基于模糊度相关法的北斗三频载波单历元基线解算

单历元基线解算一直是卫星导航定位中的热点和难点,随着北斗导航定位系统的全面组网,三频载波可以形成更多优良的组合观测值,有效地提高了单历元基线解算的精度和可靠性。本文在传统TCAR的基础上引入电离层延迟先验信息,将电离层延迟与位置参数和模糊度作为未知参数,采用最小二乘配置原理一并求解。同时,采用考虑电离层延迟影响的模糊度相关法约束模糊度搜索空间。结果表明,加入电离层延迟先验信息可以较大提高单历元模糊度固定的成功率;而采用考虑电离层延迟的模糊度相关法可以缩小模糊度搜索空间,有效地提高单历元模糊度解算的成功率和可靠性。     

基于北斗三频约束的中长基线解算研究

利用北斗三频模糊度易固定的特点,提出一种具有北斗三频约束的BDS/GPS基础模糊度快速解算方法。针对中长基线,利用多历元平滑无电离层组合模糊度,从无电离层组合模糊度中分离出北斗基础模糊度;然后将北斗基础模糊度带入基线解算模型中,约束求解出GPS基础模糊度,最后将GPS与BDS基础模糊度回带观测方程,可实现基线的快速解算。经北斗实测数据验证表明,文中方法可快速固定GPS基础模糊度,较传统卡尔曼滤波求解模糊度方法,大大减少正确固定模糊度所需的原始观测历元数,实现基线的快速解算。     

航空测量场景下的中长基线动态定位方法

单基站中长基线动态相对定位受到大气残余误差影响，无法快速固定整周模糊度，定位精度和可靠性不如短基线场景。在航空测量场景下，流动站与基准站之间的基线由短到长变化，利用短基线场景下固定的整周模糊度反算得到高精度的电离层延迟量，并对其进行建模预报。随着基线变长，利用预报的电离层延迟约束中长基线定位模型，实现快速模糊度固定。本文分析了动态长基线情形下的电离层延迟的时变特性，采用滑动窗口进行电离层建模预报，讨论了该方法在航空测量实际作业中的实施条件、定位精度及模糊度固定情况。实测机载数据的解算结果表明，使用该方法，当测量载体出发阶段处于短基线场景下，单基站相对定位结果就可以达到接近100%的模糊度固定率，且定位精度保持在厘米级，显著减小了航空测量任务的作业成本。     

BDS／GPS中长基线宽巷准厘米级RTK算法

针对常规实时动态（RTK）定位技术中长基线初始化时间较长、定位结果不稳定的问题，提出了一种基于部分模糊度固定策略的BDS/GPS宽巷卡尔曼滤波RTK定位方法，从充分发挥宽巷观测值波长较长和宽巷模糊度易于固定的优势，避免低高度角卫星对模糊度解算的影响，从而提高中长基线情况下的模糊度固定率. 同时采用附加宽巷模糊度参数的卡尔曼滤波方法计算浮点解，以固定高于设置模糊度解算截止高度角的卫星进行定位，并解算电离层活动较剧烈的25~76 km的中长基线. 通过3组试验，结果表明，BDS/GPS双系统联合定位宽巷模糊度固定率均接近100%，76 km基线模糊度固定率达到99.9%，定位精度达到厘米级或准厘米级.      

网络RTK基准站间的模糊度及空间相关误差解算

利用载波相位双差观测值的宽巷和无电离层组合固定部分模糊度参数,并采用Kalman滤波算法估计残余的对流层延迟;然后对观测值进行改正,剔除对流层延迟误差,从而提高剩余模糊度参数的固定率;最后估计双差电离层延迟。文中采用美国CORS网的GPS数据进行实验,实验结果表明,自适应滤波算法可明显提高残余对流层延迟的解算精度和模糊度的解算效率;固定模糊度并改正对流层和电离层延迟,差分定位精度得到很大提高。     

