模糊度;然后,采用综合误差内插法解算基准站和流动站的误差改正数;最后,采用最小二乘法逐历元进行法方程叠加解算流动站双差模糊度浮点解,并利用LAMBDA算法和通过TIKHONOV正则化改进的LAMBDA算法搜索固定流动站双差宽巷整周模糊度和双差载波整周模糊度。实验表明,该算法能够将基准站间距离提高到100~150km,使流动站用户可以获得厘米级定位结果。