顾及基线先验信息的GPS模糊度快速解算

采用GPS相位观测值进行快速定位时,其解算模型严重病态,最小二乘解得的浮点模糊度精度差且相关性大,导致整周模糊度搜索空间过大,难以正确固定。本文提出一种顾及基线先验信息和模糊度线性约束的整数条件的GPS模糊度快速解算方法,先用顾及基线先验信息的正则化算法解得精度较高且相关性较小的浮点模糊度,以减小整周模糊度的搜索空间;再综合利用整周模糊度间的线性约束的整数条件和基线先验信息,进一步有效地减小模糊度搜索空间,提高搜索效率。算例表明:顾及基线先验信息的正则化算法有效地改善了模糊度浮点解,模糊度线性约束的整数条件有效地提高搜索效率和成功率。     

BDS-3新频点PPP模糊度固定研究

针对BDS-3新频点在精密单点定位解算中的模糊度固定问题，该文采用绝对信号偏差(OSB)改正的方法，对B2a频点在精密单点定位方面的性能进行了研究。首先通过与整数钟差法进行对比实验，验证OSB改正法在模糊度固定方面的可靠性，之后采用该方法对B2a频点构建的双频无电离层组合进行精密单点定位-模糊度固定(PPP-AR)实验，与B1I/B3I的PPP-AR结果进行比较，评估定位精度。结果表明，OSB改正原始观测值的模糊度固定方法有较好的可靠性，收敛速度提升20%,模糊度固定成功率在90%以上；新频点B2a的精密单点定位性能较好，收敛速度和定位精度与B1I、B3I频点相当，采用B2a频点得到的双频无电离层组合在PPP-AR解算时能完成模糊度的快速固定，收敛时间在25 min以内，收敛后误差小于2 cm, B2a频点可用于PPP-AR解算。     

北斗三号双频长基线单历元解算性能评估

为详细评估北斗三号（BDS-3）长基线定位性能,以MGEX跟踪站组成的3条长基线为基础,进行BDS-3双频、BDS-3与Galileo兼容频率双频组合长基线解算实验。实验结果表明,123 km和209 km长基线水平定位精度均优于3 cm,高程精度均优于5 cm,模糊度固定率均在96%以上,模糊度固定初始时间均在40 min以内;248 km长基线整体水平定位精度优于5 cm,高程精度优于8 cm,模糊度固定率在93%以上,模糊度固定初始时间在60 min以内;BDS-3与Galileo兼容频率双频组合定位性能比BDS-3单独定位有所提升,水平定位精度优于2 cm,高程精度优于4 cm,模糊度固定率在99%以上,模糊度固定初始时间在7 min以内。     

顾及电离层延迟的BDS-3四频长基线定位算法

针对长基线定位中电离层延迟对定位精度造成的影响,本文提出了一种基于BDS-3四频信号(B1C/B1I/B2a/B3I)的四频消电离层(IF)组合方法,采用消电离层组合观测值消除电离层延迟误差,联合模糊度改正后的超宽巷或宽巷组合观测值构建定位方程,从而实现原始窄巷模糊度和基线位置坐标的解算。试验采用BDS-3四频数据对四频IF组合方法和基于GB-FCAR模型的电离层延迟参数估计方法的定位精度进行对比分析。结果表明,在对长度超过500 km的长基线进行定位解算时,四频IF组合方法可以实现电离层延迟误差消除。与电离层延迟参数估计方法相比,四频IF组合方法水平和垂直方向的定位精度均达分米级,提升幅度分别达35%和40%以上,定位精度显著提高,其相对定位精度可达1×10^-9 m,满足长基线相对定位的要求。     

一种新的中长基线BDS三频模糊度快速解算方法

虽然TCAR能够实现短基线三频模糊度单历元解算,但由于电离层延迟及观测噪声等的影响,中长基线三频模糊度快速解算仍然是导航定位的一大难点。本文提出了一种新的无几何无电离层三频模糊度解算方法。该方法通过对伪距观测值赋予不同的权重,辅助宽巷及窄巷消除电离层残差的影响,使宽巷及窄巷求解只受观测噪声的影响;然后通过多历元的平滑获取宽巷及窄巷模糊度值。通过实测BDS三频长基线数据表明,相比经典TCAR算法,该方法可大大改善中长基线模糊度的求解精度,经过数据平滑并验证基本可以实现中长基线模糊度的快速解算。     

GNSS ambiguity resolution with controllable failure rate for long baseline network RTK

Many large-scale GNSS CORS networks have been deployed around the world to support various commercial and scientific applications. To make use of these networks for real-time kinematic positioning services, one of the major challenges is the ambiguity resolution (AR) over long inter-station baselines in the presence of considerable atmosphere biases. Usually, the widelane ambiguities are fixed first, followed by the procedure of determination of the narrowlane ambiguity integers based on the ionosphere-free model in which the widelane integers are introduced as known quantities. This paper seeks to improve the AR performance over long baseline through efficient procedures for improved float solutions and ambiguity fixing. The contribution is threefold: (1) instead of using the ionosphere-free measurements, the absolute and/or relative ionospheric constraints are introduced in the ionosphere-constrained model to enhance the model strength, thus resulting in the better float solutions; (2) the realistic widelane ambiguity precision is estimated by capturing the multipath effects due to the observation complexity, leading to improvement of reliability of widelane AR; (3) for the narrowlane AR, the partial AR for a subset of ambiguities selected according to the successively increased elevation is applied. For fixing the scalar ambiguity, an error probability controllable rounding method is proposed. The established ionosphere-constrained model can be efficiently solved based on the sequential Kalman filter. It can be either reduced to some special models simply by adjusting the variances of ionospheric constraints, or extended with more parameters and constraints. The presented methodology is tested over seven baselines of around 100 km from USA CORS network. The results show that the new widelane AR scheme can obtain the 99.4 % successful fixing rate with 0.6 % failure rate; while the new rounding method of narrowlane AR can obtain the fix rate of 89 % with failure rate of 0.8 %. In summary, the AR reliability can be efficiently improved with rigorous controllable probability of incorrectly fixed ambiguities.     

Reliability of partial ambiguity fixing with multiple GNSS constellations

Reliable ambiguity resolution (AR) is essential to real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning and its applications, since incorrect ambiguity fixing can lead to largely biased positioning solutions. A partial ambiguity fixing technique is developed to improve the reliability of AR, involving partial ambiguity decorrelation (PAD) and partial ambiguity resolution (PAR). Decorrelation transformation could substantially amplify the biases in the phase measurements. The purpose of PAD is to find the optimum trade-off between decorrelation and worst-case bias amplification. The concept of PAR refers to the case where only a subset of the ambiguities can be fixed correctly to their integers in the integer least squares (ILS) estimation system at high success rates. As a result, RTK solutions can be derived from these integer-fixed phase measurements. This is meaningful provided that the number of reliably resolved phase measurements is sufficiently large for least-square estimation of RTK solutions as well. Considering the GPS constellation alone, partially fixed measurements are often insufficient for positioning. The AR reliability is usually characterised by the AR success rate. In this contribution, an AR validation decision matrix is firstly introduced to understand the impact of success rate. Moreover the AR risk probability is included into a more complete evaluation of the AR reliability. We use 16 ambiguity variance–covariance matrices with different levels of success rate to analyse the relation between success rate and AR risk probability. Next, the paper examines during the PAD process, how a bias in one measurement is propagated and amplified onto many others, leading to more than one wrong integer and to affect the success probability. Furthermore, the paper proposes a partial ambiguity fixing procedure with a predefined success rate criterion and ratio test in the ambiguity validation process. In this paper, the Galileo constellation data is tested with simulated observations. Numerical results from our experiment clearly demonstrate that only when the computed success rate is very high, the AR validation can provide decisions about the correctness of AR which are close to real world, with both low AR risk and false alarm probabilities. The results also indicate that the PAR procedure can automatically chose adequate number of ambiguities to fix at given high-success rate from the multiple constellations instead of fixing all the ambiguities. This is a benefit that multiple GNSS constellations can offer.     

GNSS RTK实时自适应换站方法

在中长基线的GNSS动态相对定位中,随着基线长度的增加,参考站与流动站之间误差的相关性会下降,导致模糊度无法快速固定,定位性能下降。在多GNSS参考站条件下,可以通过自适应选择距离更近的参考站,形成更加合理的基线,以保障RTK定位的精度。为解决换站后重新初始化模糊度所带来的定位结果重新收敛问题,本文提出了一种GNSS RTK实时自适应参考站换站算法,引入原参考站与新参考站之间的双差模糊度作为辅助,从而得到准确的新参考站与流动站之间的双差模糊度先验信息,避免了换站后模糊度的重新初始化,得到了连续的高精度定位结果。该方法可适用于实时定位,能够满足大范围RTK高精度连续定位的需求。利用香港CORS站数据进行验证,结果表明,本文换站算法能够克服换站导致的定位重收敛问题,且能够保障换站前后获得连续的高精度定位结果。     

Combined GPS and BDS for single-frequency continuous RTK positioning through real-time estimation of differential inter-system biases

Double-differenced (DD) ambiguities between overlapping frequencies from different GNSS constellations can be fixed to integers if the associated differential inter-system biases (DISBs) are well known. In this case, only one common pivot satellite is sufficient for inter-system ambiguity resolution. This will be beneficial to ambiguity resolution (AR) and real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning especially when only a few satellites are observed. However, for GPS and current operational BDS-2, there are no overlapping frequencies. Due to the influence of different frequencies, the inter-system DD ambiguities still cannot be fixed to integers even if the DISBs are precisely known. In this contribution, we present an inter-system differencing model for combined GPS and BDS single-frequency RTK positioning through real-time estimation of DISBs. The stability of GPS L1 and BDS B1 DISBs is analyzed with different receiver types. Along with parameterization and using the short-term stability of DISBs, the DD ambiguities between GPS and BDS pivot satellites and the between-receiver single-difference ambiguity of the GPS pivot satellite can be estimable jointly with the differential phase DISB term from epoch to epoch. Then the inter-system differencing model can benefit from the near time-constant DISB parameters and thus has better multi-epoch positioning performance than the classical intra-system differencing model. The combined GPS and BDS single-frequency RTK positioning performance is evaluated with various simulated satellite visibilities. It will be shown that compared with the classical intra-system differencing model, the proposed model can effectively improve the positioning accuracy and reliability, especially for severely obstructed situations with only a few satellites observed.     

基于多普勒测速的GPS单历元动态定位算法

在传统的GPS单历元动态定位参数估计中,由于先验约束信息较少,模糊度求解和定位性能往往较低。据此,研究了多普勒测速在GPS单历元动态定位中的应用,提出了一种附有GPS多普勒测速信息约束的坐标更新方法,即利用移动载体先验坐标和多普勒测速信息预测当前历元坐标。考虑到该方法进行坐标更新的精度较高和传统单点定位坐标更新的稳健性较强等特点,在此基础上给出了相应的单历元整周模糊度参数求解策略,进一步提高了该方法的定位性能。试验结果表明,所提出的算法相对于传统的无速度信息坐标约束的GPS单历元动态定位算法,其模糊度浮点解精度、模糊度固定率和平均定位精度均有了进一步提高,尤其是在观测卫星数较少、卫星几何结构较差的情况下更为明显。     

Reliable single-epoch ambiguity resolution for short baselines using combined GPS/BeiDou system

GNSS single-epoch real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning depends on correct ambiguity resolution. If the number of observed satellites in a single epoch is insufficient, which often happens with a standalone GNSS system, the ambiguity resolution is difficult to achieve. China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System has been providing continuous passive positioning, navigation and timing services since December 27, 2012, covering China and the surrounding area. This new system will increase the number of satellites in view and will have a significant effect on successful ambiguity resolution. Since the BeiDou system is similar to GPS, the procedure of data processing is easier than that for the Russian GLONASS system. We briefly introduce the time and the coordinate system of BeiDou and also the BeiDou satellite visibility in China, followed by the discussion on the combined GPS/BeiDou single-epoch algorithm. Experiments were conducted and are presented here, in which the GPS/BeiDou dual-frequency static data were collected in Wuhan with the baseline distance varying from 5 to 13 km, and processed in separate and combined modes. The results indicate that, compared to a standalone GPS or BeiDou system, the combined GNSS system can increase the successful ambiguity fixing rate for single epochs and can also improve the precision of short baselines determination.     

非差增强信息与差分虚拟观测数据的等价变换理论

针对目前非差精密单点定位增强信息无法直接用于RTK（real time kinematic）相对定位的问题，研究了基于附加坐标约束的参考站非差精密单点模糊度固定解提取非差改正信息的方法，并建立了非差增强信息与虚拟参考站观测信息等价变换模型，重点论述了空间状态域信息（state space representation，SSR）在等价变换中的区别应用。根据RTK模糊度部分固定技术，利用实测数据设计实验证明了算法的正确性与可用性。结果表明，虚拟零基线可获得与网络RTK同等精度的定位效果，从而实现了区域增强系统在非差与差分模式上的高度统一。     

GNSS antenna array-aided CORS ambiguity resolution

Array-aided precise point positioning is a measurement concept that uses GNSS data, from multiple antennas in an array of known geometry, to realize improved GNSS parameter estimation proposed by Teunissen (IEEE Trans Signal Process 60:2870–2881, 2012). In this contribution, the benefits of array-aided CORS ambiguity resolution are explored. The mathematical model is formulated to show how the platform-array data can be reduced and how the variance matrix of the between-platform ambiguities can profit from the increased precision of the reduced platform data. The ambiguity resolution performance will be demonstrated for varying scenarios using simulation. We consider single-, dual- and triple-frequency scenarios of geometry-based and geometry-free models for different number of antennas and different standard deviations of the ionosphere-weighted constraints. The performances of both full and partial ambiguity resolution (PAR) are presented for these different scenarios. As the study shows, when full advantage is taken of the array antennas, both full and partial ambiguity resolution can be significantly improved, in some important cases even enabling instantaneous ambiguity resolution. PAR widelaning and its suboptimal character are hereby also illustrated.     

GNSS navigation and positioning for the GEOHALO experiment in Italy

GEOHALO is a joint experiment of several German institutes for atmospheric research and earth observation where exploring airborne gravimetry over Italy using the High Altitude and LOng Range (HALO) aircraft data is one of the major goals. The kinematic positioning of the aircraft, on which all remote sensing instruments are located, by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is affected by the characteristics of long-distance, long-time duration, and high-platform dynamics which are a key factor for the success of the GEOHALO project. We outline the strategy and method of GNSS data processing which takes into account multiple GNSS systems (GPS and GLONASS), multiple static reference stations including stations from the International GNSS Service (IGS) and the EUropean REFerence network (EUREF), multiple GNSS-receiving equipments mounted on the kinematic platform, geometric relations between multiple antennas, and assumptions of similar characteristic of atmospheric effects within a small area above the aircraft. From this precondition, various data processing methods for kinematic positioning have been developed, applied and compared. It is shown that the proposed method based on multiple reference stations and multiple kinematic stations with a common atmospheric delay parameter can effectively improve the reliability and accuracy of GNSS kinematic positioning.     

ADOP in closed form for a hierarchy of multi-frequency single-baseline GNSS models

Successful carrier phase ambiguity resolution is the key to high-precision positioning with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP) is a well-known scalar measure which can be used to infer the strength of the GNSS model for carrier phase ambiguity resolution. In this contribution we present analytical closed-form expressions for the ADOP. This will be done for a whole class of different multi- frequency single baseline models. These models include the geometry-fixed, the geometry-free and the geometry-based models, respectively. And within the class of geometry-based models, we discriminate between short and long observation time spans, and between stationary and moving receivers. The easy-to-use ADOP expressions can be applied to infer the contribution of various GNSS model factors. They comprise, for instance, the type, the number and the precision of the GNSS observations, the number and selection of frequencies, the presence of atmospheric disturbances, the length of the observation time span and the length of the baseline.